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Kobayashi M, Ishida N, Hashimoto Y, Negishi J, Saga H, Sasaki Y, Akiyoshi K, Kimura T, Kishida A. Extraction and Biological Evaluation of Matrix-Bound Nanovesicles (MBVs) from High-Hydrostatic Pressure-Decellularized Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23168868. [PMID: 36012126 PMCID: PMC9407827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Decellularized tissues are widely used as promising materials in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Research on the microstructure and components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) was conducted to improve the current understanding of decellularized tissue functionality. The presence of matrix-bound nanovesicles (MBVs) embedded within the ECM was recently reported. Results of a previous experimental investigation revealed that decellularized tissues prepared using high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) exhibited good in vivo performance. In the current study, according to the hypothesis that MBVs are one of the functional components in HHP-decellularized tissue, we investigated the extraction of MBVs and the associated effects on vascular endothelial cells. Using nanoparticle tracking assay (NTA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and RNA analysis, nanosized (100–300 nm) and membranous particles containing small RNA were detected in MBVs derived from HHP-decellularized small intestinal submucosa (SIS), urinary bladder matrix (UBM), and liver. To evaluate the effect on the growth of vascular endothelial cells, which are important in the tissue regeneration process, isolated SIS-derived MBVs were exposed to vascular endothelial cells to induce cell proliferation. These results indicate that MBVs can be extracted from HHP-decellularized tissues and may play a significant role in tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mako Kobayashi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku 101-0062, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishida
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku 101-0062, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Hashimoto
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku 101-0062, Japan
| | - Jun Negishi
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda 386-8567, Japan
| | - Hideki Saga
- KM Biologics Co., Ltd., 1314-1 Kyokushi Kawabe, Kikuchi-shi 869-1298, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sasaki
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, A3-317, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazunari Akiyoshi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, A3-317, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kimura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku 101-0062, Japan
| | - Akio Kishida
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku 101-0062, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-35-2808028
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Wang Y, Xu L, Zhao J, Liang J, Zhang Z, Li Q, Zhang J, Wan P, Wu Z. Reconstructing auto tissue engineering lamellar cornea with aspartic acid modified acellular porcine corneal stroma and preconditioned limbal stem cell for corneal regeneration. Biomaterials 2022; 289:121745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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da Mata Martins TM, de Carvalho JL, da Silva Cunha P, Gomes DA, de Goes AM. Induction of Corneal Epithelial Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent and Orbital Fat-Derived Stem Cells Seeded on Decellularized Human Corneas. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:2522-2534. [PMID: 35247143 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10356-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Up to 40% of donor corneas are deemed unsuitable for transplantation, aggravating the shortage of graft tissue. In most cases, the corneal extracellular matrix is intact. Therefore, their decellularization followed by repopulation with autologous cells may constitute an efficient alternative to reduce the amount of discarded tissue and the risk of immune rejection after transplantation. Although induced pluripotent (hiPSCs) and orbital fat-derived stem cells (OFSCs) hold great promise for corneal epithelial (CE) reconstruction, no study to date has evaluated the capacity of decellularized corneas (DCs) to support the attachment and differentiation of these cells into CE-like cells. Here, we recellularize DCs with hiPSCs and OFSCs and evaluate their differentiation potential into CE-like cells using animal serum-free culture conditions. Cell viability and adhesion on DCs were assessed by calcein-AM staining and scanning electron microscopy. Cell differentiation was evaluated by RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence analyses. DCs successfully supported the adhesion and survival of hiPSCs and OFSCs. The OFSCs cultured under differentiation conditions could not express the CE markers, TP63, KRT3, PAX6, and KRT12, while the hiPSCs gave rise to cells expressing high levels of these markers. RT-qPCR data suggested that the DCs provided an inductive environment for CE differentiation of hiPSCs, supporting the expression of PAX6 and KRT12 without the need for any soluble induction factors. Our results open the avenue for future studies regarding the in vivo effects of DCs as carriers for autologous cell transplantation for ocular surface reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Maria da Mata Martins
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Lott de Carvalho
- Department of Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, QS 07 - Lote 01, EPCT - Taguatinga, Brasília, Distrito Federal, 71966-700, Brazil.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Distrito Federal, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Pricila da Silva Cunha
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.,Department of Biology, Minas Gerais State University, Avenida Olegário Maciel, 1427, Ubá, Minas Gerais, 36502-002, Brazil
| | - Dawidson Assis Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Miranda de Goes
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
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Fernández-Pérez J, Madden PW, Brady RT, Nowlan PF, Ahearne M. The effect of prior long-term recellularization with keratocytes of decellularized porcine corneas implanted in a rabbit anterior lamellar keratoplasty model. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245406. [PMID: 34061862 PMCID: PMC8168847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Decellularized porcine corneal scaffolds are a potential alternative to human cornea for keratoplasty. Although clinical trials have reported promising results, there can be corneal haze or scar tissue. Here, we examined if recellularizing the scaffolds with human keratocytes would result in a better outcome. Scaffolds were prepared that retained little DNA (14.89 ± 5.56 ng/mg) and demonstrated a lack of cytotoxicity by in vitro. The scaffolds were recellularized using human corneal stromal cells and cultured for between 14 in serum-supplemented media followed by a further 14 days in either serum free or serum-supplemented media. All groups showed full-depth cell penetration after 14 days. When serum was present, staining for ALDH3A1 remained weak but after serum-free culture, staining was brighter and the keratocytes adopted a native dendritic morphology with an increase (p < 0.05) of keratocan, decorin, lumican and CD34 gene expression. A rabbit anterior lamellar keratoplasty model was used to compare implanting a 250 μm thick decellularized lenticule against one that had been recellularized with human stromal cells after serum-free culture. In both groups, host rabbit epithelium covered the implants, but transparency was not restored after 3 months. Post-mortem histology showed under the epithelium, a less-compact collagen layer, which appeared to be a regenerating zone with some α-SMA staining, indicating fibrotic cells. In the posterior scaffold, ALDH1A1 staining was present in all the acellular scaffold, but in only one of the recellularized lenticules. Since there was little difference between acellular and cell-seeded scaffolds in our in vivo study, future scaffold development should use acellular controls to determine if cells are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Fernández-Pérez
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter W. Madden
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Robert Thomas Brady
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter F. Nowlan
- School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark Ahearne
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Alekseev ES, Alentiev AY, Belova AS, Bogdan VI, Bogdan TV, Bystrova AV, Gafarova ER, Golubeva EN, Grebenik EA, Gromov OI, Davankov VA, Zlotin SG, Kiselev MG, Koklin AE, Kononevich YN, Lazhko AE, Lunin VV, Lyubimov SE, Martyanov ON, Mishanin II, Muzafarov AM, Nesterov NS, Nikolaev AY, Oparin RD, Parenago OO, Parenago OP, Pokusaeva YA, Ronova IA, Solovieva AB, Temnikov MN, Timashev PS, Turova OV, Filatova EV, Philippov AA, Chibiryaev AM, Shalygin AS. Supercritical fluids in chemistry. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kobayashi M, Kadota J, Hashimoto Y, Fujisato T, Nakamura N, Kimura T, Kishida A. Elastic Modulus of ECM Hydrogels Derived from Decellularized Tissue Affects Capillary Network Formation in Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6304. [PMID: 32878178 PMCID: PMC7503911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent applications of decellularized tissue have included the use of hydrogels for injectable materials and three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting bioink for tissue regeneration. Microvascular formation is required for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to support cell growth and regeneration in tissues and organs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the formation of capillary networks in decellularized extracellular matrix (d-ECM) hydrogels. The d-ECM hydrogels were obtained from the small intestine submucosa (SIS) and the urinary bladder matrix (UBM) after decellularizing with sodium deoxycholate (SDC) and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP). The SDC d-ECM hydrogel gradually gelated, while the HHP d-ECM hydrogel immediately gelated. All d-ECM hydrogels had low matrix stiffness compared to that of the collagen hydrogel, according to a compression test. D-ECM hydrogels with various elastic moduli were obtained, irrespective of the decellularization method or tissue source. Microvascular-derived endothelial cells were seeded on d-ECM hydrogels. Few cells attached to the SDC d-ECM hydrogel with no network formation, while on the HHP d-ECM hydrogel, a capillary network structure formed between elongated cells. Long, branched networks formed on d-ECM hydrogels with lower matrix stiffness. This suggests that the capillary network structure that forms on d-ECM hydrogels is closely related to the matrix stiffness of the hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mako Kobayashi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; (M.K.); (J.K.); (Y.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Junpei Kadota
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; (M.K.); (J.K.); (Y.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Yoshihide Hashimoto
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; (M.K.); (J.K.); (Y.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Toshiya Fujisato
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka 535-8585, Japan;
| | - Naoko Nakamura
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama 337-8570, Japan;
| | - Tsuyoshi Kimura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; (M.K.); (J.K.); (Y.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Akio Kishida
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan; (M.K.); (J.K.); (Y.H.); (A.K.)
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da Mata Martins TM, da Silva Cunha P, Rodrigues MA, de Carvalho JL, de Souza JE, de Carvalho Oliveira JA, Gomes DA, de Goes AM. Epithelial basement membrane of human decellularized cornea as a suitable substrate for differentiation of embryonic stem cells into corneal epithelial-like cells. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 116:111215. [PMID: 32806330 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability to decellularize and recellularize the corneas deemed unsuitable for transplantation may increase the number of available grafts. Decellularized corneas (DCs) may provide a natural microenvironment for cell adhesion and differentiation. Despite this, no study to date has evaluated their efficacy as a substrate for the induction of stem cell differentiation into corneal cells. The present study aimed to compare the efficiency of NaCl and NaCl plus nucleases methods to decellularize whole human corneas, and to investigate the effect of epithelial basement membrane (EBM) of whole DCs on the ability of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to differentiate into corneal epithelial-like cells when cultured in animal serum-free differentiation medium. As laminin is the major component of EBM, we also investigated its effect on hESCs differentiation. The decellularization efficiency and integrity of the extracellular matrix (ECM) obtained were investigated by histology, electron microscopy, DNA quantification, immunofluorescence, and nuclear staining. The ability of hESCs to differentiate into corneal epithelial-like cells when seeded on the EBM of DCs or laminin-coated wells was evaluated by immunofluorescence and RT-qPCR analyses. NaCl treatment alone, without nucleases, was insufficient to remove cellular components, while NaCl plus nucleases treatment resulted in efficient decellularization and preservation of the ECM. Unlike cells induced to differentiate on laminin, hESCs differentiated on DCs expressed high levels of corneal epithelial-specific markers, keratin 3 and keratin 12. It was demonstrated for the first time that the decellularized matrices had a positive effect on the differentiation of hESCs towards corneal epithelial-like cells. Such a strategy supports the potential applications of human DCs and hESCs in corneal epithelium tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Maria da Mata Martins
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Pricila da Silva Cunha
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Michele Angela Rodrigues
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lott de Carvalho
- Department of Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, QS 07 - Lote 01, EPCT - Taguatinga, Brasília, Distrito Federal 71966-700, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Joyce Esposito de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Junnia Alvarenga de Carvalho Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Dawidson Assis Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Miranda de Goes
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Han F, Wang J, Ding L, Hu Y, Li W, Yuan Z, Guo Q, Zhu C, Yu L, Wang H, Zhao Z, Jia L, Li J, Yu Y, Zhang W, Chu G, Chen S, Li B. Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: Achievements, Future, and Sustainability in Asia. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:83. [PMID: 32266221 PMCID: PMC7105900 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploring innovative solutions to improve the healthcare of the aging and diseased population continues to be a global challenge. Among a number of strategies toward this goal, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) has gradually evolved into a promising approach to meet future needs of patients. TERM has recently received increasing attention in Asia, as evidenced by the markedly increased number of researchers, publications, clinical trials, and translational products. This review aims to give a brief overview of TERM development in Asia over the last decade by highlighting some of the important advances in this field and featuring major achievements of representative research groups. The development of novel biomaterials and enabling technologies, identification of new cell sources, and applications of TERM in various tissues are briefly introduced. Finally, the achievement of TERM in Asia, including important publications, representative discoveries, clinical trials, and examples of commercial products will be introduced. Discussion on current limitations and future directions in this hot topic will also be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxuan Han
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiayuan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Luguang Ding
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanbin Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenquan Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhangqin Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qianping Guo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Caihong Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhongliang Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Luanluan Jia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yingkang Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Genglei Chu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Song Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
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