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Bartolomeu F, Carvalho O, Gasik M, Silva FS. Multi-functional Ti6Al4V-CoCrMo implants fabricated by multi-material laser powder bed fusion technology: A disruptive material's design and manufacturing philosophy. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 138:105583. [PMID: 36442369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A home-made 3D Multi-Material Laser Powder Bed Fusion (3DMMLPBF) technology was exploited to manufacture novel multi-material Ti6Al4V-CoCrMo parts. This multi-material concept aims to bring to life a new and disruptive material's design concept for the acetabular cup. Only using a layer-by-layer approach it is possible to manufacture an acetabular cup capable to combine CoCrMo alloy wear resistance and Ti6Al4V alloy bone-friendly nature, in a single component, fabricated at once. This system works with multiple powder deposition functions and vacuum cleaning procedures allowing to use two different powders (Ti6Al4V and CoCrMo) in each layer and thus, allowing to construct 3D Multi-Material transition between distinct materials, point-by-point and layer-by-layer. In this sense, the manufacturing strategies and the functional transition between Ti6Al4V and CoCrMo with a mechanical interlocking were analyzed and discussed both from mechanical and metallurgical point of view. A small diffusion area and no evidence of defects or cracks can be found in the transition's regions between the distinct materials which are strong evidences of a solid metallurgical bonding at the interfacial regions of Ti6Al4V and CoCrMo materials. A functional transition is also obtained through a design capable to provide a 3D mechanical interlocking with potential of assuring, simultaneously, tensile and compressive strength. This proof of concept might be a step-ahead in Laser Powder Bed Fusion in which the most desired intrinsic of individual materials can be combined in a single component targeting biomedical disruptive solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bartolomeu
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal; LABBELS -Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - O Carvalho
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal; LABBELS -Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - M Gasik
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University Foundation, 00076, Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - F S Silva
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal; LABBELS -Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
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Alipour S, Nour S, Attari SM, Mohajeri M, Kianersi S, Taromian F, Khalkhali M, Aninwene GE, Tayebi L. A review on in vitro/ in vivo response of additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V alloy. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:9479-9534. [PMID: 36305245 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01616h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bone replacement using porous and solid metallic implants, such as Ti-alloy implants, is regarded as one of the most practical therapeutic approaches in biomedical engineering. The bone is a complex tissue with various mechanical properties based on the site of action. Patient-specific Ti-6Al-4V constructs may address the key needs in bone treatment for having customized implants that mimic the complex structure of the natural tissue and diminish the risk of implant failure. This review focuses on the most promising methods of fabricating such patient-specific Ti-6Al-4V implants using additive manufacturing (AM) with a specific emphasis on the popular subcategory, which is powder bed fusion (PBF). Characteristics of the ideal implant to promote optimized tissue-implant interactions, as well as physical, mechanical/chemical treatments and modifications will be discussed. Accordingly, such investigations will be classified into 3B-based approaches (Biofunctionality, Bioactivity, and Biostability), which mainly govern native body response and ultimately the success in implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Alipour
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
| | - Shirin Nour
- Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.,Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Seyyed Morteza Attari
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mohammad Mohajeri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, TX, USA
| | - Sogol Kianersi
- CÚRAM, SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices, Biomedical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Farzaneh Taromian
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadparsa Khalkhali
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - George E Aninwene
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lobat Tayebi
- School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
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Costa M, Lima R, Alves N, Silva N, Gasik M, Silva F, Bartolomeu F, Miranda G. Multi-material cellular structured orthopedic implants design: In vitro and bio-tribological performance. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 131:105246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Mechanical Properties of Ti6Al4V Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion: A Review Focused on the Processing and Microstructural Parameters Influence on the Final Properties. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12060986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ti6Al4V alloy is an ideal lightweight structural metal for a huge variety of engineering applications due to its distinguishing combination of high specific mechanical properties, excellent corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. In this review, the mechanical properties of selective laser-melted Ti6Al4V parts are addressed in detail, as well as the main processing and microstructural parameters that influence the final properties. Fundamental knowledge is provided by linking the microstructural features and the final mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V parts, including tensile strength, tensile strain, fatigue resistance, hardness and wear performance. A comparison between Laser Powder Bed Fusion and conventional processing routes is also addressed. The presence of defects in as-built Ti6Al4V parts and their influences on the mechanical performance are also critically discussed. The results available in the literature show that typical Laser Powder Bed–Fused Ti6Al4V tensile properties (>900 MPa yield strength and >1000 MPa tensile strength) are adequate when considering the minimum values of the standards for implants and for aerospace applications (e.g., ASTM F136–13; ASTM F1108–14; AMS4930; AMS6932).
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Bordbar-Khiabani A, Gasik M. Smart Hydrogels for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3665. [PMID: 35409025 PMCID: PMC8998863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the last few decades, the development of smart hydrogels, which can respond to stimuli and adapt their responses based on external cues from their environments, has become a thriving research frontier in the biomedical engineering field. Nowadays, drug delivery systems have received great attention and smart hydrogels can be potentially used in these systems due to their high stability, physicochemical properties, and biocompatibility. Smart hydrogels can change their hydrophilicity, swelling ability, physical properties, and molecules permeability, influenced by external stimuli such as pH, temperature, electrical and magnetic fields, light, and the biomolecules' concentration, thus resulting in the controlled release of the loaded drugs. Herein, this review encompasses the latest investigations in the field of stimuli-responsive drug-loaded hydrogels and our contribution to this matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aydin Bordbar-Khiabani
- Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University Foundation, 02150 Espoo, Finland;
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Dantas T, Padrão J, da Silva MR, Pinto P, Madeira S, Vaz P, Zille A, Silva F. Bacteria co-culture adhesion on different texturized zirconia surfaces. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 123:104786. [PMID: 34428693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Zirconia is becoming reckoned as a promising solution for different applications, in particular those within the dental implant investigation field. It has been proved to successfully overcome important limitations of the commonly used titanium implants. The adhesion of microorganisms to the implants, in particular of bacteria, may govern the success or the failure of a dental implant, as the accumulation of bacteria on the peri-implant bone may rapidly evolve into periodontitis. However, bacterial adhesion on different zirconia architectures is still considerably unknown. Therefore, the adhesion of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to zirconia surfaces with different finishings was evaluated and compared to a titanium surface. The adhesion interaction between S. aureus and P. aeruginosa was also evaluated using a co-culture since these bacteria are infamous due to their common presence in chronic wound infections. Results showed that different bacterium species possess different properties which influence their propensity to adhere to different roughness levels and architectures. E. coli revealed a higher propensity to adhere to zirconia channelled surfaces (7.15 × 106 CFU/mL), whereas S. aureus and P. aeruginosa adhered more to the titanium control group (1.07 × 105 CFU/mL and 8.43 × 106 CFU/mL, respectively). Moreover, the co-culture denoted significant differences on the adhesion behaviour of bacteria. Despite not having shown an especially better behaviour regarding bacterial adhesion, zirconia surfaces with micro-channels are expected to improve the vascularization around the implants and ultimately enhance osseointegration, thus being a promising solution for dental implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Telma Dantas
- CMEMS - Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems, University of Minho, Portugal; MIT Portugal Program - School of Engineering, University of Minho, Portugal.
| | - Jorge Padrão
- 2C2T-Centre for Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
| | | | - Paulo Pinto
- CMEMS - Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems, University of Minho, Portugal
| | - Sara Madeira
- CMEMS - Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems, University of Minho, Portugal
| | - Paula Vaz
- Fixed Prosthodontics, Genetics- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Andrea Zille
- 2C2T-Centre for Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Filipe Silva
- CMEMS - Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems, University of Minho, Portugal
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Mohammadi H, Baba Ismail YM, Shariff KA, Mohd Noor AF. Effect of strontium substitution on structural, sinterability, physicomechanical and biological properties of akermanite ceramic. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 116:104379. [PMID: 33561674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the excellent in vitro and in vivo performance of akermanite ceramic, its poor toughness and strength limit the biomedical application, particularly under load. Herein, the incorporation of strontium enhanced the physicomechanical properties of akermanite and this is ascribed to the decrease in grain size and better sinterability. To investigate the biological performance, the bone-cell interaction with sintered pellets was assessed by in vitro biocompatibility with human fetal osteoblast cell (hFOB). The cell viability using MTT assay revealed that the Ca1.9Sr0.1MgSi2O7 pellets with finer grain size provided better interaction between the cells compared to the unsubstituted counterpart with larger grain size. Our findings highlighted that the synergistic effect of controlled degradation rate and release of Sr2+ into the medium enhanced the in vitro biological properties of akermanite-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mohammadi
- Biomaterials Research Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Yanny Marliana Baba Ismail
- Biomaterials Research Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Khairul Anuar Shariff
- Biomaterials Research Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad-Fauzi Mohd Noor
- Biomaterials Research Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
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Tissue Integration and Biological Cellular Response of SLM-Manufactured Titanium Scaffolds. METALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/met10091192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: SLM (Selective Laser Melting)–manufactured Titanium (Ti) scaffolds have a significant value for bone reconstructions in the oral and maxillofacial surgery field. While their mechanical properties and biocompatibility have been analysed, there is still no adequate information regarding tissue integration. Therefore, the aim of this study is a comprehensive systematic assessment of the essential parameters (porosity, pore dimension, surface treatment, shape) required to provide the long-term performance of Ti SLM medical implants. Materials and methods: A systematic literature search was conducted via electronic databases PubMed, Medline and Cochrane, using a selection of relevant search MeSH terms. The literature review was conducted using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA). Results: Within the total of 11 in vitro design studies, 9 in vivo studies, and 4 that had both in vitro and in vivo designs, the results indicated that SLM-generated Ti scaffolds presented no cytotoxicity, their tissue integration being assured by pore dimensions of 400 to 600 µm, high porosity (75–88%), hydroxyapatite or SiO2–TiO2 coating, and bioactive treatment. The shape of the scaffold did not seem to have significant importance. Conclusions: The SLM technique used to fabricate the implants offers exceptional control over the structure of the base. It is anticipated that with this technique, and a better understanding of the physical interaction between the scaffold and bone tissue, porous bases can be tailored to optimize the graft’s integrative and mechanical properties in order to obtain structures able to sustain osseous tissue on Ti.
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Braz JKFS, Martins GM, Morales N, Naulin P, Fuentes C, Barrera NP, O Vitoriano J, Rocha HAO, Oliveira MF, Alves C, Moura CEB. Live endothelial cells on plasma-nitrided and oxidized titanium: An approach for evaluating biocompatibility. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 113:111014. [PMID: 32487415 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of titanium plasma nitriding and oxidation on live endothelial cell viscoelasticity. For this, mechanically polished titanium surfaces and two surfaces treated by planar cathode discharge in nitriding (36N2 and 24H2) and oxidant (36O2 and 24H2). Surfaces were characterized regarding wettability, roughness and chemical composition. Rabbit aortic endothelial cells (RAECs) were cultured on the titanium surfaces. Cell morphology, viability and viscoelasticity were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction confirmed the presence of TiN0,26 on the surface (grazing angle theta 1°) of the nitrided samples, decreasing with depth. On the oxidized surface had the formation of TiO3 on the material surface (Theta 1°) and in the deeper layers was noted, with a marked presence of Ti (Theta 3°). Both plasma treatments increased surface roughness and they are hydrophilic (angle <90°). However, oxidation led to a more hydrophilic titanium surface (66.59° ± 3.65 vs. 76.88° ± 2.68; p = 0.001) due to titanium oxide films in their stoichiometric varieties (Ti3O, TiO2, Ti6O), especially Ti3O. Despite focal adhesion on the surfaces, viability was different after 24 h, as cell viability on the oxidized surface was higher than on the nitrided surface (9.1 × 103 vs. 4.5 × 103cells; p < 0.05). This can be explained by analyzing the viscoelastic property of the cellular cytoskeleton (nuclear and peripheral) by AFM. Surface oxidation significantly increased RAECs viscoelasticity at cell periphery, in comparison to the nucleus (2.36 ± 0.3 vs. 1.5 ± 0.4; p < 0.05), and to the RAECs periphery in contact with nitrided surfaces (1.36 ± 0.7; p < 0.05) and polished surfaces (1.55 ± 0.6; p < 0.05). Taken together, our results have shown that titanium plasma treatment directly increased cell viscoelasticity via surface oxidation, and this mechanobiological property subsequently increased biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Karla F S Braz
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, Brazil; Escola Multicampi de Ciências Médicas do Rio Grande do Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Moura Martins
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Nicole Morales
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela Naulin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Fuentes
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nelson P Barrera
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Jussier O Vitoriano
- Laboratório de Plasma Aplicado a Agricultura, Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Hugo A O Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.
| | - Moacir F Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, Brazil.
| | - Clodomiro Alves
- Laboratório de Plasma Aplicado a Agricultura, Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Eduardo B Moura
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, Brazil.
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Bartolomeu F, Dourado N, Pereira F, Alves N, Miranda G, Silva F. Additive manufactured porous biomaterials targeting orthopedic implants: A suitable combination of mechanical, physical and topological properties. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 107:110342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Marques A, Miranda G, Faria D, Pinto P, Silva F, Carvalho Ó. Novel design of low modulus high strength zirconia scaffolds for biomedical applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 97:375-384. [PMID: 31170671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study intends to develop a novel zirconia scaffold design with a significantly lower Young's Modulus than zirconia bulk material (210 GPa) aiming to match this elastic property with that of the host bone, for application as endosseous implants. This scaffold with a complex interconnected structure can allow bone ingrowth, vascularization and provide a good initial stability. This novel thin-walled zirconia scaffold was manufactured by green machining and afterwards furnace sintered. The obtained YM of this zirconia scaffold was found significantly lower than zirconia bulk material due a less stiff geometry with small (walls and floors) dimensions. Insertion replication tests were performed for evaluating the fixation at the initial moment of implantation, being experimentally verified a high static initial coefficient of friction. The capillarity of these scaffolds was also assessed, revealing a very high rising speed of water inside these structures. This study proved that this novel ceramic scaffold design can be fabricated for several dimensions for obtaining desired elastic properties. The proposed fabrication strategy allows the fabrication of thin-walled structures unachievable by conventional machining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marques
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Georgina Miranda
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Diana Faria
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Paulo Pinto
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Filipe Silva
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Óscar Carvalho
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), University of Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
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