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Giavaresi G, Bellavia D, De Luca A, Costa V, Raimondi L, Cordaro A, Sartori M, Terrando S, Toscano A, Pignatti G, Fini M. Magnesium Alloys in Orthopedics: A Systematic Review on Approaches, Coatings and Strategies to Improve Biocompatibility, Osteogenic Properties and Osteointegration Capabilities. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:282. [PMID: 38203453 PMCID: PMC10778661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in using magnesium (Mg) alloy orthopedic devices because of their mechanical properties and bioresorption potential. Concerns related to their rapid degradation have been issued by developing biodegradable micro- and nanostructured coatings to enhance corrosion resistance and limit the release of hydrogen during degradation. This systematic review based on four databases (PubMed®, Embase, Web of Science™ and ScienceDirect®) aims to present state-of-the-art strategies, approaches and materials used to address the critical factors currently impeding the utilization of Mg alloy devices. Forty studies were selected according to PRISMA guidelines and specific PECO criteria. Risk of bias assessment was conducted using OHAT and SYRCLE tools for in vitro and in vivo studies, respectively. Despite limitations associated with identified bias, the review provides a comprehensive analysis of preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies focused on manufacturing and application of Mg alloys in orthopedics. This attests to the continuous evolution of research related to Mg alloy modifications (e.g., AZ91, LAE442 and WE43) and micro- and nanocoatings (e.g., MAO and MgF2), which are developed to improve the degradation rate required for long-term mechanical resistance to loading and excellent osseointegration with bone tissue, thereby promoting functional bone regeneration. Further research is required to deeply verify the safety and efficacy of Mg alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Giavaresi
- Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (D.B.); (A.D.L.); (V.C.); (L.R.); (A.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Daniele Bellavia
- Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (D.B.); (A.D.L.); (V.C.); (L.R.); (A.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Angela De Luca
- Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (D.B.); (A.D.L.); (V.C.); (L.R.); (A.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Viviana Costa
- Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (D.B.); (A.D.L.); (V.C.); (L.R.); (A.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Lavinia Raimondi
- Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (D.B.); (A.D.L.); (V.C.); (L.R.); (A.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Aurora Cordaro
- Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (D.B.); (A.D.L.); (V.C.); (L.R.); (A.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Maria Sartori
- Scienze e Tecnologie Chirurgiche, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (D.B.); (A.D.L.); (V.C.); (L.R.); (A.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Silvio Terrando
- Ortopedia Generale, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (S.T.); (A.T.); (G.P.)
| | - Angelo Toscano
- Ortopedia Generale, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (S.T.); (A.T.); (G.P.)
| | - Giovanni Pignatti
- Ortopedia Generale, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (S.T.); (A.T.); (G.P.)
| | - Milena Fini
- Direzione Scientifica, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
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Aboutalebianaraki N, Zeblisky P, Sarker MD, Jeyaranjan A, Sakthivel TS, Fu Y, Lucchi J, Baudelet M, Seal S, Kean TJ, Razavi M. An osteogenic magnesium alloy with improved corrosion resistance, antibacterial, and mechanical properties for orthopedic applications. J Biomed Mater Res A 2023; 111:556-574. [PMID: 36494895 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a novel biodegradable magnesium (Mg) alloy for bone implant applications. We used scandium (Sc; 2 wt %) and strontium (Sr; 2 wt %) as alloying elements due to their high biocompatibility, antibacterial efficacy, osteogenesis, and protective effects against corrosion. In the present work, we also examined the effect of a heat treatment process on the properties of the Mg-Sc-Sr alloy. Alloys were manufactured using a metal casting process followed by heat treatment. The microstructure, corrosion, mechanical properties, antibacterial activity, and osteogenic activity of the alloy were assessed in vitro. The results showed that the incorporation of Sc and Sr elements controlled the corrosion, reduced the hydrogen generation, and enhanced mechanical properties. Furthermore, alloying with Sc and Sr demonstrated a significantly enhanced antibacterial activity and decreased biofilm formation compared to control Mg. Also, culturing Mg-Sc-Sr alloy with human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells showed a high degree of biocompatibility (>90% live cells) and a significant increase in osteoblastic differentiation in vitro shown by Alizarin red staining and alkaline phosphatase activity. Based on these results, the Mg-Sc-Sr alloy heat-treated at 400°C displayed optimal mechanical properties, corrosion rate, antibacterial efficacy, and osteoinductivity. These characteristics make the Mg-Sc-Sr alloy a promising candidate for biodegradable orthopedic implants in the fixation of bone fractures such as bone plate-screws or intramedullary nails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Aboutalebianaraki
- Biionix™ (Bionic Materials, Implants & Interfaces) Cluster, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Peter Zeblisky
- Biionix™ (Bionic Materials, Implants & Interfaces) Cluster, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - M D Sarker
- Biionix™ (Bionic Materials, Implants & Interfaces) Cluster, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Aadithya Jeyaranjan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.,Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Nanoscience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Tamil S Sakthivel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.,Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Nanoscience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Yifei Fu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.,Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Nanoscience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - John Lucchi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.,National Center for Forensic Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Matthieu Baudelet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.,National Center for Forensic Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.,CREOL - The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Sudipta Seal
- Biionix™ (Bionic Materials, Implants & Interfaces) Cluster, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.,Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Nanoscience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas J Kean
- Biionix™ (Bionic Materials, Implants & Interfaces) Cluster, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Mehdi Razavi
- Biionix™ (Bionic Materials, Implants & Interfaces) Cluster, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
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Chandra G, Pandey A, Prabha S, Pandey KM. Microstructure, Mechanical, In Vitro Biodegradation, and Antimicrobial Behavior of a Mg-Zn-Ca-Sr/ZrO 2 Composite Prepared Using Powder Metallurgy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:5148-5155. [PMID: 36245146 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable materials, especially Mg alloys, have an exceptional advantage over nonbiodegradable materials in orthopedic applications, such as avoiding second surgery for removal/replacement, stress shielding, but not enough mechanical strength, and so forth. By further improving the Mg alloy to get all the remaining required properties, it can be used for better biodegradable implants, which depend adequately on material optimization, processing, and so forth. A Mg-Zn-Ca-Sr/ZrO2 composite has been prepared using powder metallurgy by adding 0, 1, 2, and 3 wt % of ZrO2, which also contains Zn, Ca, and Sr as nutrient elements. Microstructure characterization, as well as mechanical and in vitro biodegradation, have been investigated by hardness, compression, and immersion tests. The highest compressive strength, contraction, and hardness of about 185.6 MPa, 9.5%, and 65.2 HRB are observed in the 2% ZrO2-containing composite, respectively, whereas a minimum biodegradation rate of 2.76 mm/year is observed on the same. The antibiotic sensitivity observations against Staphylococcus aureus suggest that the alloy C3 has superior biological activity against the pathogen which ranks this alloy on top in merit. Overall, Mg-Zn-Ca-Sr/ZrO2 exhibits impressive potential for use as a biodegradable and antibiotic material for orthopedic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Chandra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal462003, India
| | - Ajay Pandey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal462003, India
| | - Sarit Prabha
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal462003, India
| | - Khushhali M Pandey
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal462003, India
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Sun H, Wang Y, Sun C, Yu H, Xi Z, Liu N, Zhang N. In vivo comparison of the degradation and osteointegration properties of micro-arc oxidation-coated Mg-Sr and Mg-Ca alloy scaffolds. Biomed Mater Eng 2021; 33:209-219. [PMID: 34744060 DOI: 10.3233/bme-211300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnesium (Mg) alloy have biodegradation and mechanical properties that are similar to those of human bone, making it a promising candidate material for inclusion in implantable medical devices. OBJECTIVE The osteointegration effect of Mg alloy scaffolds with different corrosion rates were studied and evaluated in large bone defect models. METHOD Mg-Sr and Mg-Ca alloy scaffolds with a 20-μm Micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coating were used to repair critical bone defects for subsequent assessment of each alloy's degradation and osteointegration by X-ray, Micro-CT, fluorescence and histological examination. RESULTS At 12 weeks post-implantation, each defect was found to be effectively reconstructed by either of the Mg alloys based on X-ray and Micro-CT images. The corrosion rate (CR) of each Mg alloy - as calculated based on micro-computed tomography information - demonstrated that the MAO coating could provide effective protection for only 4 weeks post-surgery. From weeks 8 to 12, the CR of the Mg-Ca alloy scaffold increased from 1.34 ± 0.23 mm/y to 1.57 ± 0.16 mm/y. In contrast, the CR of the Mg-Sr alloy scaffold decreased from 0.58 ± 0.14 mm/y to 0.54 ± 0.16 mm/y. However, fluorescence and histological examination revealed more mature, closely and regularly arranged newborn osteocytes at the Mg-Ca scaffold-fracture interface e from weeks 8 to 12 after surgery. RESULTS The Mg-Sr scaffold was more corrosion resistant and the Mg-Ca scaffold yielded a better overall repair, which indicates that the CR of magnesium alloys matches the rate of new bone formation and is the key to repair bone defects as a bone substitute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Chu Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Haiming Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Zheng Xi
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Xinhua Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
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Zhang E, Zhao X, Hu J, Wang R, Fu S, Qin G. Antibacterial metals and alloys for potential biomedical implants. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:2569-2612. [PMID: 33615045 PMCID: PMC7876544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metals and alloys, including stainless steel, titanium and its alloys, cobalt alloys, and other metals and alloys have been widely used clinically as implant materials, but implant-related infection or inflammation is still one of the main causes of implantation failure. The bacterial infection or inflammation that seriously threatens human health has already become a worldwide complaint. Antibacterial metals and alloys recently have attracted wide attention for their long-term stable antibacterial ability, good mechanical properties and good biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo. In this review, common antibacterial alloying elements, antibacterial standards and testing methods were introduced. Recent developments in the design and manufacturing of antibacterial metal alloys containing various antibacterial agents were described in detail, including antibacterial stainless steel, antibacterial titanium alloy, antibacterial zinc and alloy, antibacterial magnesium and alloy, antibacterial cobalt alloy, and other antibacterial metals and alloys. Researches on the antibacterial properties, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of antibacterial metals and alloys have been summarized in detail for the first time. It is hoped that this review could help researchers understand the development of antibacterial alloys in a timely manner, thereby could promote the development of antibacterial metal alloys and the clinical application. This paper focuses the recent development of several antibacterial metals and alloys as biomedical materials. The possible antibacterial mechanisms of antibacterial metals and alloys are summarized in this paper. This review discusses the feasibility of antibacterial metals and alloys as biomedical implants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erlin Zhang
- Key Lab. for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Education Ministry of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 150819, China.,Research Center for Metallic Wires, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhao
- Key Lab. for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Education Ministry of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 150819, China
| | - Jiali Hu
- Key Lab. for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Education Ministry of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 150819, China
| | - Ruoxian Wang
- Key Lab. for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Education Ministry of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 150819, China
| | - Shan Fu
- Key Lab. for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Education Ministry of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 150819, China
| | - Gaowu Qin
- Key Lab. for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials, Education Ministry of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 150819, China.,Research Center for Metallic Wires, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
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Zhang S, Sun X, Kang C, Yang M, Zhao Y, Wang C. Study on repairing canine mandibular defect with porous Mg-Sr alloy combined with Mg-Sr alloy membrane. Regen Biomater 2020; 7:331-336. [PMID: 32523734 PMCID: PMC7266669 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To discuss the feasibility of the application of porous Mg–Sr alloy combined with Mg–Sr alloy membrane in the repair of mandibular defects in dogs. The second and third mandibular premolars on both sides were extracted from six dogs. The model of mandible buccal fenestration bone defects were prepared after the sockets healed. Twelve bone defects were randomly divided into groups A and B, then Mg–Sr alloy was implanted in bone defects of group A and covered by Mg–Sr alloy membrane while Mg–Sr alloy was implanted in bone defects of group B and covered by mineralized collagen membrane. Bone defects observed on cone beam computed tomographic images and comparing the gray value of the two groups after 4, 8 and 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, the healing of bone defects were evaluated by gross observation, X-ray microscopes and histological observation of hard tissue. Bone defects in each group were repaired. At 8 and 12 weeks, the gray value of group A was higher than that of group B (P < 0.05). At 12 weeks, the bone volume fraction of group A was higher than that of group B (P < 0.05). The newly woven bone in group A is thick and arranged staggered, which was better than that of group B. Porous Mg–Sr alloy combined with Mg–Sr alloy membrane could further promote the repair of mandibular defects, and obtain good osteogenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanning Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Xirao Sun
- Department of Prosthodontics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Chunyu Kang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Man Yang
- Department of Prosthodontics, JinZhouShi Oral Cavity Hospital, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Prosthodontics, JinZhouShi Oral Cavity Hospital, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Chengyue Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
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Xu H, Hu T, Wang M, Zheng Y, Qin H, Cao H, An Z. Degradability and biocompatibility of magnesium-MAO: The consistency and contradiction between in-vitro and in-vivo outcomes. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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In vitro degradation and antibacterial property of a copper-containing micro-arc oxidation coating on Mg-2Zn-1Gd-0.5Zr alloy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 179:77-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhang Y, Li J, Li J. Effects of microstructure transformation on mechanical properties, corrosion behaviors of Mg-Zn-Mn-Ca alloys in simulated body fluid. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 80:246-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Biodegradable Mg/HA/TiO2 Nanocomposites Coated with MgO and Si/MgO for Orthopedic Applications: A Study on the Corrosion, Surface Characterization, and Biocompatability. COATINGS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings7100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the field of orthopedics, magnesium (Mg) and magnesium-based composites as biodegradable materials have attracted fundamental research. However, the medical applications of magnesium implants have been restricted owing to their poor corrosion resistance, especially in the physiological environment. To improve the corrosion resistance of Mg/HA/TiO2 nanocomposites, monolayer MgO and double-layer Si/MgO coatings were fabricated layer-by-layer on the surface of a nanocomposite using a powder metallurgy route. Then, coating thickness, surface morphology, and chemical composition were determined, and the corrosion behavior of the uncoated and coated samples was evaluated. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) micrographs show that an inner MgO layer with a porous microstructure and thickness of around 34 μm is generated on the Mg/HA/TiO2 nanocomposite substrate, and that the outer Si layer thickness is obtained at around 23 μm for the double-layered coated sample. Electrochemical corrosion tests and immersion corrosion tests were carried out on the uncoated and coated samples and the Si/MgO-coated nanocomposite showed significantly improved corrosion resistance compared with uncoated Mg/HA/TiO2 in simulated body fluid (SBF). Corrosion products comprising Mg(OH)2, HA, Ca3(PO4)2, and amorphous CaP components were precipitated on the immersed samples. Improved cytocompatibility was observed with coating as the cell viability ranged from 73% in uncoated to 88% for Si/MgO-coated Mg/HA/TiO2 nanocomposite after nine days of incubation.
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Li M, Yang X, Wang W, Zhang Y, Wan P, Yang K, Han Y. Evaluation of the osteo-inductive potential of hollow three-dimensional magnesium-strontium substitutes for the bone grafting application. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 73:347-356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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