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Khan R, Shukla S, Kumar M, Barceló D, Zuorro A, Bhargava PC. Progress and obstacles in employing carbon quantum dots for sustainable wastewater treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 261:119671. [PMID: 39048068 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
We explored the potential of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) as novel materials for wastewater treatment and their role towards environmental sustainability. The advantages of CQDs over other carbon-based materials, when synthesized using the same precursor material and for the same contaminant are discussed, enabling future researchers to choose the appropriate material. CQDs have demonstrated exceptional adaptability in various wastewater treatment, acting as efficient adsorbents for contaminants, exhibiting excellent photocatalytic properties for degradation of organic pollutants, and functioning as highly sensitive sensors for water quality monitoring. We found that bottom-up approach has better control over particle size (resulting CQDs: 1-4 nm), whereas top-down synthesis approach (resulting CQDs: 2-10 nm) have more potential for large scale applications and tunability. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) remains the most expensive characterization technique, which provides the best resolution of the CQD's surface. The study emphasizes on the environmental impact and safety considerations pertaining to CQDs by emphasizing the need for thorough toxicity evaluation, and necessary environmental precautions. The study also identifies the lacunae pertaining to critical challenges in practical implementation of CQDs, such as scalability, competition of co-existing contaminants, and stability. Finally, future research directions are proposed, advocating green synthesis approaches, tailored surface functionalization, and, lowering the overall cost for analysis, synthesis and application of CQDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsha Khan
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Saurabh Shukla
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Manish Kumar
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering University of Petroleum and Energy Studies Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterey, Monterrey, 64849, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering University of Petroleum and Energy Studies Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India; Chemistry and Physics Department, University of Almeria, Ctra Sacramento s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain.
| | - Antonio Zuorro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials and Environment, Sapienza University, Via Eudossiana 18, Rome, 00184, Italy.
| | - Preeti Chaturvedi Bhargava
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Toxicology Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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2
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Yadav N, Mudgal D, Mishra M, Mishra V. Asparagus officinalis Herb-Derived Carbon Quantum Dots: Luminescent Probe for Medical Diagnostics. Chem Biodivers 2024:e202400891. [PMID: 38825847 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of natural materials for the synthesis of highly fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CQDs) presents a sustainable approach to overcome the challenges associated with traditional chemical precursors. Here, we report the synthesis of novel S,N-self-doped CQDs (S,N@CQDs) derived from asparagus officinalis herb. These S,N@CQDs exhibit 16.7 % fluorescence quantum yield, demonstrating their potential in medical diagnostics. We demonstrate the efficacy of S,N@CQDs as luminescent probes for the detection of anti-pathogenic medications metronidazole (MTZ) and nitazoxanide (NTZ) over concentration ranges of 0.0-180.0 μM (with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.064 μM) and 0.25-40.0 μM (LOD of 0.05 μM), respectively. The probes were successfully applied to determine MTZ and NTZ in medicinal samples, real samples, and spiked human plasma, with excellent recovery rates ranging from 99.82 % to 103.03 %. Additionally, S,N@CQDs demonstrate exceptional efficacy as diagnostic luminescent probes for hemoglobin (Hb) detection over a concentration range of 0-900 nM, with a minimal detectability of 9.24 nM, comparable to commercially available medical laboratory diagnostic tests. The eco-friendly synthesis and precise detection limits of S,N@CQDs meet necessary analytical requirements and hold promise for advancing diagnostic capabilities in clinical settings. This research signifies a significant step towards sustainable and efficient fluorescence-based medical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Yadav
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies (AICCRS), Amity University Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India
| | - Deeksha Mudgal
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies (AICCRS), Amity University Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India
| | - Manish Mishra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA-31207, USA
| | - Vivek Mishra
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies (AICCRS), Amity University Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201313, India
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3
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Guo Y, Tang Y, Tan Y, Li Y, Xiang Y. Nanomaterials for Fluorescent Detection of Hemoglobin. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38227424 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2301660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Hemoglobin plays a vital role in a series of biological activities. Abnormal levels of hemoglobin in blood are associated with many clinical diseases. Therefore, development of simple and accurate methods for sensing hemoglobin is of considerable significance. The blowout advancement in nanotechnology has urged the use of different types of fluorescent nanomaterials for hemoglobin assay. The past decades have witnessed the rapid progress of fluorescent nanosensors for hemoglobin assay. In the review, the sensing principles of fluorescent nanomaterials for sensing hemoglobin were briefly discussed. The advances of fluorescent nanosensors for detection of hemoglobin were further highlighted. And the sensing performance of fluorescent nanosensors versus traditional detection approaches was compared. Finally, the challenges and future directions of fluorescent nanomaterials for detection of hemoglobin are discussed. The review will arouse much more attention to the construction of hemoglobin sensors and facilitate rapid development of fluorescent nanosensors of hemoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Guo
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiting Tang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Tan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Yijin Li
- Reading Academy, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Yubin Xiang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
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4
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Yadav N, Mudgal D, Mishra V. In-situ synthesis of ionic liquid-based-carbon quantum dots as fluorescence probe for hemoglobin detection. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1272:341502. [PMID: 37355334 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have emerged as a potential fluorescent probe in bio/analytical chemistry in the present decade. The optical characteristics of CQDs may be tuned by their functional groups, which can also be used to selectively produce stable bonds with target molecules. Along with them, ionic liquids (ILs) are now demonstrating their important relevance in the field of pharmaceuticals for the creation of potent therapeutics. In the article, we have discussed the use of high fluorescent ILs-decorated-CQDs (CQDs-IM@OTf) as a straightforward and quick-acting fluorescence probe for sensitive and precise hemoglobin (Hb) determination with minimum detectability of 6.7 nM. The proposed mechanism behind this involves static mode of quenching which leads to the formation of a ground state complex [CQDs-IM@OTf-Hb complex] between the Hb protein and the drug. Despite the fact that Hb can quench the fluorescence of CQDs due to the inner filter effect (IFE) of the protein, which effects both the excitation and emission spectra of the CQDs, the addition of H2O2 improved the sensitivity of Hb detection. The present assay predicated on Hb interaction with H2O2, which produces reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl (OH.) and superoxide (O2.-) radicals under heme degradation and/or iron release from Hb. The subsequent reaction of hydroxyl radicals with CQDs, which acts as a strong oxidising agent, causes a high fluorescence quenching. The designed fluorescence probe was used to measure Hb in the concentration range of 3-90 nM with a precise detection limit of 0.33 nM. The quantification of hemoglobin (Hb) in diluted human blood samples is done using this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Yadav
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies (AICCRS), Amity University, Noida, UP-201313, India
| | - Deeksha Mudgal
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies (AICCRS), Amity University, Noida, UP-201313, India
| | - Vivek Mishra
- Amity Institute of Click Chemistry Research and Studies (AICCRS), Amity University, Noida, UP-201313, India.
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Wen J, Zhou L, Tang Q, Xiao X, Sun S. Photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants by carbon quantum dots functionalized g-C 3N 4: A review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 262:115133. [PMID: 37327524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has received much attention due to its unique characteristics of stable physicochemical features, facile preparation, and inexpensive cost. However, the bulk g-C3N4 has a weak capacity for pollutant degradation and needs to be modified for real application. Therefore, extensive research has been done on g-C3N4, and the discovery of the novel zero-dimensional nanomaterials known as carbon quantum dots (CQDs) provided it with a unique modification option. In this review, the development for the removal of organic pollutants by g-C3N4/CQDs was discussed. Firstly, the preparation of g-C3N4/CQDs were introduced. Then, the application and the degradation mechanism of g-C3N4/CQDs were briefly described. And the discussion of the influencing factors on g-C3N4/CQDs' ability to degrade organic pollutants came in third. Finally, the conclusions of photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants by g-C3N4/CQDs and future perspectives followed. This review will strengthen the understanding of the photocatalytic degradation of real organic wastewater by g-C3N4/CQDs, including their preparation, application, mechanism, and influencing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Wen
- School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China; Key Laboratory of Dongting Lake Aquatic Eco-Environmental Control and Restoration of Hunan Province, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Lean Zhou
- School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China; Key Laboratory of Dongting Lake Aquatic Eco-Environmental Control and Restoration of Hunan Province, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Qingxin Tang
- School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China; Key Laboratory of Dongting Lake Aquatic Eco-Environmental Control and Restoration of Hunan Province, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Xiaozhen Xiao
- School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China; Key Laboratory of Dongting Lake Aquatic Eco-Environmental Control and Restoration of Hunan Province, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Shiquan Sun
- School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China; Key Laboratory of Dongting Lake Aquatic Eco-Environmental Control and Restoration of Hunan Province, Changsha 410114, China.
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6
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Qandeel NA, El-Masry AA, Eid M, Moustafa MA, El-Shaheny R. Fast one-pot microwave-assisted green synthesis of highly fluorescent plant-inspired S,N-self-doped carbon quantum dots as a sensitive probe for the antiviral drug nitazoxanide and hemoglobin. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1237:340592. [PMID: 36442950 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Preparation and properties of hemoglobin (Hb)-imprinted poly (ionic liquid)s via seATRP in only 5 μL Volumes. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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8
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The recent development of carbon dots as powerful green corrosion inhibitors: A prospective review. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Synthesis and Properties of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots Using Lactic Acid as Carbon Source. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15020466. [PMID: 35057183 PMCID: PMC8778145 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) were synthesized in a one-step hydrothermal technique utilizing L-lactic acid as that of the source of carbon and ethylenediamine as that of the source of nitrogen, and were characterized using dynamic light scattering, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ultraviolet-visible spectrum, Fourier-transformed infrared spectrum, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and fluorescence spectrum. The generated N-CQDs have a spherical structure and overall diameters ranging from 1-4 nm, and their surface comprises specific functional groups such as amino, carboxyl, and hydroxyl, resulting in greater water solubility and fluorescence. The quantum yield of N-CQDs (being 46%) is significantly higher than that of the CQDs synthesized from other biomass in literatures. Its fluorescence intensity is dependent on the excitation wavelength, and N-CQDs release blue light at 365 nm under ultraviolet light. The pH values may impact the protonation of N-CQDs surface functional groups and lead to significant fluorescence quenching of N-CQDs. Therefore, the fluorescence intensity of N-CQDs is the highest at pH 7.0, but it decreases with pH as pH values being either more than or less than pH 7.0. The N-CQDs exhibit high sensitivity to Fe3+ ions, for Fe3+ ions would decrease the fluorescence intensity of N-CQDs by 99.6%, and the influence of Fe3+ ions on N-CQDs fluorescence quenching is slightly affected by other metal ions. Moreover, the fluorescence quenching efficiency of Fe3+ ions displays an obvious linear relationship to Fe3+ concentrations in a wide range of concentrations (up to 200 µM) and with a detection limit of 1.89 µM. Therefore, the generated N-CQDs may be utilized as a robust fluorescence sensor for detecting pH and Fe3+ ions.
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10
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One-step hydrothermal synthesis of WS2 quantum dots as fluorescent sensor for sensitive and selective recognition of hemoglobin and cardiac biomarker myoglobin. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:1623-1630. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03784-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Sensitive detection of tamsulosin hydrochloride based on dual-emission ratiometric fluorescence probe consisting of amine-carbon quantum dots and rhodamine B. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20805. [PMID: 34675291 PMCID: PMC8531343 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00363-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, amine-carbon quantum dots (CQDs)/rhodamine B (RhB) ratiometric fluorescent (RF) sensor was employed for effective and selective determination of tamsulosin hydrochloride (TMS) based on a dual-emission fluorescence system. Although the function of amine-CQDs is to transfer the specific interaction between TMS and sensor into detectable fluorescence (FL) signals, RhB as a reference unit has been employed to omit internal and external effects. The FL signal was quenched by adding the TMS at 442 nm; nevertheless, it did not change at 569 nm. The material characterization and investigation of the sensing mechanism were done. The optimization of pH, the volumetric ratio of CQDs to RhB, and interaction time parameters were carried out by the one-variable-at-a-time (OVAT) method. The quantitative analysis of the concentration of TMS for this RF sensor in a linear range of 0.446-7.083 μg mL-1 (1.091-17.338 μM) was obtained (R2 = 0.9969, n = 3) under optimum conditions. The limit of detection and quantitation values were estimated to be 0.033 μg mL-1 (0.081 μM) and 0.109 μg mL-1 (0.267 μM), respectively. The repeatability of intra-day and inter-day were less than one percent. This inexpensive RF probe was well applied to determine TMS in biological fluids, and acceptable achievements were obtained.
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Sargin I, Karakurt S, Alkan S, Arslan G. Live Cell Imaging With Biocompatible Fluorescent Carbon Quantum Dots Derived From Edible Mushrooms Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Suillus luteus. J Fluoresc 2021; 31:1461-1473. [PMID: 34279764 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-021-02784-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the study, fluorescent imaging of live cells was performed using fluorescent carbon quantum dots derived from edible mushrooms species; Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Suillus luteus as a fluorophore agent. Carbon quantum dots were synthesized through a facile and low-cost method based on microwave irradiation of dried mushroom samples in hydrogen peroxide solution under optimized conditions (microwave energy, solution type, duration of microwave treatment, amount of mushroom). Upon purification with centrifugation, microfiltration, and dialysis, the lyophilized carbon quantum dots were identified through UV-visible, fluorescence and FT-IR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and quantum yield calculation. Cell viability assessment of the carbon quantum dots was evaluated against human epithelial cell line PNT1A using the Alamar Blue Assay. In vitro fluorescence cell imaging studies demonstrated that the carbon dots could dynamically penetrate the cell membrane and nuclear membrane and localize in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris Sargin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, 42075, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Serdar Karakurt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, 42075, Konya, Turkey
| | - Sinan Alkan
- Cumra Colloge of Applied Sciences, Selcuk University, 42500, Cumra, Konya, Turkey
| | - Gulsin Arslan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, 42075, Konya, Turkey
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Wang S, Gao H, Fang L, Hu Q, Sun G, Chen X, Yu C, Tang S, Yu X, Zhao X, Sun G, Yang H. Synthesis of novel CQDs/CeO2/SrFe12O19 magnetic separation photocatalysts and synergic adsorption-photocatalytic degradation effect for methylene blue dye removal. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2021.100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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14
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9-N-substituted novel berberine derivative for selective and sensitive nanomolar level fluorometric detection of human hemoglobin: A synthesis, sensing and interaction study. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Mousavi A, Zare-Dorabei R, Mosavi SH. A novel hybrid fluorescence probe sensor based on metal-organic framework@carbon quantum dots for the highly selective detection of 6-mercaptopurine. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:5397-5406. [PMID: 33125019 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01592j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, MIL-101(Fe) and amine-carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were combined via a post-synthetic modification (PSM) method; thus, a novel MIL-101(Fe)@amine-CQD hybrid fluorescent probe sensor for the detection of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) was synthesized. Amine-CQDs as a fluorescent material can convert the bonding interaction between MIL-101(Fe) and 6-MP into recognizable fluorescence signals, and MIL-101 (Fe) as an adsorbent can pre-concentrate 6-MP. Hereupon, this new sensor demonstrates high selectivity and sensitivity towards the detection of 6-MP. The addition of 6-MP to this probe quenches the fluorescence signal at 599 nm. In this study, factors such as pH, response time, and concentration of MIL-101(Fe)@amine-CQDs were optimized by the one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method. Under optimal conditions, the relationship between the fluorescence enhancement factor and the concentration of 6-MP for this sensor in the range of 0.1667-1.0000 μg L-1 was linear (R2 = 0.9977, n = 3). The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 55.70 ng L-1 and 202.06 ng L-1, respectively, which are better than similar techniques. The repeatability of intra-day and inter-day was 2.4% and 4.7%, respectively. This fluorescent sensor was employed to determine 6-MP in real samples and exhibited acceptable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Mousavi
- Research Laboratory of Spectrometry & Micro and Nano Extraction, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran.
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16
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Kalaiyarasan G, Joseph J, Kumar P. Phosphorus-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots as Fluorometric Probes for Iron Detection. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:22278-22288. [PMID: 32923785 PMCID: PMC7482302 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs), a novel fluorescent nanomaterial, have been extensively employed/explored in various applications, that is, biosensors, bioimaging, nanomedicine, therapeutics, photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, energy storage system, and so forth. In this study, we report the synthesis, characterization, and the application of phosphorus-doped CQDs (PCQDs), synthesized using trisodium citrate and phosphoric acid by the hydrothermal method. The effect of phosphorus doping on optical features and the formation of PCQDs have been explored elaborately by controlling the concentrations of precursors, reaction time, and the temperature. The fluorescent quantum yield for PCQDs was determined to be 16.1% at an excitation/emission wavelength of 310/440 nm. Also, the optical and structural properties of PCQDs were determined by using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Static quenching of fluorescence was determined upon the addition of Fe3+ to PCQDs because of the formation of the fluorescent inactive complex (PCQDs-Fe3+). Hence, this chemistry leads to the development of a new fluorometric assay for the detection of Fe3+. The lower limit of Fe3+ detection is determined to be 9.5 nM (3σ/slope), with the linear fit from 20 nM to 3.0 μM (R 2 = 0.99). We have validated this new assay in the raw, ejected, and purified water samples of the RO plant by the standard addition method. These results suggest the possibility of developing a new commercial assay for Fe3+ detection in blood, urine, and various industrial waste and sewage water samples. Furthermore, recycling the pollutant water into the freshwater using filters that consist of PCQDs offers a great deal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopi Kalaiyarasan
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research (IISER), Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517507, India
| | - James Joseph
- Electrodics
and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central
Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu 630003, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science
Education and Research (IISER), Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517507, India
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Wu FY, Cheng YS, Wang DM, Li ML, Lu WS, Xu XY, Zhou XH, Wei XW. Nitrogen-doped MoS2 quantum dots: Facile synthesis and application for the assay of hematin in human blood. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 112:110898. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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18
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Palmitic acid–carbon dot hybrid vesicles for absorption of uric acid. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-020-01374-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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19
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Alexandre MR, Costa AI, Berberan-Santos MN, Prata JV. Finding Value in Wastewaters from the Cork Industry: Carbon Dots Synthesis and Fluorescence for Hemeprotein Detection. Molecules 2020; 25:E2320. [PMID: 32429224 PMCID: PMC7287723 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Valorisation of industrial low-value waste residues was preconized. Hence, carbon dots (C-dots) were synthesized from wastewaters of the cork industry-an abundant and affordable, but environmentally-problematic industrial effluent. The carbon nanomaterials were structurally and morphologically characterised, and their photophysical properties were analysed by an ensemble of spectroscopy techniques. Afterwards, they were successfully applied as highly-sensitive fluorescence probes for the direct detection of haemproteins. Haemoglobin, cytochrome c and myoglobin were selected as specific targets owing to their relevant roles in living organisms, wherein their deficiencies or surpluses are associated with several medical conditions. For all of them, remarkable responses were achieved, allowing their detection at nanomolar levels. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence, ground-state UV-Vis absorption and electronic circular dichroism techniques were used to investigate the probable mechanisms behind the fluorescence turn-off of C-dots. Extensive experimental evidence points to a static quenching mechanism. Likewise, resonance energy transfer and collisional quenching have been discarded as excited-state deactivating mechanisms. It was additionally found that an oxidative, photoinduced electron transfer occurs for cytochrome c, the most electron-deficient protein. Besides, C-dots prepared from citric acid/ethylenediamine were comparatively assayed for protein detection and the differences between the two types of nanomaterials highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta R. Alexandre
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.R.A.); (A.I.C.)
| | - Alexandra I. Costa
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.R.A.); (A.I.C.)
- Centro de Química-Vila Real, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Mário N. Berberan-Santos
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - José V. Prata
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.R.A.); (A.I.C.)
- Centro de Química-Vila Real, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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20
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Yang S, Zhang Y, Xue Y, Lu S, Yang H, Yang L, Ding C, Yu S. Cross-Linked Polyamide Chains Enhanced the Fluorescence of Polymer Carbon Dots. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:8219-8229. [PMID: 32309732 PMCID: PMC7161025 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) have attracted tremendous attention for their outstanding advantages in luminescence. Here, α-amino-substituted lysine derivatives with the determined chemical structure were employed as precursors to obtain bright and highly stable fluorescent CDs through a facile hydrothermal route. The relationships among the chemical structure of precursors, CD fluorescence, and particle size were investigated. The results indicated that increased numbers of functional groups in precursors could promote the degree of cross-linking and lead to a smaller size, better fluorescent properties, and stronger stability of CDs. The C-CDs that were prepared from lysine derivatives with most functional groups showed excitation-dependent dual excitation and dual emission (DE2), high-stability luminescence, strong resistance to photobleaching, and high selectivity to Fe3+ and could be used as a sensitive probe for Fe3+ detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouning Yang
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine
Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine
Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yuyan Xue
- Institute
of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Sijia Lu
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine
Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Huayan Yang
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine
Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine
Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Chuanfan Ding
- Institute
of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Shaoning Yu
- Institute
of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
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21
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Rani UA, Ng LY, Ng CY, Mahmoudi E. A review of carbon quantum dots and their applications in wastewater treatment. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 278:102124. [PMID: 32142942 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are a fascinating class of carbon nanoparticles with sizes around 10 nm. The unique properties of CQDs are low toxicity, chemical inertness, excellent biocompatibility, photo-induced electron transfer and highly tunable photoluminescence behaviour. Sustainable raw materials are commonly used for the fabrication of CQDs because they are cost-effective, eco-friendly and effective to minimise waste production. CQDs can be fabricated using laser ablation, microwave irradiation, hydrothermal reaction, electrochemical oxidation, reflux method and ultrasonication. These methods undergo several chemical reactions such as oxidation, carbonisation, pyrolysis and polymerisation processes to produce CQDs. Due to small particle sizes of CQDs, they possess strong tunable fluorescent properties and highly photo-luminescent emissions. It also contains oxygen-based functional groups and highly desired properties as semiconductor nanoparticles. Therefore, CQDs are promising nanomaterials for photo-catalysis, ions sensing, biological imaging, heavy metal detection, adsorption treatment, supercapacitor, membrane fabrication and water pollution treatment. This review paper will discuss the physical and chemical properties of CQDs, raw materials and methods used in the fabrication of CQDs, the stability of CQDs as well as their potential applications in wastewater treatment and biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umairah Abd Rani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Law Yong Ng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Sungai Long, Bandar Sungai Long, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ching Yin Ng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Technology and Built Environment, UCSI University (Kuala Lumpur Campus), No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights (Taman Connaught), 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ebrahim Mahmoudi
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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22
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Venkateswara Raju C, Kalaiyarasan G, Paramasivam S, Joseph J, Senthil Kumar S. Phosphorous doped carbon quantum dots as an efficient solid state electrochemiluminescence platform for highly sensitive turn-on detection of Cu2+ ions. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Impact of aminated carbon quantum dots as a novel co-reactant for Ru(bpy)32+: resolving specific electrochemiluminescence for butein detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 412:539-546. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02305-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Mehta A, Mishra A, Basu S, Shetti NP, Reddy KR, Saleh TA, Aminabhavi TM. Band gap tuning and surface modification of carbon dots for sustainable environmental remediation and photocatalytic hydrogen production - A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 250:109486. [PMID: 31518793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Energy and water are the two major issues facing the modern mankind. Providing freshwater requires energy and producing energy uses water. In the present-day scenario, both these routes face growing problems and limitations. Energy crisis has risen due to the depletion of fossil fuels that cause pollution to water bodies making the water unusable for human consumption. In this regard, semiconductor nanocrystals with luminescent properties or carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are the newly developed nanomaterials whose distinctive photo-physical characteristics are focusing to a new generation of robust materials and sensors for sustainable development. In this review, advances in surface and band gap modification of CQDs to improve the activity of nanomaterials will be discussed with special reference to some specific CQDs exhibiting special optical properties for water treatment/splitting applications. Recent advances on CQDs nanocomposites including their applications in photodegradation of organic pollutants, sensing of heavy metal ions in water and water splitting are discussed critically to narrate the future prospects in this field. Challenges and limitations for further improvement are covered to provide smart choices for creating sustainability of benign environment and economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akansha Mehta
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, 147004, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, 147004, India
| | - Soumen Basu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, 147004, India.
| | - Nagaraj P Shetti
- Electrochemistry and Materials Group, Department of Chemistry, K.L.E. Institute of Technology, Hubballi, 580 030, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Karnataka, India
| | - Kakarla Raghava Reddy
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Tawfik A Saleh
- Chemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, B.O. Box: 346, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tejraj M Aminabhavi
- Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sonia College of Pharmacy, Dharwad, 580 002, Karnataka, India.
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25
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Jiang K, Sun S, Qian S, Wu Q, Lin H. A persistent luminescence-based label-free probe for the ultrasensitive detection of hemoglobin in human serum. Talanta 2019; 206:120206. [PMID: 31514889 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) plays an important role in oxygen carriage for mammals, which is also a typical biomarker for certain diseases. Although numerous methods had been developed for the detection of Hb in red blood cells, analytical technology for the monitoring of low-abundance Hb in serum or plasma is still a challenge. Herein, persistent luminescence nanoparticles (PLNPs) with strong near-infrared (NIR) emission character behaving as a label-free probe for the highly sensitive and selective detection of Hb were developed. Further studies revealed that the sensing mechanism should be attributed to the Hb-induced dynamic quenching process. Moreover, the nanoprobe showed high selectivity to Hb against the common existing substances in human serum and a linear response to Hb ranging from 1 to 50 nM with an extremely high limit of detection (LOD) of 0.13 nM. Finally, applicability of the proposed probe for the detection of Hb in human serum samples was validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Liu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, PR China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, PR China.
| | - Kai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, PR China
| | - Shan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, PR China
| | - Sihua Qian
- Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, PR China
| | - Qiaoping Wu
- Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Eastern Hospital, Ningbo, 315040, PR China.
| | - Hengwei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, PR China.
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26
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Kalaiyarasan G, Veerapandian M, JebaMercy G, Balamurugan K, Joseph J. Amygdalin-Functionalized Carbon Quantum Dots for Probing β-Glucosidase Activity for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapeutics. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3089-3099. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gnanasekaran JebaMercy
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnaswamy Balamurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
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27
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Efficient dual-mode colorimetric/fluorometric sensor for the detection of copper ions and vitamin C based on pH-sensitive amino-terminated nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots: effect of reactive oxygen species and antioxidants. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:2619-2633. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01710-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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28
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Cheng Z, Du F, Sun L, Jiang L, Ruan G, Li J. Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots as a “Turn-Off” Fluorescent Probes for Highly Selective and Sensitive Detection of Mercury(II) Ions. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfang Cheng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials; College of Chemistry and Bioengineering; Guilin University of Technology; Guilin 541004 China
| | - Fuyou Du
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials; College of Chemistry and Bioengineering; Guilin University of Technology; Guilin 541004 China
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Function Molecule of Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan; 411201 China
| | - Lingshun Sun
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials; College of Chemistry and Bioengineering; Guilin University of Technology; Guilin 541004 China
| | - Liping Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials; College of Chemistry and Bioengineering; Guilin University of Technology; Guilin 541004 China
| | - Guihua Ruan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials; College of Chemistry and Bioengineering; Guilin University of Technology; Guilin 541004 China
| | - Jianping Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials; College of Chemistry and Bioengineering; Guilin University of Technology; Guilin 541004 China
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29
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Kalaiyarasan G, Hemlata C, Joseph J. Fluorescence Turn-On, Specific Detection of Cystine in Human Blood Plasma and Urine Samples by Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:1007-1014. [PMID: 31459376 PMCID: PMC6648919 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Determination of cystine in blood and urine is very important to monitor and maintain the bio metabolism, immune systems, and prevent the tissue/DNA damage from free radicals, diagnosis of cystinuria disease, cancer, and related autoimmune diseases. Among the various detection methods, fluorometric detection is simple, rapid, and sensitive to cystine using nontoxic, inexpensive, highly fluorescent, stable carbon quantum dots (CQDs). The CQDs are prepared from p-phenylenediamine by the hydrothermal method to get the inherent optical features of pH-dependent and excitation wavelength-independent fluorescence emission along with high aqueous stability due to pre-eminent nitrogen content. The red emission of CQDs originates from the intrinsic core that is associated with photoinduced electron transfer (PET). The turn-on fluorescence observed in presence of cystine is due to decrease in the PET by oxidation of CQDs. On the basis of this observation, we have developed an assay for the determination of cystine with a concentration range of 10 nM to 10 μM and the limit of detection is 0.4 nM. Additionally, our assay shows good recoveries (93-105%) for the spiked blood plasma and urine samples using the standard addition method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopi Kalaiyarasan
- Electrodics
and Electrocatalysis Division and Academy of Scientific and Innovative
Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Electrochemical
Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, India
| | | | - James Joseph
- Electrodics
and Electrocatalysis Division and Academy of Scientific and Innovative
Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Electrochemical
Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, India
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