Impact of the magnetic field on 3T3-E1 preosteoblasts inside SMART silk fibroin-based scaffolds decorated with magnetic nanoparticles

Nanocomposite Methacrylated Silk Fibroin-Based Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

The treatment of bone defects is a clinical challenge. Bone tissue engineering is gaining interest as an alternative to current treatments, with the development of 3D porous structures (scaffolds) helpful in promoting bone regeneration by ensuring temporary functional support. In this work, methacrylated silk fibroin (SilMA) sponges were investigated as scaffolds for bone tissue engineering by exploiting the combination of physical (induced by NaCl salt during particulate leaching) and chemical crosslinking (induced by UV-light exposure) techniques. A biomimetic approach was adopted to better simulate the extracellular matrix of the bone by introducing either natural (mussel shell-derived) or synthetic-origin hydroxyapatite nanoparticles into the SilMA sponges. The obtained materials were characterized in terms of pore size, water absorption capability and mechanical properties to understand both the effect of the inclusion of the two different types of nanoparticles and the effect of the photocrosslinking. Moreover, the SilMA sponges were tested for their bioactivity and suitability for bone tissue engineering purposes by using osteosarcoma cells, studying their metabolism by an AlamarBlue assay and their morphology by scanning electron microscopy. Results indicate that photocrosslinking helps in obtaining more regular structures with bimodal pore size distributions and in enhancing the stability of the constructs in water. Moreover, the addition of naturally derived hydroxyapatite was observed to be more effective at activating osteosarcoma cell metabolism than synthetic hydroxyapatite, showing a statistically significant difference in the AlamarBlue measurement on day 7 after seeding. The methacrylated silk fibroin/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite sponges developed in this work were found to be promising tools for targeting bone regeneration with a sustainable approach.

Current developments and future perspectives of nanotechnology in orthopedic implants: an updated review

Orthopedic implants are the most commonly used fracture fixation devices for facilitating the growth and development of incipient bone and treating bone diseases and defects. However, most orthopedic implants suffer from various drawbacks and complications, including bacterial adhesion, poor cell proliferation, and limited resistance to corrosion. One of the major drawbacks of currently available orthopedic implants is their inadequate osseointegration at the tissue-implant interface. This leads to loosening as a result of immunological rejection, wear debris formation, low mechanical fixation, and implant-related infections. Nanotechnology holds the promise to offer a wide range of innovative technologies for use in translational orthopedic research. Nanomaterials have great potential for use in orthopedic applications due to their exceptional tribological qualities, high resistance to wear and tear, ability to maintain drug release, capacity for osseointegration, and capability to regenerate tissue. Furthermore, nanostructured materials possess the ability to mimic the features and hierarchical structure of native bones. They facilitate cell proliferation, decrease the rate of infection, and prevent biofilm formation, among other diverse functions. The emergence of nanostructured polymers, metals, ceramics, and carbon materials has enabled novel approaches in orthopaedic research. This review provides a concise overview of nanotechnology-based biomaterials utilized in orthopedics, encompassing metallic and nonmetallic nanomaterials. A further overview is provided regarding the biomedical applications of nanotechnology-based biomaterials, including their application in orthopedics for drug delivery systems and bone tissue engineering to facilitate scaffold preparation, surface modification of implantable materials to improve their osteointegration properties, and treatment of musculoskeletal infections. Hence, this review article offers a contemporary overview of the current applications of nanotechnology in orthopedic implants and bone tissue engineering, as well as its prospective future applications.

Coupling of static ultramicromagnetic field with elastic micropillar-structured substrate for cell response

Micropillars have emerged as promising tools for a wide range of biological applications, while the influence of magnetic fields on cell behavior regulation has been increasingly recognized. However, the combined effect of micropillars and magnetic fields on cell behaviors remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the responses of H9c2 cells to ultramicromagnetic micropillar arrays using NdFeB as the tuned magnetic particles. We conducted a comparative analysis between PDMS micropillars and NdFeB/PDMS micropillars to assess their impact on cell function. Our results revealed that H9c2 cells exhibited significantly enhanced proliferation and notable cytoskeletal rearrangements on the ultramicromagnetic micropillars, surpassing the effects observed with pure PDMS micropillars. Immunostaining further indicated that cells cultured on ultramicromagnetic micropillars displayed heightened contractility compared to those on PDMS micropillars. Remarkably, the ultramicromagnetic micropillars also demonstrated the ability to decrease reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, thereby preventing F-actin degeneration. Consequently, this study introduces ultramicromagnetic micropillars as a novel tool for the regulation and detection of cell behaviors, thus paving the way for advanced investigations in tissue engineering, single-cell analysis, and the development of flexible sensors for cellular-level studies.

Biomedical applications of magnetosomes: State of the art and perspectives

Magnetosomes, synthesized by magnetotactic bacteria (MTB), have been used in nano- and biotechnological applications, owing to their unique properties such as superparamagnetism, uniform size distribution, excellent bioavailability, and easily modifiable functional groups. In this review, we first discuss the mechanisms of magnetosome formation and describe various modification methods. Subsequently, we focus on presenting the biomedical advancements of bacterial magnetosomes in biomedical imaging, drug delivery, anticancer therapy, biosensor. Finally, we discuss future applications and challenges. This review summarizes the application of magnetosomes in the biomedical field, highlighting the latest advancements and exploring the future development of magnetosomes.

Microenvironment-targeted strategy steers advanced bone regeneration

Treatment of large bone defects represents a great challenge in orthopedic and craniomaxillofacial surgery. Traditional strategies in bone tissue engineering have focused primarily on mimicking the extracellular matrix (ECM) of bone in terms of structure and composition. However, the synergistic effects of other cues from the microenvironment during bone regeneration are often neglected. The bone microenvironment is a sophisticated system that includes physiological (e.g., neighboring cells such as macrophages), chemical (e.g., oxygen, pH), and physical factors (e.g., mechanics, acoustics) that dynamically interact with each other. Microenvironment-targeted strategies are increasingly recognized as crucial for successful bone regeneration and offer promising solutions for advancing bone tissue engineering. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current microenvironment-targeted strategies and challenges for bone regeneration and further outlines prospective directions of the approaches in construction of bone organoids.

Smart Orthopedic Biomaterials and Implants

Musculoskeletal injuries including bone defects continue to present a significant challenge in orthopedic surgery due to suboptimal healing. Bone reconstruction strategies focused on the use of biological grafts and bone graft substitutes in the form of biomaterials-based 3D structures in fracture repair. Recent advances in biomaterials science and engineering have resulted in the creation of intricate 3D bone-mimicking structures that are mechanically stable, biodegradable, and bioactive to support bone regeneration. Current efforts are focused on improving the biomaterial and implant physicochemical properties to promote interactions with the host tissue and osteogenesis. The "smart" biomaterials and their 3D structures are designed to actively interact with stem/progenitor cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) to influence the local environment towards osteogenesis and de novo tissue formation. This article will summarize such smart biomaterials and the methodologies to apply either internal or external stimuli to control the tissue healing microenvironment. A particular emphasis is also made on the use of smart biomaterials and strategies to create functional bioactive implants for bone defect repair and regeneration.

Biological Scaffolds Assembled with Magnetic Nanoparticles for Bone Tissue Engineering: A Review

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) are widely used in bone tissue engineering because of their unique physical and chemical properties and their excellent biocompatibility. Under the action of a magnetic field, SPIONs loaded in a biological scaffold can effectively promote osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, and so on. SPIONs have very broad application prospects in bone repair, bone reconstruction, bone regeneration, and other fields. In this paper, several methods for forming biological scaffolds via the biological assembly of SPIONs are reviewed, and the specific applications of these biological scaffolds in bone tissue engineering are discussed.

Advanced 3D Magnetic Scaffolds for Tumor-Related Bone Defects

The need for bone substitutes is a major challenge as the incidence of serious bone disorders is massively increasing, mainly attributed to modern world problems, such as obesity, aging of the global population, and cancer incidence. Bone cancer represents one of the most significant causes of bone defects, with reserved prognosis regarding the effectiveness of treatments and survival rate. Modern therapies, such as hyperthermia, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and magnetic therapy, seem to bring hope for cancer treatment in general, and bone cancer in particular. Mimicking the composition of bone to create advanced scaffolds, such as bone substitutes, proved to be insufficient for successful bone regeneration, and a special attention should be given to control the changes in the bone tissue micro-environment. The magnetic manipulation by an external field can be a promising technique to control this micro-environment, and to sustain the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts, promoting the expression of some growth factors, and, finally, accelerating new bone formation. By incorporating stimuli responsive nanocarriers in the scaffold's architecture, such as magnetic nanoparticles functionalized with bioactive molecules, their behavior can be rigorously controlled under external magnetic driving, and stimulates the bone tissue formation.

Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Review of Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Effects

In the last few years, the progress made in the field of nanotechnology has allowed researchers to develop and synthesize nanosized materials with unique physicochemical characteristics, suitable for various biomedical applications. Amongst these nanomaterials, metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) have gained increasing interest due to their excellent properties, which to a great extent differ from their bulk counterpart. However, despite such positive advantages, a substantial body of literature reports on their cytotoxic effects, which are directly correlated to the nanoparticles' physicochemical properties, therefore, better control over the synthetic parameters will not only lead to favorable surface characteristics but may also increase biocompatibility and consequently lower cytotoxicity. Taking into consideration the enormous biomedical potential of MONPs, the present review will discuss the most recent developments in this field referring mainly to synthesis methods, physical and chemical characterization and biological effects, including the pro-regenerative and antitumor potentials as well as antibacterial activity. Moreover, the last section of the review will tackle the pressing issue of the toxic effects of MONPs on various tissues/organs and cell lines.

Silk fibroin scaffolds: A promising candidate for bone regeneration

It remains a big challenge in clinical practice to repair large-sized bone defects and many factors limit the application of autografts and allografts, The application of exogenous scaffolds is an alternate strategy for bone regeneration, among which the silk fibroin (SF) scaffold is a promising candidate. Due to the advantages of excellent biocompatibility, satisfying mechanical property, controllable biodegradability and structural adjustability, SF scaffolds exhibit great potential in bone regeneration with the help of well-designed structures, bioactive components and functional surface modification. This review will summarize the cell and tissue interaction with SF scaffolds, techniques to fabricate SF-based scaffolds and modifications of SF scaffolds to enhance osteogenesis, which will provide a deep and comprehensive insight into SF scaffolds and inspire the design and fabrication of novel SF scaffolds for superior osteogenic performance. However, there still needs more comprehensive efforts to promote better clinical translation of SF scaffolds, including more experiments in big animal models and clinical trials. Furthermore, deeper investigations are also in demand to reveal the degradation and clearing mechanisms of SF scaffolds and evaluate the influence of degradation products.

Silk fibroin films with embedded magnetic nanoparticles: evaluation of the magneto-mechanical stimulation effect on osteogenic differentiation of stem cells

We report about a biomaterial in the form of film ∼10 μm thick, consisting of a silk fibroin matrix with embedded iron oxide superparamagnetic nanoparticles, for prospective applications as bioactive coating in regenerative medicine. Films with different load of magnetic nanoparticles are produced (nanoparticles/silk fibroin nominal ratio = 5, 0.5 and 0 wt%) and the structural, mechanical and magnetic properties are studied. The nanoparticles form aggregates in the silk fibroin matrix and the film stiffness, as tested by nanoindentation, is spatially inhomogeneous, but the protein structure is not altered. In vitro biological tests are carried out on human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured on the films up to 21 days, with and without an applied static uniform magnetic field. The sample with the highest nanoparticles/silk fibroin ratio shows the best performance in terms of cell proliferation and adhesion. Moreover, it promotes a faster and better osteogenic differentiation, particularly under magnetic field, as indicated by the gene expression level of typical osteogenic markers. These findings are explained in light of the results of the physical characterization, combined with numerical calculations. It is established that the applied magnetic field triggers a virtuous magneto-mechanical mechanism in which dipolar magnetic forces between the nanoparticle aggregates give rise to a spatial distribution of mechanical stresses in the silk fibroin matrix. The film with the largest nanoparticle load, under cell culture conditions (i.e. in aqueous environment), undergoes matrix deformations large enough to be sensed by the seeded cells as mechanical stimuli favoring the osteogenic differentiation.

Novel Implications of Nanoparticle-Enhanced Radiotherapy and Brachytherapy: Z-Effect and Tumor Hypoxia

Radiotherapy and internal radioisotope therapy (brachytherapy) induce tumor cell death through different molecular signaling pathways. However, these therapies in cancer patients are constrained by dose-related adverse effects and local discomfort due to the prolonged exposure to the surrounding tissues. Technological advancements in nanotechnology have resulted in synthesis of high atomic elements such as nanomaterials, which can be used as radiosensitizers due to their photoelectric characteristics. The aim of this review is to elucidate the effects of novel nanomaterials in the field of radiation oncology to ameliorate dose-related toxicity through the application of ideal nanoparticle-based radiosensitizers such as Au (gold), Bi (bismuth), and Lu (Lutetium-177) for enhancing cytotoxic effects of radiotherapy via the high-Z effect. In addition, we discuss the role of nanoparticle-enhanced radiotherapy in alleviating tumor hypoxia through the nanodelivery of genes/drugs and other functional anticancer molecules. The implications of engineered nanoparticles in preclinical and clinical studies still need to be studied in order to explore potential mechanisms for radiosensitization by minimizing tumor hypoxia, operational/logistic complications and by overcoming tumor heterogeneity in radiotherapy/brachytherapy.

Fabrication and characterization of PHEMA–gelatin scaffold enriched with graphene oxide for bone tissue engineering

Background

Growing investigations demonstrate that graphene oxide (GO) has an undeniable impact on repairing damaged bone tissue. Moreover, it has been stated in the literatures that poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) and gelatin could provide a biocompatible structure.

Methods

In this research, we fabricated a scaffold using freeze-drying method comprised of PHEMA and gelatin, combined with GO. The validation of the successful fabrication of the scaffolds was performed utilizing Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction assay (XRD). The microstructure of the scaffolds was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The structural properties of the scaffolds including mechanical strength, hydrophilicity, electrical conductivity, and degradation rate were also evaluated. Human bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the prepared scaffolds. The osteogenic potential of the GO-containing scaffolds was studied by measuring the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity after 7, 14, and 21 days cell culturing.

Results

SEM assay showed a porous interconnected scaffold with approximate pore size of 50–300 μm, appropriate for bone regeneration. The increase in GO concentration from 0.25 to 0.75% w/v exhibited a significant improvement in scaffolds compressive modulus from 9.03 ± 0.36 to 42.82 ± 1.63 MPa. Conventional four-probe analysis confirmed the electrical conductivity of the scaffolds in the semiconductor range. The degradation rate of the samples appeared to be in compliance with bone healing process. The scaffolds exhibited no cytotoxicity using MTT assay against hBM-MSCs. ALP analysis indicated that the PHEMA–Gel–GO scaffolds could efficiently cause the differentiation of hBM-MSCs into osteoblasts after 21 days, even without the addition of the osteogenic differentiation medium.

Conclusion

Based on the results of this research, it can be stated that the PHEMA–Gel–GO composition is a promising platform for bone tissue engineering.

Inorganic Nanoparticles in Bone Healing Applications

Modern biomedicine aims to develop integrated solutions that use medical, biotechnological, materials science, and engineering concepts to create functional alternatives for the specific, selective, and accurate management of medical conditions. In the particular case of tissue engineering, designing a model that simulates all tissue qualities and fulfills all tissue requirements is a continuous challenge in the field of bone regeneration. The therapeutic protocols used for bone healing applications are limited by the hierarchical nature and extensive vascularization of osseous tissue, especially in large bone lesions. In this regard, nanotechnology paves the way for a new era in bone treatment, repair and regeneration, by enabling the fabrication of complex nanostructures that are similar to those found in the natural bone and which exhibit multifunctional bioactivity. This review aims to lay out the tremendous outcomes of using inorganic nanoparticles in bone healing applications, including bone repair and regeneration, and modern therapeutic strategies for bone-related pathologies.

Research progress on effect of magnetic nanoparticle composite scaffold on osteogenesis

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) have been widely used as biomaterials due to their unique magnetic responsiveness and biocompatibility, which also can promote osteogenic differentiation through their inherent micro-magnetic field. The MNP composite scaffold retains its superparamagnetism, which has good physical, mechanical and biological properties with significant osteogenic effects and . Magnetic field has been proved to promote bone tissue repair by affecting cell metabolic behavior. MNP composite scaffolds under magnetic field can synergically promote bone tissue repair and regeneration, which has great application potential in the field of bone tissue engineering. This article summarizes the performance of magnetic composite scaffold, the research progress on the effect of MNP composite scaffold with magnetic fields on osteogenesis, to provide reference for further research and clinical application.

Incorporation of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles into Collagen Formulation for 3D Electrospun Scaffolds

Nowadays, there is an ever-increasing interest in the development of systems able to guide and influence cell activities for bone regeneration. In this context, we have explored for the first time the combination of type-I collagen and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) to design magnetic and biocompatible electrospun scaffolds. For this purpose, SPIONs with a size of 12 nm were obtained by thermal decomposition and transferred to an aqueous medium via ligand exchange with dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA). The SPIONs were subsequently incorporated into type-I collagen solutions to prove the processability of the resulting hybrid formulation by means of electrospinning. The optimized method led to the fabrication of nanostructured scaffolds composed of randomly oriented collagen fibers ranging between 100 and 200 nm, where SPIONs resulted distributed and embedded into the collagen fibers. The SPIONs-containing electrospun structures proved to preserve the magnetic properties of the nanoparticles alone, making these matrices excellent candidates to explore the magnetic stimuli for biomedical applications. Furthermore, the biological assessment of these collagen scaffolds confirmed high viability, adhesion, and proliferation of both pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells and human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs).

Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering

In recent years, many promising nanotechnological approaches to biomedical research have been developed in order to increase implementation of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering in clinical practice. In the meantime, the use of nanomaterials for the regeneration of diseased or injured tissues is considered advantageous in most areas of medicine. In particular, for the treatment of cardiovascular, osteochondral and neurological defects, but also for the recovery of functions of other organs such as kidney, liver, pancreas, bladder, urethra and for wound healing, nanomaterials are increasingly being developed that serve as scaffolds, mimic the extracellular matrix and promote adhesion or differentiation of cells. This review focuses on the latest developments in regenerative medicine, in which iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) play a crucial role for tissue engineering and cell therapy. IONPs are not only enabling the use of non-invasive observation methods to monitor the therapy, but can also accelerate and enhance regeneration, either thanks to their inherent magnetic properties or by functionalization with bioactive or therapeutic compounds, such as drugs, enzymes and growth factors. In addition, the presence of magnetic fields can direct IONP-labeled cells specifically to the site of action or induce cell differentiation into a specific cell type through mechanotransduction.

Silk fibroin nanocomposites as tissue engineering scaffolds - A systematic review

Silk fibroin is a protein with intrinsic characteristics that make it a good candidate as a scaffold for tissue engineering. Recent works have enhanced its benefits by adding inorganic phases that interact with silk fibroin in different ways. A systematic review was performed in four databases to study the physicochemical and biological performance of silk fibroin nanocomposites. In the last decade, only 51 articles contained either in vitro cell culture models or in vivo tests. The analysis of such works resulted in their classification into the following scaffold types: particles, mats and textiles, films, hydrogels, sponge-like structures, and mixed conformations. From the physicochemical perspective, the inorganic phase imbued in silk fibroin nanocomposites resulted in better stability and mechanical performance. This review revealed that the inorganic phase may be associated with specific biological responses, such as neovascularisation, cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activity. The study of nanocomposites as tissue engineering scaffolds is a highly active area mostly focused on bone and cartilage regeneration with promising results. Nonetheless, there are still many challenges related to their application in other tissues, a better understanding of the interaction between the inorganic and organic phases, and the associated biological response.

Fenton-magnetic based therapy by dual-chemodrug-loaded magnetic hydroxyapatite against colon cancer

Fenton-based therapy is emerging as an effective and selective strategy against cancer. However, a low concentration of transition metal ions, insufficient endogenous H₂O_2, and a high level of antioxidant activity within the cancer cells have hindered the therapeutic efficacy of this strategy. To address these issues, in this study, the Fenton reagent (magnetic hydroxyapatite, mHAP) was accompanied with chemotherapy drugs (cisplatin (CDDP) and methotrexate (MTX)) and static magnetic field (SMF), in such a way to be a pH-, redox-, and magnetic-responsive nanoplatform. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed higher toxicity of the final construct, MTX.CDDP@mHAP, toward colon cancer cells, as compared with that of free drugs. The most effective antitumor activity was observed as MTX.CDDP@mHAP-treated tumor cells were exposed to SMF (0.9 T) and no noticeable damage was observed in the normal cells and tissues. Active targeting by MTX and magnetic targeting by mHAP under magnetic field increased the tumor selectivity and enhanced the tumor site accumulation and cellular uptake of MTX.CDDP@mHAPs. The released iron ions within the cancer cells trigger the Fenton reaction while the release of chemotherapy drugs, reduction of intracellular glutathione, and application of SMF aggravated the Fenton reaction, subsequently leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induction of apoptosis. Therefore, Fenton magnetic-based therapy-mediated by MTX.CDDP@mHAP could be considered as a promising strategy against colon cancer with high therapeutic efficiency and biosafety.

The Synthesis Methodology of PEGylated Fe3O4@Ag Nanoparticles Supported by Their Physicochemical Evaluation

Many investigations are currently being performed to develop the effective synthesis methodology of magnetic nanoparticles with appropriately functionalized surfaces. Here, the novelty of the presented work involves the preparation of nano-sized PEGylated Fe3O4@Ag particles, i.e., the main purpose was the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles with a functionalized surface. Firstly, Fe3O4 particles were prepared via the Massart process. Next, Ag+ reduction was conducted in the presence of Fe3O4 particles to form a nanosilver coating. The reaction was performed with arabic gum as a stabilizing agent. Sound energy-using sonication was applied to disintegrate the particles' agglomerates. Next, the PEGylation process aimed at the formation of a coating on the particles' surface using PEG (poly(ethylene glycol)) has been performed. It was proved that the arabic gum limited the agglomeration of nanoparticles, which was probably caused by the steric effect caused by the branched compounds from the stabilizer that adsorbed on the surface of nanoparticles. This effect was also enhanced by the electrostatic repulsions. The process of sonication caused the disintegration of aggregates. Formation of iron (II, III) oxide with a cubic structure was proved by diffraction peaks. Formation of a nanosilver coating on the Fe3O4 nanoparticles was confirmed by diffraction peaks with 2θ values 38.15° and 44.35°. PEG coating on the particles' surface was proven via FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) analysis. Obtained PEG-nanosilver-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles may find applications as carriers for targeted drug delivery using an external magnetic field.

Synthesis and characterization of magnetite nanoparticles by co-precipitation method coated with biocompatible compounds and evaluation of in-vitro cytotoxicity

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Modified magnetite nanoparticles had low cytotoxicity.

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Nanoparticles had high surface modification and manipulation.

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Magnetite nanoprticles coated with silica and oleic acid was lower toxicity than other coatings.

Recent advances in the use of magnetite nanoparticles for biomedical applications have led to special attention to these nanoparticles. The unique properties of magnetite nanoparticles such as superparamagnetism, low toxicity, and the ability to bond with biological molecules, are suitable for drug delivery, diagnostic methods and therapeutic approaches. The aim of this study was to synthesize magnetite nanoparticles with different biocompatible coatings and investigate their cytotoxicity. Magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation method and the cytotoxicity of these nanoparticles was investigated with Hepatoma G2 cell using the MTT assay. Treated cells, did not showed any evident cell cycle arrest. The Fourier Transmission Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X- ray powder Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were evaluated. The results of XRD showed the coated magnetite nanoparticles were 10−12 nm and this size also achieved with TEM images. Synthesized magnetite nanoparticles with SiO₂ and oleic acid coatings had lower cytotoxicity than other coatings.

Silk-Based Materials for Hard Tissue Engineering

Hard tissues, e.g., bone, are mechanically stiff and, most typically, mineralized. To design scaffolds for hard tissue regeneration, mechanical, physico-chemical and biological cues must align with those found in the natural tissue. Combining these aspects poses challenges for material and construct design. Silk-based materials are promising for bone tissue regeneration as they fulfill several of such necessary requirements, and they are non-toxic and biodegradable. They can be processed into a variety of morphologies such as hydrogels, particles and fibers and can be mineralized. Therefore, silk-based materials are versatile candidates for biomedical applications in the field of hard tissue engineering. This review summarizes silk-based approaches for mineralized tissue replacements, and how to find the balance between sufficient material stiffness upon mineralization and cell survival upon attachment as well as nutrient supply.

Enhanced Anti-Cancer Effect of Folate-Conjugated Olaparib Nanoparticles Combined with Radiotherapy in Cervical Carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Radiotherapy (RT), one of the main treatments for cervical cancer, has tremendous potential for improvement in the efficacy. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a key enzyme in the repair of DNA strand breaks (DSB). Olaparib (Ola) is a PARP inhibitor that is involved in preventing the release of PARP from RT-induced damaged DNA to potentiate the effect of RT. Although the basic mechanism of Ola's radiosensitization is well known, the radiosensitization mechanism of its nanomedicine is still unclear. In addition, the lack of tumor tissue targeting is a major obstacle for the clinical success of Ola.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, we developed folate-conjugated active targeting olaparib nanoparticles (ATO) and investigated the anti-tumor effect of ATO combined with radiotherapy (RT) in nude mice using cervical cancer xenograft models. We used folate (FA)-conjugated poly (ε-caprolactone)-poly (ethyleneglycol)-poly (e-caprolactone) (PCEC) copolymer to prepare ATO via emulsification/solvent diffusion. Further, we evaluated ATO particle size, potential, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro release characteristics, and evaluated the shape of ATO via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We then performed MTT and cell uptake assays to detect cytotoxicity and targeting uptake in vitro. We investigated the anti-tumor properties of ATO in vivo by apoptosis test, 18 F-FDG PET/CT, and immunohistochemical analysis. Finally, the xenografted tumor in nude mice was subjected to RT and/or ATO treatment.

RESULTS

The results confirmed that ATO in combination with RT significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged survival time of tumor-bearing mice. This may be related to the inhibition of tumor proliferation and DNA damage repair and induction of cell apoptosis in vivo.

CONCLUSION

The ATO developed in this study may represent a novel formulation for olaparib delivery and have promising potential for treating tumors with an over-expression of folate receptors.

Silk Polymers and Nanoparticles: A Powerful Combination for the Design of Versatile Biomaterials

Silk fibroin (SF) is a natural protein largely used in the textile industry but also in biomedicine, catalysis, and other materials applications. SF is biocompatible, biodegradable, and possesses high tensile strength. Moreover, it is a versatile compound that can be formed into different materials at the macro, micro- and nano-scales, such as nanofibers, nanoparticles, hydrogels, microspheres, and other formats. Silk can be further integrated into emerging and promising additive manufacturing techniques like bioprinting, stereolithography or digital light processing 3D printing. As such, the development of methodologies for the functionalization of silk materials provide added value. Inorganic nanoparticles (INPs) have interesting and unexpected properties differing from bulk materials. These properties include better catalysis efficiency (better surface/volume ratio and consequently decreased quantify of catalyst), antibacterial activity, fluorescence properties, and UV-radiation protection or superparamagnetic behavior depending on the metal used. Given the promising results and performance of INPs, their use in many different procedures has been growing. Therefore, combining the useful properties of silk fibroin materials with those from INPs is increasingly relevant in many applications. Two main methodologies have been used in the literature to form silk-based bionanocomposites: in situ synthesis of INPs in silk materials, or the addition of preformed INPs to silk materials. This work presents an overview of current silk nanocomposites developed by these two main methodologies. An evaluation of overall INP characteristics and their distribution within the material is presented for each approach. Finally, an outlook is provided about the potential applications of these resultant nanocomposite materials.

Paramagnetic Functionalization of Biocompatible Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications: A Perspective

The burst of research papers focused on the tissue engineering and regeneration recorded in the last years is justified by the increased skills in the synthesis of nanostructures able to confer peculiar biological and mechanical features to the matrix where they are dispersed. Inorganic, organic and hybrid nanostructures are proposed in the literature depending on the characteristic that has to be tuned and on the effect that has to be induced. In the field of the inorganic nanoparticles used for decorating the bio-scaffolds, the most recent contributions about the paramagnetic and superparamagnetic nanoparticles use was evaluated in the present contribution. The intrinsic properties of the paramagnetic nanoparticles, the possibility to be triggered by the simple application of an external magnetic field, their biocompatibility and the easiness of the synthetic procedures for obtaining them proposed these nanostructures as ideal candidates for positively enhancing the tissue regeneration. Herein, we divided the discussion into two macro-topics: the use of magnetic nanoparticles in scaffolds used for hard tissue engineering for soft tissue regeneration.

Polymer-Based Scaffolds for Soft-Tissue Engineering

Biomaterials have been used since ancient times. However, it was not until the late 1960s when their development prospered, increasing the research on them. In recent years, the study of biomaterials has focused mainly on tissue regeneration, requiring a biomaterial that can support cells during their growth and fulfill the function of the replaced tissue until its regeneration. These materials, called scaffolds, have been developed with a wide variety of materials and processes, with the polymer ones being the most advanced. For this reason, the need arises for a review that compiles the techniques most used in the development of polymer-based scaffolds. This review has focused on three of the most used techniques: freeze-drying, electrospinning and 3D printing, focusing on current and future trends. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of each of them have been compared.

Water Decontamination with Magnetic Particles by Adsorption and Chemical Degradation. Influence of the Manufacturing Parameters

Many different processes for manufacturing of magnetic particles are present in scientific literature. However, the large majority are not able to be applied to large-scale real operations. In this study, we present an experiment undertaken to determine advisable values and options for the main variables and factors for the application of the reverse co-precipitation method to produce magnetic particles for real environmental applications. In such, we have tried a conjugation of values/factors that has led to 12 main experiments and production of 12 different particles. After an initial study concerning their main characteristics, these 12 different particles were applied for the sorption removal of COD from real wastewater samples (efficiencies between 70% and 81%) and degradation of Methylene blue by Fenton reaction (degradation efficiencies up to 100%). The main conclusion from this work is that the best set of values depends on the target environmental application, and this set of values were determined for the two applications studied.