Liposomes coated with thiolated chitosan as drug carriers of curcumin

The Bright Side of Curcumin: A Narrative Review of Its Therapeutic Potential in Cancer Management

Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound derived from Curcuma longa, exhibits significant therapeutic potential in cancer management. This review explores curcumin's mechanisms of action, the challenges related to its bioavailability, and its enhancement through modern technology and approaches. Curcumin demonstrates strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, contributing to its ability to neutralize free radicals and inhibit inflammatory mediators. Its anticancer effects are mediated by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell proliferation, and interfering with tumor growth pathways in various colon, pancreatic, and breast cancers. However, its clinical application is limited by its poor bioavailability due to its rapid metabolism and low absorption. Novel delivery systems, such as curcumin-loaded hydrogels and nanoparticles, have shown promise in improving curcumin bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Additionally, photodynamic therapy has emerged as a complementary approach, where light exposure enhances curcumin's anticancer effects by modulating molecular pathways crucial for tumor cell growth and survival. Studies highlight that combining low concentrations of curcumin with visible light irradiation significantly boosts its antitumor efficacy compared to curcumin alone. The interaction of curcumin with cytochromes or drug transporters may play a crucial role in altering the pharmacokinetics of conventional medications, which necessitates careful consideration in clinical settings. Future research should focus on optimizing delivery mechanisms and understanding curcumin's pharmacokinetics to fully harness its therapeutic potential in cancer treatment.

Harnessing Potential of ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid with Nanotechnology for Enhanced Breast Cancer Therapy: A Comprehensive Investigation into ALA-Based Liposomal PTX Delivery

Our hypothesis posited that incorporating alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) into liposomes containing Paclitaxel (PTX) could augment cellular uptake, decrease the therapeutic dosage, and alleviate PTX-related side effects. Our investigation encompassed characterization of the liposomal formulation, encompassing aspects like particle size, surface morphology, chemical structure, drug release kinetics, and stability. Compatibility studies were performed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). By utilizing the Box-Behnken design (BBD), we developed ALA-based liposomes with satisfactory particle size and entrapment efficiency. It is noteworthy that ALA incorporation led to a slight increase in particle size but did not notably affect drug entrapment. In vitro drug release assessments unveiled a sustained release pattern, with ALA-PTX liposomes demonstrating release profiles comparable to PTX liposomes. Morphological examinations confirmed the spherical structure of the liposomes, indicating that substituting ALA with phosphatidylcholine did not alter the physicochemical properties. Cellular uptake investigations showcased enhanced uptake of ALA-based liposomes in contrast to PTX liposomes, likely attributed to the heightened fluidity conferred by ALA. Efficacy against MCF-7 cells demonstrated concentration-dependent reductions in cell viability, with ALA-PTX liposomes exhibiting the lowest IC50 value. Morphological analysis confirmed apoptotic changes in cells treated with all formulations, with ALA-PTX liposomes eliciting more pronounced changes, indicative of enhanced anticancer efficacy.

Chitosan-coated liposome with lysozyme-responsive properties for on-demand release of levofloxacin

As an anti-infection antibiotic delivery route, a drug-controlled release system based on a specific condition stimulus response can enhance drug stability and bioavailability, reduce antibiotic resistance, achieve on-demand release and improve targeting and utilization efficiency. In this study, chitosan-coated liposomes containing levofloxacin (Lef@Lip@CS) were prepared with lysozyme in body fluids serving as an intelligent "switch" to enable accurate delivery of antibiotics through the catalytic degradation ability of chitosan. Good liposome encapsulation efficacy (64.89 ± 1.86 %) and loading capacity (5.28 ± 0.18 %) were achieved. The controlled-release behavior and morphological characterization before and after enzymatic hydrolysis confirmed that the levofloxacin release rate depended on the lysozyme concentration and the degrees of deacetylation of chitosan. In vitro bacteriostatic experiments showed significant differences in the effects of Lef@Lip@CS before and after enzyme addition, with 6-h inhibition rate of 72.46 % and 100 %, and biofilm removal rates of 51 % and 71 %, respectively. These findings show that chitosan-coated liposomes are a feasible drug delivery system responsive to lysozyme stimulation.

Multifunctional thiolated chitosan/puerarin composite hydrogels with pH/glutathione dual responsiveness for potential drug carriers

Puerarin (PUE), a natural and biologically active isoflavone extracted from Chinese medicine Pueraria lobata, can self-assemble to form a hydrogel without other chemical modifications. However, although PUE hydrogel has pH responsivity, but it is difficult to adapt to the changeable pathological environment. Therefore, thiolated chitosan (TCS) is synthesized and hybridized with PUE hydrogel to prepare TCS10/PUE composite hydrogel. The results of rheological measurement showed that the resultant composite hydrogels inherited the low loss performance of TCS hydrogel, which means that they have stronger elasticity. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images displayed that TCS10/PUE composite hydrogel has a fibrous-network structure. X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) proved the existence of hydrogen bonds and disulfide bonds in the formation of composite hydrogel. Degradation experiment showed that TCS10/PUE composite hydrogels have pH and glutathione (pH/GSH) dual sensitivity. Furthermore, TCS10/PUE composite hydrogels exhibited multi-functionality including thixotropy, cytocompatibility, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Berberine chloride hydrate (BCH) was further used as a model drug for in vitro release study. BCH and PUE could be released cooperatively under pH/GSH dual responsivity. These results indicated that the resultant composite hydrogel has eminent pH/GSH dual responsivity and could act as a potential new intelligent drug carrier.

A Window for Enhanced Oral Delivery of Therapeutics via Lipid Nanoparticles

Oral administration of dosage forms is convenient and beneficial in several respects. Lipid nanoparticulate dosage forms have emerged as a useful carrier system in deploying low solubility drugs systemically, particularly class II, III, and IV drugs of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System. Like other nanoparticulate delivery systems, their low size-to-volume ratio facilitates uptake by phagocytosis. Lipid nanoparticles also provide scope for high drug loading and extended-release capability, ensuring diminished systemic side effects and improved pharmacokinetics. However, rapid gastrointestinal (GI) clearance of particulate delivery systems impedes efficient uptake across the mucosa. Mucoadhesion of dosage forms to the GI mucosa results in longer transit times due to interactions between the former and mucus. Delayed transit times facilitate transfer of the dosage form across the mucosa. In this regard, a balance between mucoadhesion and mucopenetration guarantees optimal systemic transfer. Furthermore, the interplay between GI anatomy and physiology is key to ensuring efficient systemic uptake. This review captures salient anatomical and physiological features of the GI tract and how these can be exploited for maximal systemic delivery of lipid nanoparticles. Materials used to impart mucoadhesion and examples of successful mucoadhesive lipid nanoformulations are highlighted in this review.

Preparation and Characterization of Novel Polyelectrolyte Liposomes Using Chitosan Succinate Layered over Chitosomes: A Potential Strategy for Colon Cancer Treatment

Chitosan succinate is distinguished by its ability to shield the loaded drug from the acidic environment, localize and keep the drug at the colon site, and release the drug over an extended time at basic pH. The current study attempts to develop polyelectrolyte liposomes (PEL), using chitosan and chitosan succinate (CSSC), as a carrier for liposomal-assisted colon target delivery of 5 fluorouracil (5FU). The central composite design was used to obtain an optimized formulation of 5FU-chitosomes. The chitosan-coated liposomes (chitosomes) were prepared by thin lipid film hydration technique. After that, the optimized formulation was coated with CSSC, which has several carboxylic (COOH) groups that produce an anionic charge that interacts with the cation NH2 in chitosan. The prepared 5FU-chitosomes formulations were evaluated for entrapment efficiency % (EE%), particle size, and in vitro drug release. The optimized 5FU-chitosomes formulation was examined for particle size, zeta potential, in vitro release, and mucoadhesive properties in comparison with the equivalent 5FU-liposomes and 5FU-PEL. The prepared 5FU-chitosomes exhibited high EE%, small particle size, low polydispersity index, and prolonged drug release. PEL significantly limited the drug release at acidic pH due to the deprotonation of carboxylate ions in CSSC, which resulted in strong repulsive forces, significant swelling, and prolonged drug release. According to a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, PEL treatment significantly decreased the viability of HT-29 cells. When compared to 5FU-liposome and 5FU-chitosome, the in vivo pharmacokinetics characteristics of 5FU-PEL significantly (p < 0.05) improved. The findings show that PEL enhances 5FU permeability, which permits high drug concentrations to enter cells and inhibits the growth of colon cancer cells. Based on the current research, PEL may be used as a liposomal-assisted colon-specific delivery.

Chitosan-Based Nanocarriers for Pulmonary and Intranasal Drug Delivery Systems: A Comprehensive Overview of their Applications

The optimization of respiratory health is important, and one avenue for achieving this is through the application of both Pulmonary Drug Delivery System (PDDS) and Intranasal Delivery (IND). PDDS offers immediate delivery of medication to the respiratory system, providing advantages, such as sustained regional drug concentration, tunable drug release, extended duration of action, and enhanced patient compliance. IND, renowned for its non-invasive nature and swift onset of action, presents a promising path for advancement. Modern PDDS and IND utilize various polymers, among which chitosan (CS) stands out. CS is a biocompatible and biodegradable polysaccharide with unique physicochemical properties, making it well-suited for medical and pharmaceutical applications. The multiple positively charged amino groups present in CS facilitate its interaction with negatively charged mucous membranes, allowing CS to adsorb easily onto the mucosal surface. In addition, CS-based nanocarriers have been an important topic of research. Polymeric Nanoparticles (NPs), liposomes, dendrimers, microspheres, nanoemulsions, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs), carbon nanotubes, and modified effective targeting systems compete as important ways of increasing pulmonary drug delivery with chitosan. This review covers the latest findings on CS-based nanocarriers and their applications.

Enhancing stability of liposomes using high molecular weight chitosan to promote antioxidative stress effects and lipid-lowering activity of encapsulated lutein in vivo and in vitro

Lutein is an antioxidant with multiple beneficial functions. However, its therapeutic potential is hampered by its low water solubility and bioavailability. The goal of this study is to compare the stability of lutein-loaded liposomes (Lu-lip) and low (LC)/high molecular weight (HC) chitosan-coated Lu-lip, along with their antioxidant capacity using H2O2-induced HepG2 cells and their lipid-lowering activity using high-fat diet mice. Both LC and HC reduced the lutein degradation rate by 17.5 % and 26.72 % in a challenging environment at pH 6 and T = 4 °C. Compared to LC, the HC coating improved the size- and zeta-potential-stability of Lu-lip at 5 < pH < 7, with the best performance at pH 6. The HC coating prolonged the lutein release profile, increased the cellular uptake of Lu-lip, and reduced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and the H2O2-induced necrotic cell ratios by increasing the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Animal experiments have shown that oral administration of LC and HC coated Lu-lip can significantly reduce body weight levels, total triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and non-high-density lipoprotein (n-HDL-C) in high-fat diet mice while significantly increasing the levels of CAT, SOD and GSH-Px in the liver of mice. LC and HC coated Lu-lip can reduce fat accumulation in the liver and epididymal adipose tissue.

Preparation and in vitro characterization of curcumin loaded Chitosan-Hyaluronic acid polyelectrolyte complex based hydrogels

OBJECTIVE

The manuscript aims to prepare and comprehensively characterize curcumin-loaded chitosan-hyaluronic acid polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) hydrogels through in vitro assessments. By elucidating the formulation process, physicochemical attributes, and drug release kinetics, the study contributes to the producing of curcumin loaded new drug delivery system.

SIGNIFICANCE

This approach shows the unique synergy of the chosen polymers with curcumin. The meticulous in vitro analysis of the hydrogels cements their novel attributes, underlining their potential as efficacious and biocompatible curcumin carriers.

METHODS

To configure the optimum formulation variables, viscosity, swelling ratio, porosity, in vitro release, cell viability, and migration rate were determined. In addition, FTIR and SEM analyses were also carried out to define the characteristic of formulations.

RESULTS

Release kinetic determination is essential in estimating the release behavior of formulation in the body. All formulations showed Higuchi release kinetics, indicating that drug release from the semi-solid matrix was diffusion controlled.

CONCLUSION

As a result, in this study, a new formulation was produced based on a simple concept with acceptable quality parameter results promising to be conducted in the industry.

Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Curcumin in Breast Cancer Therapy

Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent type of cancer in the world and the main reason women die from cancer. Due to the significant side effects of conventional treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the search for supplemental and alternative natural drugs with lower toxicity and side effects is of interest to researchers. Curcumin (CUR) is a natural polyphenol extracted from turmeric. Numerous studies have demonstrated that CUR is an effective anticancer drug that works by modifying different intracellular signaling pathways. CUR's therapeutic utility is severely constrained by its short half-life in vivo, low water solubility, poor stability, quick metabolism, low oral bioavailability, and potential for gastrointestinal discomfort with high oral doses. One of the most practical solutions to the aforementioned issues is the development of targeted drug delivery systems (TDDSs) based on nanomaterials. To improve drug targeting and efficacy and to serve as a reference for the development and use of CUR TDDSs in the clinical setting, this review describes the physicochemical properties and bioavailability of CUR and its mechanism of action on BC, with emphasis on recent studies on TDDSs for BC in combination with CUR, including passive TDDSs, active TDDSs and physicochemical TDDSs.

Preparation of pH-sensitive chitosan-deoxycholic acid-sodium alginate nanoparticles loaded with ginsenoside Rb1 and its controlled release mechanism

Ginsenoside is a natural extract of the genus ginseng, which has tumor preventive and inhibiting effects. In this study, ginsenoside loaded nanoparticles were prepared by an ionic cross-linking method with sodium alginate to enable a sustained slow release effect of ginsenoside Rb₁ in the intestinal fluid through an intelligent response. Chitosan grafted hydrophobic group deoxycholic acid was used to synthesize CS-DA, providing loading space for hydrophobic Rb₁. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the nanoparticles was spherical with smooth surfaces. The encapsulation rate of Rb₁ enhanced with the increase of sodium alginate concentration and could reach to 76.62 ± 1.78 % when concentration was 3.6 mg/mL. It was found that the release process of CDA-NPs was most consistent with the primary kinetic model which is a diffusion-controlled release mechanism. CDA-NPs exhibited good pH sensitivity and controlled release properties in buffer solutions of different pH's at 1.2 and 6.8. The cumulative release of Rb₁from CDA-NPs in simulated gastric fluid was <20 % within 2 h, while could release completely around 24 h in the simulated gastrointestinal fluid release system. It was demonstrated that CDA_3.6-NPs can effectively control release and intelligently deliver ginsenoside Rb₁, which is a promising alternative way for oral delivery.

Polysaccharide-modified liposomes and their application in cancer research

Nanodrug delivery systems have been widely used in cancer treatment. Among these, liposomal drug carriers have gained considerable attention due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low toxicity. However, conventional liposomes have several shortcomings, such as poor stability, rapid clearance, aggregation, fusion, degradation, hydrolysis, and oxidation of phospholipids. Polysaccharides are natural polymers of biological origin that exhibit structural stability, excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, flexibility, non-immunogenicity, low toxicity, and targetability. Therefore, they represent a promising class of polymers for the modification of the surface properties of liposomes to overcome their shortcomings. In addition, polysaccharides can be readily combined with other materials to develop new composite materials. Hence, they represent the optimal choice for liposomal modification to improve pharmacokinetics and clinical utility. Polysaccharide-coated liposomes exhibit better stability, drug release kinetics, and cellular uptake than conventional liposomes. The oncologic application of polysaccharide-coated liposomes has become a research hotspot. We summarize the preparation, physicochemical properties, and antineoplastic effects of polysaccharide-coated liposomes to facilitate antitumor drug development.

Therapy of Organophosphate Poisoning via Intranasal Administration of 2-PAM-Loaded Chitosomes

Chitosan-decorated liposomes were proposed for the first time for the intranasal delivery of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivator pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM) to the brain as a therapy for organophosphorus compounds (OPs) poisoning. Firstly, the chitosome composition based on phospholipids, cholesterol, chitosans (Cs) of different molecular weights, and its arginine derivative was developed and optimized. The use of the polymer modification led to an increase in the encapsulation efficiency toward rhodamine B (RhB; ~85%) and 2-PAM (~60%) by 20% compared to conventional liposomes. The formation of monodispersed and stable nanosized particles with a hydrodynamic diameter of up to 130 nm was shown using dynamic light scattering. The addition of the polymers recharged the liposome surface (from -15 mV to +20 mV), which demonstrates the successful deposition of Cs on the vesicles. In vitro spectrophotometric analysis showed a slow release of substrates (RhB and 2-PAM) from the nanocontainers, while the concentration and Cs type did not significantly affect the chitosome permeability. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy qualitatively and quantitatively demonstrated the penetration of the developed chitosomes into normal Chang liver and M-HeLa cervical cancer cells. At the final stage, the ability of the formulated 2-PAM to reactivate brain AChE was assessed in a model of paraoxon-induced poisoning in an in vivo test. Intranasal administration of 2-PAM-containing chitosomes allows it to reach the degree of enzyme reactivation up to 35 ± 4%.

Temperature- and pH-responsive injectable chitosan hydrogels loaded with doxorubicin and curcumin as long-lasting release platforms for the treatment of solid tumors

The efficacy of treating solid tumors with chemotherapy is primarily hindered by dose-limiting toxicity due to off-target effects and the heterogeneous drug distribution caused by the dense extracellular matrix. The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect within tumors restricts the circulation and diffusion of drugs. To overcome these obstacles, hydrogels formed in situ at the tumor site have been proposed to promote drug accumulation, retention, and long-lasting release. We developed a thiolated chitosan (CSSH) hydrogel with a gelation point of 37°C. Due to the pH-sensitive characteristics of disulfides, the prepared hydrogel facilitated drug release in the acidic tumor environment. A drug release system composed of hydrophilic doxorubicin (Dox) and hydrophobic liposome-encapsulated curcumin (Cur-Lip) was designed to enhance the long-lasting therapeutic impacts and reduce adverse side effects. These composite gels possess a suitable gelation time of approximately 8-12 min under physiological conditions. The cumulative release ratio was higher at pH = 5.5 than at pH = 7.4 over the first 24 h, during which approximately 10% of the Dox was released, and Cur was released slowly over the following 24-120 h. Cell assays indicated that the Cur-Lip/Dox/CSSH gels effectively inhibited the growth of cancer cells. These in situ-formed Cur-Lip/Dox gels with long-term drug release capabilities have potential applications for tumor suppression and tissue regeneration after surgical tumor resection.

Middle purity soy lecithin is appropriate for food grade nanoliposome: Preparation, characterization, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ability

The purity of soy lecithin exerts significant impact on nanoliposome (NL) properties for food applications. In this study, three soy lecithin of different purity were used to prepare NL. LC-MS analysis confirmed soy lecithin of relatively low purify (50% and 70%) contains multiple natural phospholipids. NL produced by soy lecithin of middle purity (70%) is smaller and more stable than other counterparts. Ultimately, soy lecithin of 70% purity was selected to develop NL encapsulated crocetin (CR) as model payload and further coated by chitosan (CS). The structure characteristic, physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity of crocetin nanoliposome (CR-NL) and chitosan coated crocetin nanoliposome (CS-CR-NL) were evaluated. NL encapsulation and CS coating significantly improve antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ability of CR, and prolong storage period of CR (p < 0.05). For food applications, soy lecithin of middle purity (70%) is cheaper and more appropriate than soy lecithin of high purity.

Modifying the Stability and Surface Characteristic of Anthocyanin Compounds Incorporated in the Nanoliposome by Chitosan Biopolymer

In this study, a novel approach was investigated to improve the stability of anthocyanin compounds (AC) by encapsulating them in nanoliposomes resulting from rapeseed lecithin alongside chitosan coating. The results indicate that the particle size, electrophoretic mobility, encapsulation efficiency, and membrane fluidity of nanoliposomes containing anthocyanin compounds were 132.41 nm, -3.26 µm·cm/V·S, 42.57%, and 3.41, respectively, which changed into 188.95 nm, +4.80 µm·cm/V·S, 61.15%, and 2.39 after coating with chitosan, respectively. The results also suggest improved physical and chemical stability of nanoliposomes after coating with chitosan. TEM images demonstrate the produced particles were spherical and had a nanoscale, where the existence of a chitosan layer around the nanoparticles was visible. Shear rheological tests illustrate that the flow behavior of nanoliposomes was altered from Newtonian to shear thinning following chitosan incorporation. Further, chitosan diminished the surface area of the hysteresis loop (thixotropic behavior). The oscillatory rheological tests also show the presence of chitosan led to the improved mechanical stability of nanoliposomes. The results of the present study demonstrate that chitosan coating remarkably improved encapsulation efficiency, as well as the physical and mechanical stability of nanoliposomes. Thus, coating AC-nanoliposomes with chitosan is a promising approach for effective loading of AC and enhancing their stability to apply in the pharmaceutic and food industries.

3D printed MCT oleogel as a co-delivery carrier for curcumin and resveratrol

Designing a suitable matrix to protect sensitive bioactive compounds is an important stage in nutraceutical development. In this study, emulsion templated medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) oleogel was developed as co-delivery carriers for synergistic nutraceuticals, curcumin, and resveratrol and to 3D print in customized shapes for personalized nutrition. To obtain the stable emulsion, gelatin and gellan gum were added such that their protein-polysaccharide interaction helps in the structuring of the oil phase. Increasing the amount of gellan gum had a positive effect on stabilizing the emulsion but became the critical parameter during 3D printing. Hence, gellan gum of 1.5% (w/v) and gelatin at 10% (w/v) of water were considered optimum to produce a stable 30% O/W emulsion for 3D printing. Upon analyzing the in-vitro digestion behavior of the oleogel, it was observed that the bioactives were protected under oral and gastric conditions and allowed intestinal targeted delivery. The total bioaccessible fraction increased up to 1.13-fold and 1.2-fold for curcumin and resveratrol respectively compared to control (MCT oil). The FFAs release profile also indicated that gelators play an important role in lipase activity. Also, the ex-vivo everted gut sac analysis showed enhanced permeation of about 1.83 times and 1.13 times for curcumin and resveratrol respectively. Thus, this study provides useful insights into the 3D printing of emulsion templated oleogel as personalized nutraceutical carriers.

Self-assembled bilosomes with stimuli-responsive properties as bioinspired dual-tunable nanoplatform for pH/temperature-triggered release of hybrid cargo

The rapid development of colloid chemistry has raised the possibility of using nanocarriers for the targeted delivery and the controlled drug release at predictable locations to reduce side effects and enhance therapeutic efficacy. In the present work, we focused on the influence of temperature and pH upon in vitro controlled phytochemical/dye-release from a modified bilosome. Drug molecules can affect the properties of nanocarriers, so the effect of encapsulated bioactive compounds on nanoparticle structure has been investigated. The self-assembly process of bioinspired components (i.e., phospholipids, bile salts, and cholesterol), and biocompatible polymeric triblock materials, made it possible to receive structures with a size below 100 nm, demonstrated good capacity for active cargo encapsulation. Differential scanning calorimetry studies showed the possibility of the payloads' interaction with the bilosomes structure. A highly lipophilic compound, such as curcumin, can weaken hydrophobic interactions between the acyl chains of phospholipids, leading to a more flexible membrane. The in vitro release profiles have proved that both solubilities of the therapeutic substances and various environmental conditions affect the release rate of the hybrid cargo. Overall, the obtained double-loaded bilosomes represent a promising bioinspired nanoplatform for oral, intravenous, and topical drug delivery in future biomedical applications.

PNA-Modified Liposomes Improve the Delivery Efficacy of CAPIRI for the Synergistic Treatment of Colorectal Cancer

Tumor-associated antigen mucin 1 (MUC1) is highly expressed in colorectal cancer and is positively correlated with advanced stage at diagnosis and poor patient outcomes. The combination of irinotecan and capecitabine is standard chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer and is known as XELIRI or CAPIRI, which significantly prolongs the progression-free survival and overall survival of colorectal cancer patients compared to a single drug alone. We previously reported that peanut agglutinin (PNA)-conjugated liposomes showed enhanced drug delivery efficiency to MUC1-positive liver cancer cells. In this study, we prepared irinotecan hydrochloride (IRI) and capecitabine (CAP)-coloaded liposomes modified by peanut agglutinin (IRI/CAP-PNA-Lips) to target MUC1-positive colorectal cancer. The results showed that IRI/CAP-PNA-Lips showed an enhanced ability to target MUC1-positive colorectal cancer cells compared to unmodified liposomes. Treatment with IRI/CAP-PNA-Lips also increased the proportion of apoptotic cells and inhibited the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells. The targeting specificity for tumor cells and the antitumor effects of PNA-modified liposomes were significantly increased in tumor-bearing mice with no severe cytotoxicity to normal tissues. These results suggest that PNA-modified liposomes could provide a new delivery strategy for the synergistic treatment of colorectal cancer with clinical chemotherapeutic agents.

Insights into the release mechanisms of antioxidants from nanoemulsion droplets

The therapeutic effects of antioxidant-loaded nanoemulsion can be often optimized by controlling the release rate in human body. Release kinetic models can be used to predict the release profile of antioxidant compounds and allow identification of key parameters that affect the release rate. It is known that one of the critical aspects in establishing a reliable release kinetic model is to understand the underlying release mechanisms. Presently, the underlying release mechanisms of antioxidants from nanoemulsion droplets are not yet fully understood. In this context, this review scrutinized the current formulation strategies to encapsulate antioxidant compounds and provide an outlook into the future of this research area by elucidating possible release mechanisms of antioxidant compounds from nanoemulsion system.

Quantification of Available Ligand Density on the Surface of Targeted Liposomal Nanomedicines at the Single-Particle Level

Active targeting has been hailed as one of the most promising strategies to further enhance the therapeutic efficacy of liposomal nanomedicines. Owing to the critical role of ligand density in mediating cellular uptake and the intrinsic heterogeneity of liposomal formulations, precise quantification of the surface ligand density on a single-particle basis is of fundamental importance. In this work, we report a method to simultaneously measure the particle size and the number of ligands on the same liposomal nanoparticles by nanoflow cytometry. Then the ligand density for each individual liposome can be determined. With an analysis rate up to 10 000 particles per minute, a statistically representative distribution of ligand density could be determined in minutes. By utilizing fluorescently labeled recombinant receptors as the detection probe against the conjugated ligands, only those available for cell targeting can be exclusively detected. The influence of ligand input, conjugation strategy, and the polyethylene glycol spacer length on the available ligand density of folate-modified liposomes was investigated. The correlation between the available ligand density and cell targeting capability was assessed in a quantitative perspective for liposomes modified with three different targeting moieties. The optimal ligand density was determined to be 0.5-2.0, 0.7, and 0.2 ligand per 100 nm² for folate-, transferrin-, and HER2-antibody-conjugated liposomes, respectively. These optimal values agreed well with the spike density of the natural counterparts, viruses. The as-developed approach is generally applicable to a wide range of active-targeting nanocarriers.

Thiolated Chitosan Conjugated Liposomes for Oral Delivery of Selenium Nanoparticles

This study aimed to design a hybrid oral liposomal delivery system for selenium nanoparticles (Lip-SeNPs) to improve the bioavailability of selenium. Thiolated chitosan, a multifunctional polymer with mucoadhesive properties, was used for surface functionalization of Lip-SeNPs. Selenium nanoparticle (SeNP)-loaded liposomes were manufactured by a single step microfluidics-assisted chemical reduction and assembling process. Subsequently, chitosan-N-acetylcysteine was covalently conjugated to the preformed Lip-SeNPs. The Lip-SeNPs were characterized in terms of composition, morphology, size, zeta potential, lipid organization, loading efficiency and radical scavenging activity. A co-culture system (Caco-2:HT29-MTX) that integrates mucus secreting and enterocyte-like cell types was used as a model of the human intestinal epithelium to determine adsorption, mucus penetration, release and transport properties of Lip-SeNPs in vitro. Thiolated Lip-SeNPs were positively charged with an average size of about 250 nm. Thiolated Lip-SeNPs tightly adhered to the mucus layer without penetrating the enterocytes. This finding was consistent with ex vivo adsorption studies using freshly excised porcine small intestinal tissues. Due to the improved mucoadhesion and retention in a simulated microenvironment of the small intestine, thiolated Lip-SeNPs might be a promising tool for oral selenium delivery.

Targeting foodborne pathogens via surface-functionalized nano-antimicrobials

The incorporation of antibiotics and bioactive compounds into non-toxic nanoparticles has been popularly used to produce effective antimicrobial nanocarriers against foodborne pathogens. These systems can protect antimicrobials against harsh environments, control their release, and increase their antimicrobial activities; however, their functions can be decreased by some major barriers. Intracellular localization of bacteria protects them from the host immune system and antimicrobial agents. Also, bacteria can cause constant infection by nestling in professional phagocytic cells. In the last years, surface functionalization of nanocarriers by passive and active modification methods has been applied for their protection against clearance from the blood, increasing both circulation time and uptake by target cells. For achieving this objective, different functional agents such as specifically targeted peptides internalize ligands, saccharide ligands, or even therapeutic molecules (e.g., antibodies or enzymes) are used. In this review, techniques for functionalizing the surface of antimicrobial-loaded nanocarriers have been described. This article offers a comprehensive review of the potential of functional nanoparticles to increase the performance of antimicrobials against foodborne pathogens through targeting delivery.

Polyelectrolytes-stabilized liposomes for efficient encapsulation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and improvement of its survivability under adverse conditions

To improve the survivability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus probiotics, nanoliposomes (NLs) coated with chitosan (CH)-gelatin (GE) polyelectrolytes have been synthesized and characterized. The produced CH-GE-coated NLs containing L. rhamnosus had mean sizes in the range of 134.8-495.8 nm. HRTEM showed the smooth spherical shape of the vesicles. ATR-FTIR findings indicated the successful coating of the produced NLs by the used CH-GE polyelectrolytes. According to DSC results, CH-GE polyelectrolytes desorption on the surface of NLs altered the physical characteristics of the phospholipid bilayers. Here, an increase in the melting temperature (T_m) from 119.9 to 127.5 °C in L. rhamnosus-loaded CH-GE-coated NLs made this system more stable than uncoated liposomes. Furthermore, the CH-GE coated nanoparticles loaded with L. rhamnosus exhibited a significant enhancement in the viability of cells under simulated gastrointestinal fluids (SGF/SIF). These results may guide the potential application of polyelectrolytes-coated NLs as a carrier of probiotic cells in functional food development.

Ethanolic Fenugreek Extract: Its Molecular Mechanisms against Skin Aging and the Enhanced Functions by Nanoencapsulation

Fenugreek, or Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (family Leguminosae) seeds, are typically used as food supplements to increase postnatal lactation. Fenugreek extract displays antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, but its mechanisms against skin aging have not been exploited. In this research, we are the first to define an in vitro collagenase inhibitory activity of fenugreek extract (IC₅₀ = 0.57 ± 0.02 mg/mL), which is 2.6 times more potent than vitamin C (IC₅₀ = 1.46 mg/mL). Nanoencapsulation has been applied to improve the extract stability, and subsequently enhanced its bioactivities. Liponiosome encapsulating fenugreek extract (LNF) was prepared using a high-speed homogenizer, resulting in homogeneous spherical nanoparticles with sizes in the range of 174.7 ± 49.2 nm, 0.26 ± 0.04 in PdI, and 46.6 ± 7.4% of entrapment efficiency. LNF formulation significantly facilitated a sustained release and significantly enhanced skin penetration over the extracts, suggesting a potential use of LNF for transdermal delivery. The formulated LNF was highly stable, not toxic to human fibroblast, and was able to enhance cell viability, collagen production, and inhibit MMP1, MMP9, IL-6, and IL-8 secretions compared to the extract in the co-cultured skin model. Therefore, ethanolic fenugreek extract and its developed LNF display molecular mechanisms against skin aging and could potentially be used as an innovative ingredient for the prevention of skin aging.

The Efficacy of Psychological Care and Chinese Herbal Decoction in Postoperative Chemotherapy Patients with Endometrial Cancer

Background. In recent years, the incidence of endometrial cancer (EC) has been on the rise worldwide. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of psychological care and Chinese herbal decoction in EC patients with postoperative chemotherapy. Methods. 80 EC patients with postoperative chemotherapy were randomly divided into the observation group and control group. The control group was given psychotherapy. The observation group was given psychological care plus Chinese herbal decoction treatment. HE4, CA125, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome scores, toxic and side effects, and quality of life scores before and after treatment were observed. Results. After treatment, the total effective rate of the observation group was higher than that of the control group. After treatment, serum HE4 and CA125 levels in the observation group were lower than those in the control group. In addition, CD3+ and CD4+ levels in the observation group were higher than those in the control group. Meanwhile, the CD8+ level in the observation group was lower than that in the control group. Compared with the control group, the quality of life in the observation group was significantly improved, and the incidence of adverse reactions was reduced. Conclusion. Chinese herbal decoction combined with psychological care can improve the clinical symptoms, alleviate the toxic and side effects, and improve the life quality of EC patients with postoperative chemotherapy.

Formulation and characterization of liposomal encapsulated systems of bioactive ingredients from traditional plant mountain germander (Teucrium montanum L.) for the incorporation into coffee drinks

Conventional and innovative (microwave-assisted and subcritical water extraction) techniques were applied to investigate the bioactive content of traditional plant - Teucrium montanum. Verbascoside and echinacoside, identified and quantified using LC-MS/MS and HPLC-PAD, were found to be the predominant phenolics in all extracts. Infusion (30 °C, 30 min) was characterized with the highest total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity and was further used for encapsulation into liposomes. Formulation of liposomes with a high encapsulation efficiency of echinacoside (68.27%) and verbascoside (80.60%), satisfactory physical properties, including size (326.2 nm) and polydispersity index (0.34), was achieved, although determined zeta potential (-23.03 mV) indicated their instability. Formulated liposomes were successfully coated with pectin and alginate that was also proved by FTIR analysis. Liposomes coated with pectin showed the most desirable in vitro digestion release of verbascoside and echinacoside, while alginate as liposome surface layer proved to be more appropriate for their retention during storage time.

Progress in Colloid Delivery Systems for Protection and Delivery of Phenolic Bioactive Compounds: Two Study Cases-Hydroxytyrosol and Curcumin

Insufficient intake of beneficial food components into the human body is a major issue for many people. Among the strategies proposed to overcome this complication, colloid systems have been proven to offer successful solutions in many cases. The scientific community agrees that the production of colloid delivery systems is a good way to adequately protect and deliver nutritional components. In this review, we present the recent advances on bioactive phenolic compounds delivery mediated by colloid systems. As we are aware that this field is constantly evolving, we have focused our attention on the progress made in recent years in this specific field. To achieve this goal, structural and dynamic aspects of different colloid delivery systems, and the various interactions with two bioactive constituents, are presented and discussed. The choice of the appropriate delivery system for a given molecule depends on whether the drug is incorporated in an aqueous or hydrophobic environment. With this in mind, the aim of this evaluation was focused on two case studies, one representative of hydrophobic phenolic compounds and the other of hydrophilic ones. In particular, hydroxytyrosol was selected as a bioactive phenol with a hydrophilic character, while curcumin was selected as typical representative hydrophobic molecules.

Thiolated Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications: Mimicking the Workhorses of Our Body

Advances in nanotechnology have generated a broad range of nanoparticles (NPs) for numerous biomedical applications. Among the various properties of NPs are functionalities being related to thiol substructures. Numerous biological processes that are mediated by cysteine or cystine subunits of proteins representing the workhorses of the bodies can be transferred to NPs. This review focuses on the interface between thiol chemistry and NPs. Pros and cons of different techniques for thiolation of NPs are discussed. Furthermore, the various functionalities gained by thiolation are highlighted. These include overall bio- and mucoadhesive, cellular uptake enhancing, and permeation enhancing properties. Drugs being either covalently attached to thiolated NPs via disulfide bonds or being entrapped in thiolated polymeric NPs that are stabilized via inter- and intrachain crosslinking can be released at the diseased tissue or in target cells under reducing conditions. Moreover, drugs, targeting ligands, biological analytes, and enzymes bearing thiol substructures can be immobilized on noble metal NPs and quantum dots for therapeutic, theranostic, diagnostic, biosensing, and analytical reasons. Within this review a concise summary and analysis of the current knowledge, future directions, and potential clinical use of thiolated NPs are provided.

Preparation of blueberry anthocyanin liposomes and changes of vesicle properties, physicochemical properties, in vitro release, and antioxidant activity before and after chitosan modification

The preparation of blueberry anthocyanin liposomes (BAL) was optimized by response surface methodology. Then, chitosan was used to modify BAL and the environmental stability, in vitro release, and antioxidant activity studies of anthocyanin liposome (An-Lip), and chitosan-modified anthocyanin liposome (CS-An-Lip) was studied. The results showed that the particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency of BAL were 210.7 ± 1.8 nm, - 20.0 ± 1.0 mV, and 82.13%, respectively. After chitosan modification, the encapsulation efficiency and zeta potential of anthocyanin liposomes were improved. The results of environmental stability analysis showed that under certain conditions, the addition of chitosan could stabilize the color characteristics of anthocyanins and the loading amount of anthocyanins (LC%). In vitro release and simulated gastrointestinal digestion experiments showed that the addition of chitosan not only prolonged the sustained-release time of anthocyanins, but also prolonged the residence time of anthocyanins in vivo, giving full play to the drug effect. In addition, the antioxidant activity test results showed that CS-An-Lip increased the antioxidant activity of anthocyanins.

Chitosan-coated niosome as an efficient curcumin carrier to cross the blood-brain barrier: an animal study

This study aims to improve the curcumin bio-stability and brain permeability by loading in bare niosome (BN) and chitosan-coated niosome (ChN). Span 60, tween 60, and cholesterol were optimized as niosome shell components to attain the highest encapsulation efficiency (EE), besides the lowest particle size, using the mixture design method. The resulting optimized BN had a mean diameter of 80 ± 0.2 nm and surface charge of -31 ± 0.1 mv, which changed to 85 ± 0.15 nm and 35 ± 0.12 mv, respectively, after applying the chitosan layer. The EE% in bare niosome were about 80 ± 0.2, which changed to 82 ± 0.21 in ChN. The optimized formulation displayed sustained release, following the Hixson-Crowell model.Wistar rats were subjected to intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of BN and ChN to evaluate the blood-brain barrier permeability of the curcumin. In this regard, ChN significantly increased curcumin concentration in different parts of the liver, plasma, and central nervous system (cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and stratum), compared with BN. Altogether, our results showed that ChN could be used as a promising delivery system for the treatment of some neurological diseases such as Alzheimer^'s.

Curcumin Nanoparticles Inhibiting Ferroptosis for the Enhanced Treatment of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Nanoantioxidants: Pioneer Types, Advantages, Limitations, and Future Insights

Free radicals are generated as byproducts of normal metabolic processes as well as due to exposure to several environmental pollutants. They are highly reactive species, causing cellular damage and are associated with a plethora of oxidative stress-related diseases and disorders. Antioxidants can control autoxidation by interfering with free radical propagation or inhibiting free radical formation, reducing oxidative stress, improving immune function, and increasing health longevity. Antioxidant functionalized metal nanoparticles, transition metal oxides, and nanocomposites have been identified as potent nanoantioxidants. They can be formulated in monometallic, bimetallic, and multi-metallic combinations via chemical and green synthesis techniques. The intrinsic antioxidant properties of nanomaterials are dependent on their tunable configuration, physico-chemical properties, crystallinity, surface charge, particle size, surface-to-volume ratio, and surface coating. Nanoantioxidants have several advantages over conventional antioxidants, involving increased bioavailability, controlled release, and targeted delivery to the site of action. This review emphasizes the most pioneering types of nanoantioxidants such as nanoceria, silica nanoparticles, polydopamine nanoparticles, and nanocomposite-, polysaccharide-, and protein-based nanoantioxidants. This review overviews the antioxidant potential of biologically synthesized nanomaterials, which have emerged as significant alternatives due to their biocompatibility and high stability. The promising nanoencapsulation nanosystems such as solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, and liposome nanoparticles are highlighted. The advantages, limitations, and future insights of nanoantioxidant applications are discussed.

Chitosan and its composites-based delivery systems: advances and applications in food science and nutrition sector

Natural bioactive ingredients have lower bioavailability because of their chemical instability and poor water solubility, which limits their applications in functional foods. Among diverse biopolymers that can be used to construct delivery systems of bioactives, chitosan has attracted extensive attention due to its unique cationic nature, excellent mucoadhesive properties and easy modification. In this review, chitosan and its composites-based food-grade delivery systems as well as the factors affecting their performance are summarized. Modification, crosslinking, combination with other biopolymer or utilization of coating material can effectively overcome the instability of pure chitosan-based carriers under acidic conditions, thereby constructing chitosan and its complex-based carriers with conspicuously improved performance. Furthermore, the applications of chitosan-based delivery systems in nutrition and health as well as their future development trends and challenges are discussed. Functional food ingredients, functional food packaging and biological health are potential applications of chitosan-based food-grade delivery systems. The research trends of nutraceutical delivery systems based on chitosan and its composites include co-delivery of nutrients and essential oils, targeted intestinal delivery, stimulus responsive/sustained release and their applications in real foods. In conclusion, food industry will be significantly promoted with the continuous innovation and development of chitosan-based nutraceutical delivery systems.

Novel Chitosan-Silica Hybrid Hydrogels for Cell Encapsulation and Drug Delivery

Hydrogels constructed from naturally derived polymers provide an aqueous environment that encourages cell growth, however, mechanical properties are poor and degradation can be difficult to predict. Whilst, synthetic hydrogels exhibit some improved mechanical properties, these materials lack biochemical cues for cells growing and have limited biodegradation. To produce hydrogels that support 3D cell cultures to form tissue mimics, materials must exhibit appropriate biological and mechanical properties. In this study, novel organic-inorganic hybrid hydrogels based on chitosan and silica were prepared using the sol-gel technique. The chemical, physical and biological properties of the hydrogels were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using One-Way ANOVAs and independent-sample t-tests. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed characteristic absorption bands including amide II, Si-O and Si-O-Si confirming formation of hybrid networks. Oscillatory rheometry was used to characterise the sol to gel transition and viscoelastic behaviour of hydrogels. Furthermore, in vitro degradation revealed both chitosan and silica were released over 21 days. The hydrogels exhibited high loading efficiency as total protein loading was released in a week. There were significant differences between TC₂G and C₂G at all-time points (p < 0.05). The viability of osteoblasts seeded on, and encapsulated within, the hydrogels was >70% over 168 h culture and antimicrobial activity was demonstrated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis. The hydrogels developed here offer alternatives for biopolymer hydrogels for biomedical use, including for application in drug/cell delivery and for bone tissue engineering.

Antitumoral Activities of Curcumin and Recent Advances to ImProve Its Oral Bioavailability

Curcumin, a main bioactive component of the Curcuma longa L. rhizome, is a phenolic compound that exerts a wide range of beneficial effects, acting as an antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer agent. This review summarizes recent data on curcumin's ability to interfere with the multiple cell signaling pathways involved in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis and the migration of several cancer cell types. However, although curcumin displays anticancer potential, its clinical application is limited by its low absorption, rapid metabolism and poor bioavailability. To overcome these limitations, several curcumin-based derivatives/analogues and different drug delivery approaches have been developed. Here, we also report the anticancer mechanisms and pharmacokinetic characteristics of some derivatives/analogues and the delivery systems used. These strategies, although encouraging, require additional in vivo studies to support curcumin clinical applications.

PEGylated dihydromyricetin-loaded nanoliposomes coated with tea saponin inhibit bacterial oxidative respiration and energy metabolism

The biofilms produced by the aggregation of bacterial colonies are among the major obstacles of host immune system monitoring and antimicrobial treatment. Herein, we report PEGylated dihydromyricetin-loaded liposomes coated with tea saponin grafted on chitosan (TS/CTS@DMY-lips) as an efficient cationic antibacterial agent against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), which is supported by their deep penetration into bacterial biofilms and broad pH-stable release performance of dihydromyricetin (DMY). The successful construction of the drug delivery system relied on tea saponin grafted on chitosan (TS/CTS) via formatted ester bonds or amido bonds as a polyelectrolyte layer of PEGylated dihydromyricetin-loaded liposomes (DMY lips), which achieved controlled release of DMY in weak acidic and neutral physiological environments. The micromorphology of TS/CTS@DMY-lips was observed to resemble dendritic cells with an average size of 266.49 nm, and they had excellent encapsulation efficiency (41.93%), water-solubility and stability in aqueous solution. Besides, TS/CTS@DMY-lips displayed effective destruction of bacterial energy metabolism and cytoplasmic membranes, resulting in the deformation of the cell wall and leaking of cytoplasmic constituents. Compared to free DMY, DMY lips and chitosan-coated dihydromyricetin liposomes (CTS@DMY-lips), TS/CTS@DMY-lips has more thorough killing activity against E. coli and S. aureus, which is related to its excellent sustained release performance of DMY under the protection of the TS/CTS coating.

In vitro coronal protein signatures and biological impact of silver nanoparticles synthesized with different natural polymers as capping agents

Biopolymer-capped particles, sodium alginate-, gelatin- and reconstituted silk fibroin-capped nanosilver (AgNPs), were synthesized with an intention to study, simultaneously, their in vitro and in vivo haemocompatibility, one of the major safety factors in biomedical applications. Solid state characterization showed formation of spherical nanoparticles with 5 to 30 nm primary sizes (transmission electron microscopy) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of particles confirmed silver bonding with the biopolymer moieties. The degree of aggregation of the biopolymer-capped AgNPs in the synthesis medium (ultrapure water) is relatively low, with comparable hydrodynamic size with those of the control citrate-stabilized NPs, and remained relatively unchanged even after 6 weeks. The polymer-capped nanoparticles showed different degrees of aggregation in biologically relevant media - PBS (pH 7.4) and 2% human blood plasma - with citrate- (control) and alginate-capped particles showing the highest aggregation, while gelatin- and silk fibroin-capped particles revealed better stability and less aggregation in these media. In vitro cytotoxicity studies revealed that the polymer-capped particles exhibited both concentration and (hydrodynamic) size-dependent haemolytic activity, the extent of which was higher (up to 100% in some cases) in collected whole blood samples of healthy human volunteers when compared to that in the washed erythrocytes. This difference is thought to result from the detected protein corona formation on the nanoparticle surface in the whole blood system, which was associated with reduced particle aggregation, causing more severe cytotoxic effects. At the tested particle concentration range in vitro, we observed a negligible haemolysis effect in vivo (Balb/c mice). Polymer-capped particles did accumulate in organs, with the highest levels detected in the liver (up to 422 μg per g tissue), yet no adverse behavioural effects were observed in the mice during the duration of the nanoparticle exposure.

Fabrication of a multi-level drug release platform with liposomes, chitooligosaccharides, phospholipids and injectable chitosan hydrogel to enhance anti-tumor effectiveness

Some anti-cancer drugs have poor solubility and availability, and are easily eliminated by rapid metabolism in vivo. To fix the drugs at the administration site and delay their release, a release platform with multi-level and multi-function was designed. The results showed that the curcumin (Cur) loaded liposomes (Cur@Lip) were coated sequentially with positive Chitooligosaccharides (Cur@Lip-Cos) and negative phospholipids (Cur@Lip-Cos-PC), to enhance water solubility, encapsulation efficiency, and delayed the release of the Cur, stability and cell intake of the liposomes, and the bioactivity of the system. The Cur@Lip-Cos could significantly enhance the inhibitory effect of MCF-7, better than the Cur@Lip-Cos-PC. The Lips were then fixed in an injectable thiolated chitosan hydrogel for local immobilization and sustained release which can effectively delay the release of Cur to inhibit MCF-7 growth. In summary, the innovative and biomimetic liposomal hydrogels are expected to provide more ideas for the design of drug carriers.

Nanoliposomes for encapsulation and calcium delivery of egg white peptide-calcium complex

Nanoliposomes and crude liposomes loaded with egg white peptide-calcium complex (EWP-Ca) were fabricated by thin-film dispersion with or without dynamic high-pressure microfluidization. Their physiochemical properties, in vitro stability, and calcium release profiles were investigated in this study. Results showed that the EWP-Ca-loaded nanoliposomes exhibited spherical structures with a lower particle size and polydispersity index as well as a higher thermal stability as compared to the corresponding crude liposomes. Further investigations revealed that EWP-Ca was embedded into the liposomes mainly through hydrogen bonding and present in an amorphous form within the liposomes. Additionally, the EWP-Ca-loaded nanoliposomes effectively slowed the release of calcium in gastric digestion, allowing more soluble calcium to enter the intestinal tract; in the subsequent intestinal digestion, the EWP-Ca-loaded nanoliposomes were more electrically and physically stable than the crude liposomes. Therefore, the EWP-Ca-loaded nanoliposomes could be used as a favorable dietary calcium delivery system to promote calcium bioavailability. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Nanoliposomes were fabricated in this study to encapsulate the egg white peptide-calcium complex (EWP-Ca) for calcium delivery. The EWP-Ca-loaded nanoliposomes effectively slowed the release of calcium in gastric digestion, allowing more soluble calcium to enter the intestinal tract, and were more electrically and physically stable in the subsequent intestinal digestion. Therefore, the EWP-Ca-loaded nanoliposomes may be incorporated in calcium-fortified food to enhance calcium delivery for maintaining bone health.

Recent Biomedical Approaches for Chitosan Based Materials as Drug Delivery Nanocarriers

In recent decades, drug delivery systems (DDSs) based on nanotechnology have been attracting substantial interest in the pharmaceutical field, especially those developed based on natural polymers such as chitosan, cellulose, starch, collagen, gelatin, alginate and elastin. Nanomaterials based on chitosan (CS) or chitosan derivatives are broadly investigated as promising nanocarriers due to their biodegradability, good biocompatibility, non-toxicity, low immunogenicity, great versatility and beneficial biological effects. CS, either alone or as composites, are suitable substrates in the fabrication of different types of products like hydrogels, membranes, beads, porous foams, nanoparticles, in-situ gel, microparticles, sponges and nanofibers/scaffolds. Currently, the CS based nanocarriers are intensely studied as controlled and targeted drug release systems for different drugs (anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, anticancer etc.) as well as for proteins/peptides, growth factors, vaccines, small DNA (DNAs) and short interfering RNA (siRNA). This review targets the latest biomedical approaches for CS based nanocarriers such as nanoparticles (NPs) nanofibers (NFs), nanogels (NGs) and chitosan coated liposomes (LPs) and their potential applications for medical and pharmaceutical fields. The advantages and challenges of reviewed CS based nanocarriers for different routes of administration (oral, transmucosal, pulmonary and transdermal) with reference to classical formulations are also emphasized.

In vitro evaluation of curcumin-loaded chitosan-coated hydroxyapatite nanocarriers as a potential system for effective treatment of cancer

Nanotechnology has many potential applications in cancer treatment. For example, nano-drug delivery systems (NDDS) with high bioavailability, biodegradability, and biocompatibility have been developed, in order to increase the therapeutic effects of anticancer drugs. Among these NDDS, high-performance hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles are rapidly advancing in the targeted cancer treatment due to their numerous benefits. Curcumin is an herbal metabolite that acts as a chemical inhibitor through the inhibition of tumor cells and the progression of many cancers. However, the poor bioavailability of curcumin is the most important challenge in using this substance. In this study, HA nanoparticles coated by chitosan were used as a pH-sensitive biopolymer to improve the efficiency and bioavailability of curcumin. For this purpose, HA nanoparticles were first synthesized by the sol-gel method. Then, a layer of chitosan was coated on it, and the curcumin drug was encapsulated in the nanocarrier, under controlled conditions. Techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the nanocarriers. In the second part, nano-drugs prepared by various bioassays were examined. For this purpose, the rate of cytotoxicity by the methyl-thiazol-tetrazolium (MTT) assay and the rate of apoptosis induction by the acridine orange and ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining method on the brain carcinoma U87MG cell line were investigated.