Improvement of the fracture toughness of hydroxyapatite (HAp) by incorporation of carboxyl functionalized single walled carbon nanotubes (CfSWCNTs) and nylon

Effect of Magnesium Substitution on Structural Features and Properties of Hydroxyapatite

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is the main mineral component of bones and teeth. It is widely used in medicine as a bone filler and coating for implants to promote new bone growth. Ion substitutions into the HAP structure highly affect its properties. One of the most important substituents is magnesium. This paper presents new results obtained using high-precision hybrid density functional theory calculations for Mg/Ca substitutions in HAP in a wide magnesium concentration range within a 2 × 2 × 2 supercell model. Experimental data on the mechanochemical synthesis of HAP-Mg samples with different Mg concentrations are also presented. A comparison between the experiment and the theory showed good agreement: the HAP-Mg unit cell parameters and volume decreased with increasing degree of Mg/Ca substitution. The changes in the distances between the Ca and O, Ca and H, and Mg and O ions upon Mg/Ca substitution in different calcium positions was analyzed. The resulting asymmetry and distortion of the cell parameters were evaluated. It was shown that bulk modulus, energy levels, and band gap depend on the degree of Mg substitutions in the Ca1 and Ca2 positions. The formation energies of Mg/Ca substitutions showed non-monotonic behavior that was different for Ca1 and Ca2 positions. The Ca2 position had a slightly higher probability (~5 meV/f.u.) of substitution than Ca1 position at a Mg concentration x = 0.5. At x = 1, substitution in both positions can coexist. The simulated IR spectra for different Mg/Ca substitutions showed that Mg in the Ca2 position changes the IR spectrum more significantly than Mg in the Ca1 position. Similar changes were recorded in the IR spectra of the synthesized samples. The electronic structure is shown to be sensitive to the number and position of substitutions, which may be used to tweak the optical properties of the HAP-Mg material.

Electrochemical deposition multi-walled carbon nanotube coatings on the surface of Ti6Al4V alloy for enhancing its biotribological properties

Ti6Al4V alloys have potential applications as bone implants. However, their poor biotribological performances affected the service life. In this work, carboxylic multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CMWNT) coatings were grafted on the surface of Ti6Al4V alloys by electrochemical deposition for enhancing the biotribological properties. The CMWNT coatings showed lower coefficient of friction and wear rates, with the reduction of wear rates of 6% in dry condition and 90% under simulated body fluid (SBF) lubrication. This result might be ascribed to the transfer of friction behavior from sliding friction to rolling friction. In addition, the tribological regularity of CMWNT coating with the frequency and load were discussed. Under dry friction, with the increase of frequency and the decrease of normal load, the COF of the CMWNT coating decreased. In SBF lubrication, the COF decreased and the wear rate increased with the increase of frequency. Moreover, the excellent anti-wear properties were observed at the below of 10 N. These findings indicate that the CMWNT coating has an excellent protective effect on titanium alloy, and has a certain application potential in the biomedical field.

Balanced Mechanical and Biotribological Properties of Polymer Composites Reinforced by a 3D Interlocked Si3N4 Nanowire Membrane

Polymer composites have great potential applications in the hip joint replacement, where the combinations of high mechanical strength and excellent biotribological properties are required. In this work, a well-dispersed three-dimensional (3D) silicon nitride nanowire membrane (SNm) designed as a reinforcement and brushite (Bs) served as bioactive filler are constructed into the polymer matrix, forming SNm-reinforced Bs/polymer composites (SNm-Bs/Pm). Especially, SNm could form a 3D interlocked structure, where the ultralong silicon nitride nanowires are entangled with each other. SNm could effectively facilitate the penetration of the polymer matrix and improve the cohesion strength of the polymer, thereby promoting mechanical and biotribological properties for SNm-Bs/Pm. The performances for polymer composites are optimized by increasing the layer number of preform. By comparing SNm-Bs/Pm with one-layer preform, the tensile strength of SNm-Bs/Pm with six-layer preforms reaches 83.3 MPa with an increase of 767.7%. In addition, the friction coefficient and wear rate of SNm-Bs/Pm with six-layer preforms in fetal bovine serum medium achieve 0.06 and 0.21 × 10^-14 m³(N·m)^-1 and decrease by 82.4 and 72.4%, respectively. The present work provides a promising methodology of preparing interlocked SNm-reinforced polymer composites with enhanced mechanical and biotribological properties that are potential for hip joint replacement applications.

3D printed-electrospun PCL/hydroxyapatite/MWCNTs scaffolds for the repair of subchondral bone

Osteochondral defect caused by trauma or osteoarthritis exhibits a major challenge in clinical treatment with limited symptomatic effects at present. The regeneration and remodeling of subchondral bone play a positive effect on cartilage regeneration and further promotes the repair of osteochondral defects. Making use of the strengths of each preparation method, the combination of 3D printing and electrospinning is a promising method for designing and constructing multi-scale scaffolds that mimic the complexity and hierarchical structure of subchondral bone at the microscale and nanoscale, respectively. In this study, the 3D printed-electrospun poly(ɛ-caprolactone)/nano-hydroxyapatites/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (PCL/nHA/MWCNTs) scaffolds were successfully constructed by the combination of electrospinning and layer-by-layer 3D printing. The resulting dual-scale scaffold consisted of a dense layer of disordered nanospun fibers and a porous microscale 3D scaffold layer to support and promote the ingrowth of subchondral bone. Herein, the biomimetic PCL/nHA/MWCNTs scaffolds enhanced cell seeding efficiency and allowed for higher cell-cell interactions that supported the adhesion, proliferation, activity, morphology and subsequently improved the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Together, this study elucidates that the construction of 3D printed-electrospun PCL/nHA/MWCNTs scaffolds provides an alternative strategy for the regeneration of subchondral bone and lays a foundation for subsequent in vivo studies.

Synthesis of Biocompatible Composite Material Based on Cryogels of Polyvinyl Alcohol and Calcium Phosphates

At the moment, the field of biomedical materials science is actively developing, which aims at creating new functional materials. A developing direction in biomedical materials science is that towards the treatment of diseases associated with bone tissue disorders, using biodegradable composite materials based on polymer and calcium phosphate materials. We developed a material based on polyvinyl alcohol cryogel, mineralized with calcium phosphate. A material based on cryogel of polyvinyl alcohol mineralized with calcium phosphate was developed. The composites were obtained by the method of cyclic freezing-thawing, and the synthesis of calcium phosphates was carried out in situ with heating, stirring, and exposure to microwave radiation. The phase composition, as well as the composition of functional groups, was determined by IR spectroscopy and X-ray phase analysis. Monocytes isolated from human blood showed higher viability compared to the controls.

Cryo-Structured Materials Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol and Hydroxyapatite for Osteogenesis

The application of various materials in biomedical procedures has recently experienced rapid growth. One of the areas is the treatment of many of different types of bone-related diseases and disorders by using biodegradable polymer-ceramic composites. We have developed a material based on cryogel polyvinyl alcohol, mineralized with calcium phosphate. Composites were obtained by cyclic freezing-thawing, the synthesis of calcium phosphates was carried out in situ under the influence of microwave radiation with heating and stirring. The components of the composites were determined using the methods of IR-spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalyzer, as well as their morphology and surface properties. The biological compatibility of the material was investigated in vivo for a Wistar rat. The assessment of the quality of bone formation between the cryogel-based implant and the damaged bone was carried out by computed tomography. An improvement in the consolidation of the bone defect is observed in the bone with the composite in comparison with the control bone.

Electrodeposited Hydroxyapatite-Based Biocoatings: Recent Progress and Future Challenges

Hydroxyapatite has become an important coating material for bioimplants, following the introduction of synthetic HAp in the 1950s. The HAp coatings require controlled surface roughness/porosity, adequate corrosion resistance and need to show favorable tribological behavior. The deposition rate must be sufficiently fast and the coating technique needs to be applied at different scales on substrates having a diverse structure, composition, size, and shape. A detailed overview of dry and wet coating methods is given. The benefits of electrodeposition include controlled thickness and morphology, ability to coat a wide range of component size/shape and ease of industrial processing. Pulsed current and potential techniques have provided denser and more uniform coatings on different metallic materials/implants. The mechanism of HAp electrodeposition is considered and the effect of operational variables on deposit properties is highlighted. The most recent progress in the field is critically reviewed. Developments in mineral substituted and included particle, composite HAp coatings, including those reinforced by metallic, ceramic and polymeric particles; carbon nanotubes, modified graphenes, chitosan, and heparin, are considered in detail. Technical challenges which deserve further research are identified and a forward look in the field of the electrodeposited HAp coatings is taken.

Current Challenges and Innovative Developments in Hydroxyapatite-Based Coatings on Metallic Materials for Bone Implantation: A Review

Biomaterials are in use for the replacement and reconstruction of several tissues and organs as treatment and enhancement. Metallic, organic, and composites are some of the common materials currently in practice. Metallic materials contribute a big share of their mechanical strength and resistance to corrosion properties, while organic polymeric materials stand high due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and natural availability. To enhance the biocompatibility of these metals and alloys, coatings are frequently applied. Organic polymeric materials and ceramics are extensively utilized for this purpose due to their outstanding characteristics of biocompatibility and biodegradability. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is the material from the ceramic class which is an ultimate candidate for coating on these metals for biomedical applications. HAp possesses similar chemical and structural characteristics to normal human bone. Due to the bioactivity and biocompatibility of HAp, it is used for bone implants for regenerating bone tissues. This review covers an extensive study of the development of HAp coatings specifically for the orthopaedic applications that include different coating techniques and the process parameters of these coating techniques. Additionally, the future direction and challenges have been also discussed briefly in this review, including the coating of HAp in combination with other calcium magnesium phosphates that occur naturally in human bone.

Single-walled carbon nanotubes loaded hydroxyapatite-alginate beads with enhanced mechanical properties and sustained drug release ability

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) containing biomaterial with enhanced mechanical properties for the potential orthopedic application were synthesized and investigated. X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence analysis were indications of the formation of calcium-deficient (Ca/P = 1.65) hydroxyapatite (HA) with a small carbonate content under influence of microwave irradiation. The investigated mechanical properties (maximal relative deformation, compressive strength and Young's modulus) of SWCNT loaded HA-alginate composites confirm their dependence on SWCNTs content. The compressive strength of HA-alginate-SWCNT and the HA-alginate control (202 and 159 MPa, respectively) lies within the values characteristic for the cortical bone. The addition of 0.5% SWCNT, in relation to the content of HA, increases the Young's modulus of the HA-alginate-SWCNT (645 MPa) compared to the SWCNT-free HA-alginate sample (563 MPa), and enhances the material shape stability in simulated physiological conditions. Structural modeling of HA-alginate-SWCNT system showed, that physical adsorption of SWCNT into HA-alginate occurs by forming triple complexes stabilized by solvophobic/van der Waals interactions and H-bonds. The high-performance liquid chromatography demonstrated the influence of SWCNTs on the sustained anaesthesinum drug (used as a model drug) release (456 h against 408 h for SWCNT-free sample). Cell culture assay confirmed biocompatibility and stimulation of osteoblast proliferation of 0.05% and 0.5% SWCNT-containing composites during a 3-day cultivation. All these facts may suggest the potential possibility of using the SWCNT-containing materials, based on HA and alginate, for bone tissue engineering.

Functional evaluation and testing of a newly developed Teleost's Fish Otolith derived biocomposite coating for healthcare

Polymers such as polycaprolactone (PCL) possess biodegradability, biocompatibility and affinity with other organic media that makes them suitable for biomedical applications. In this work, a novel biocomposite coating was synthesised by mixing PCL with layers of calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite, brushite and monetite) from a biomineral called otolith extracted from Teleost fish (Plagioscion Squamosissimus) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes in different concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/L). The biocomposite coating was deposited on an osteosynthesis material Ti6Al4V by spin coating and various tests such as Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scratch tests, MTT reduction cytotoxicity, HOS cell bioactivity (human osteosarcoma) by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and fluorescence microscopy were performed to comprehensively evaluate the newly developed biocoating. It was found that an increase in the concentration of carbon nanotube induced microstructural phase changes of calcium phosphate (CP) leading to the formation of brushite, monetite and hydroxyapatite. While we discovered that an increase in the concentration of carbon nanotube generally improves the adhesion of the coating with the substrate, a certain threshold exists such that the best deposition surfaces were obtained as PCL/CP/CNT 0.0 g/L and PCL/CP/CNT 0.5 g/L.

Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposites As Bone Implants: Nanostructure, Mechanical Strength And Biocompatibility

PURPOSE

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a biologically active ceramic which promotes bone growth, but it suffers from relatively weak mechanical properties. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have high tensile strength and a degree of stiffness that can be used to strengthen HA; potentially improving the clinical utility of the bone implant.

METHODS

HA was precipitated by the wet precipitation method in the presence of pristine (p) or functionalised (f) MWCNTs, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (HTAB) as the surfactant. The resulting composites were characterised and the diametral tensile strength and compressive strength of the composites were measured. To determine the biocompatibility of the composites, human osteoblast cells (HOB) were proliferated in the presence of the composites for 7 days.

RESULTS

The study revealed that both the MWCNTs and surfactants play a crucial role in the nucleation and growth of the HA. Composites made with f-MWCNTs were found to have better dispersion and better interaction with the HA particles compared to composites with p-MWCNTs. The mechanical strength was improved in all the composites compared to pure HA composites. The biocompatibility study showed minimal LDH activity in the media confirming that the composites were biocompatible. Similarly, the ALP activity confirmed that the cells grown on the composites containing HTAB were comparable to the control whereas the composites containing PVA surfactant showed significantly reduced ALP activity.

CONCLUSIONS

The study shows that the composites made of f-MWCNTs HTAB are stronger than pure HA composites and biocompatible making it a suitable material to study further.

Fabrication and Microstructure of Laminated HAP⁻45S5 Bioglass Ceramics by Spark Plasma Sintering

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) has excellent biocompatibility with living bone tissue and does not cause defensive body reactions, therefore, it has become one of the most widely used calcium phosphate materials in dental and medical fields. However, its poor mechanical properties have been a substantial challenge in the application of HAP for the replacement of load-bearing or large bone defects. Laminated HAP–45S5 bioglass ceramics composites were prepared by the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. The interface structures between the HAP and 45S5 bioglass layers and the mechanical properties of the laminated composites were investigated. It was demonstrated that there was mutual transfer and exchange of Ca and Na atoms at the interface between 45S5 bioglass/HAP laminated layers, which contributed considerably to the interfacial bonding. Due from the laminated structure and strong interface bonding, laminated HAP–45S5 bioglass is recommended for structural applications.

Cationic Substitutions in Hydroxyapatite: Current Status of the Derived Biofunctional Effects and Their In Vitro Interrogation Methods

High-performance bioceramics are required for preventing failure and prolonging the life-time of bone grafting scaffolds and osseous implants. The proper identification and development of materials with extended functionalities addressing socio-economic needs and health problems constitute important and critical steps at the heart of clinical research. Recent findings in the realm of ion-substituted hydroxyapatite (HA) could pave the road towards significant developments in biomedicine, with an emphasis on a new generation of orthopaedic and dentistry applications, since such bioceramics are able to mimic the structural, compositional and mechanical properties of the bone mineral phase. In fact, the fascinating ability of the HA crystalline lattice to allow for the substitution of calcium ions with a plethora of cationic species has been widely explored in the recent period, with consequent modifications of its physical and chemical features, as well as its functional mechanical and in vitro and in vivo biological performance. A comprehensive inventory of the progresses achieved so far is both opportune and of paramount importance, in order to not only gather and summarize information, but to also allow fellow researchers to compare with ease and filter the best solutions for the cation substitution of HA-based materials and enable the development of multi-functional biomedical designs. The review surveys preparation and synthesis methods, pinpoints all the explored cation dopants, and discloses the full application range of substituted HA. Special attention is dedicated to the antimicrobial efficiency spectrum and cytotoxic trade-off concentration values for various cell lines, highlighting new prophylactic routes for the prevention of implant failure. Importantly, the current in vitro biological tests (widely employed to unveil the biological performance of HA-based materials), and their ability to mimic the in vivo biological interactions, are also critically assessed. Future perspectives are discussed, and a series of recommendations are underlined.

A Review on the Use of Hydroxyapatite-Carbonaceous Structure Composites in Bone Replacement Materials for Strengthening Purposes

Biomedical materials constitute a vast scientific research field, which is devoted to producing medical devices which aid in enhancing human life. In this field, there is an enormous demand for long-lasting implants and bone substitutes that avoid rejection issues whilst providing favourable bioactivity, osteoconductivity and robust mechanical properties. Hydroxyapatite (HAp)-based biomaterials possess a close chemical resemblance to the mineral phase of bone, which give rise to their excellent biocompatibility, so allowing for them to serve the purpose of a bone-substituting and osteoconductive scaffold. The biodegradability of HAp is low (Ksp ≈ 6.62 × 10-126) as compared to other calcium phosphates materials, however they are known for their ability to develop bone-like apatite coatings on their surface for enhanced bone bonding. Despite its favourable bone regeneration properties, restrictions on the use of pure HAp ceramics in high load-bearing applications exist due to its inherently low mechanical properties (including low strength and fracture toughness, and poor wear resistance). Recent innovations in the field of bio-composites and nanoscience have reignited the investigation of utilising different carbonaceous materials for enhancing the mechanical properties of composites, including HAp-based bio-composites. Researchers have preferred carbonaceous materials with hydroxyapatite due to their inherent biocompatibility and good structural properties. It has been demonstrated that different structures of carbonaceous material can be used to improve the fracture toughness of HAp, as they can easily serve the purpose of being a second phase reinforcement, with the resulting composite still being a biocompatible material. Nanostructured carbonaceous structures, especially those in the form of fibres and sheets, were found to be very effective in increasing the fracture toughness values of HAp. Minor addition of CNTs (3 wt.%) has resulted in a more than 200% increase in fracture toughness of hydroxyapatite-nanorods/CNTs made using spark plasma sintering. This paper presents a current review of the research field of using different carbonaceous materials composited with hydroxyapatite with the intent being to produce high performance biomedically targeted materials.

Electrochemically grown functionalized -Multi-walled carbon nanotubes/hydroxyapatite hybrids on surgical grade 316L SS with enhanced corrosion resistance and bioactivity

Coatings using functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs)/hydroxyapatite (HAP) on 316 L Stainless Steel by electrodeposition at the parameter of "-1.5 V" for 30 min. with three electrode set-up configuration and optimization of various concentrations of f-MWCNTs from 1 to 5% were done to improve the coating characteristics for future biomedical applications. The obtained coatings were characterized by Fourier Transformed-Infra Red spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) to reveal the phase formation in the composites. With various additions of f-MWCNTs, the HAP phase was found to be retained. The growth of HAP on f-MWCNTs was analyzed by High-resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HR-TEM) and the morphology of composite was found to be of the needle and flower-like particles. To understand the corrosion resistance effect of the developed HAP/f-MWCNTs composite in SBF, electrochemical investigations were carried out using Impedance and Tafel polarization analysis. From the results, it was observed that the coatings have enhanced corrosion resistance behavior and bioactivity. In addition, the Vickers Hardness study proved that the prepared HAP/fMWCNTs composite coating was found to have improved hardness value of (H_v) 390.2 ± 8.0. Thus, the electrodeposited composite coating on 316 L SS substrate can be effectively deployed for biomedical applications.

Strontium-doped calcium silicate bioceramic with enhanced in vitro osteogenic properties

Gehlenite (GLN, Ca₂SiAl₂O₇) is a bioceramic that has been recently shown to possess excellent mechanical strength and in vitro osteogenic properties for bone regeneration. Substitutional incorporation of strontium in place of calcium is an effective way to further enhance biological properties of calcium-based bioceramics and glasses. However, such strategy has the potential to affect other important physicochemical parameters such as strength and degradation due to differences in the ionic radius of strontium and calcium. This study is the first to investigate the effect of a range of concentrations of strontium substitution of calcium at 1, 2, 5, 10 mol% (S1-GLN, S2-GLN, S5-GLN and S10-GLN) on the physicochemical and biological properties of GLN. We showed that up to 2 mol% strontium ion substitution retains the monophasic GLN structure when sintered at 1450 °C, whereas higher concentrations resulted in presence of calcium silicate impurities. Increased strontium incorporation resulted in changes in grain morphology and reduced densification when the ceramics were sintered at 1450 °C. Porous GLN, S1-GLN and S2-GLN scaffolds (∼80% porosity) showed compressive strengths of 2.05 ± 0.46 MPa, 1.76 ± 0.79 MPa and 1.57 ± 0.52 MPa respectively. S1-GLN and S2-GLN immersed in simulated body fluid showed increased strontium ion release but reduced calcium and silicon ion release compared to GLN without affecting overall weight loss and pH over a 21 d period. The bioactivity of the S2-GLN ceramics was significantly improved as reflected in the significant upregulation of HOB proliferation and differentiation compared to GLN. Overall, these results suggest that increased incorporation of strontium presents a trade-off between bioactivity and mechanical strength for GLN bioceramics. This is an important consideration in the development of strontium-doped bioceramics.

Carbon Nanofiber/Polycaprolactone/Mineralized Hydroxyapatite Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Potential Orthopedic Applications

Hydroxyapatite (Ca₁₀ (PO₄)₆(OH)₂, HAP), a multimineral substituted calcium phosphate is one of the most substantial bone mineral component that has been widely used as bone replacement materials because of its bioactive and biocompatible properties. However, the use of HAP as bone implants is restricted due to its brittle nature and poor mechanical properties. To overcome this defect and to generate suitable bone implant material, HAP is combined with biodegradable polymer (polycaprolactone, PCL). To enhance the mechanical property of the composite, carbon nanofibers (CNF) is incorporated to the composite, which has long been considered for hard and soft tissue implant due to its exceptional mechanical and structural properties. It is well-known that nanofibrous scaffold are the most-prominent material for the bone reconstruction. We have developed a new remarkable CNF/PCL/mineralized hydroxyapatite (M-HAP) nanofibrous scaffolds on titanium (Ti). The as-developed coatings were characterized by various techniques. The results indicate the formation and homogeneous distribution of components in the nanofibrous scaffolds. Incorporation of CNF into the PCL/M-HAP composite significantly improves the adhesion strength and elastic modulus of the scaffolds. Furthermore, the responses of human osteosarcoma (HOS MG63) cells cultured onto the scaffolds demonstrate that the viability of cells were considerably high for CNF-incorporated PCL/M-HAP than for PCL/M-HAP. In vivo analysis show the presence of soft fibrous tissue growth without any significant inflammatory signs, which suggests that incorporated CNF did not counteract the favorable biological roles of HAP. For load-bearing applications, research in various bone models is needed to substantiate the clinical availability. Thus, from the obtained results, we suggest that CNF/PCL/M-HAP nanofibrous scaffolds can be considered as potential candidates for orthopedic applications.

In-situ photocrosslinkable nanohybrid elastomer based on polybutadiene/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane

Hydroxyl functionalized nano-sized POSS or ethyleneglycol as diol monomers was incorporated to hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPBD) chain in the presence of fumaryl chloride as extender. Blue light photocrosslinking system based on camphorquinone (photoinitiator) and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (accelerator) was applied to cure these two synthesized fumarate based macromers. Self-crosslinkability of unsaturated macromers and also crosslinking in presence of a reactive diluent were investigated in absence and presence of 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, respectively. Finally, photocured samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, equilibrium swelling study, TGA, DMTA, AFM and cell culture. The results showed that incorporation of POSS nanoparticle into the polymer matrix with a perfect distribution and dispersion can enhance thermal stability, mechanical and biocompatibility properties which can prove a good potential of this in-situ photocrosslinkable nanohybrid in medical applications.