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Laowpanitchakorn P, Zeng J, Piantino M, Uchida K, Katsuyama M, Matsusaki M. Biofabrication of engineered blood vessels for biomedical applications. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2024; 25:2330339. [PMID: 38633881 PMCID: PMC11022926 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2024.2330339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
To successfully engineer large-sized tissues, establishing vascular structures is essential for providing oxygen, nutrients, growth factors and cells to prevent necrosis at the core of the tissue. The diameter scale of the biofabricated vasculatures should range from 100 to 1,000 µm to support the mm-size tissue while being controllably aligned and spaced within the diffusion limit of oxygen. In this review, insights regarding biofabrication considerations and techniques for engineered blood vessels will be presented. Initially, polymers of natural and synthetic origins can be selected, modified, and combined with each other to support maturation of vascular tissue while also being biocompatible. After they are shaped into scaffold structures by different fabrication techniques, surface properties such as physical topography, stiffness, and surface chemistry play a major role in the endothelialization process after transplantation. Furthermore, biological cues such as growth factors (GFs) and endothelial cells (ECs) can be incorporated into the fabricated structures. As variously reported, fabrication techniques, especially 3D printing by extrusion and 3D printing by photopolymerization, allow the construction of vessels at a high resolution with diameters in the desired range. Strategies to fabricate of stable tubular structures with defined channels will also be discussed. This paper provides an overview of the many advances in blood vessel engineering and combinations of different fabrication techniques up to the present time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinfeng Zeng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Marie Piantino
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- The Consortium for Future Innovation by Cultured Meat, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Uchida
- Materials Solution Department, Product Analysis Center, Panasonic Holdings Corporation, Kadoma, Osaka, Japan
| | - Misa Katsuyama
- Materials Solution Department, Product Analysis Center, Panasonic Holdings Corporation, Kadoma, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michiya Matsusaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- The Consortium for Future Innovation by Cultured Meat, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Sharma P, Singh J, Singh B. Evaluation of physiochemical and biomedical properties of psyllium-poly(vinyl phosphonic acid-co-acrylamide)-cl-N,N-methylene bis acrylamide based hydrogels. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129546. [PMID: 38246461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Present investigation deals with the synthesis of psyllium based copolymeric hydrogels and evaluation of their physiochemical and biomedical properties. These copolymers have been prepared by grafting of poly(vinyl phosphonic acid) (poly (VPA)) and poly(acrylamide) (poly(AAm)) onto psyllium in the presence of crosslinker N,N-methylene bis acrylamide (NNMBA). These copolymers [psyllium-poly(VPA-co-AAm)-cl-NNMBA] were characterized by field emission-scanning electron micrographs (FE-SEM), electron dispersion X-ray analysis (EDAX), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)- differential thermal analysis (DTG). FESEM, AFM and XRD demonstrated heterogeneous morphology with a rough surface and an amorphous nature. Diffusion of ornidazole occurred with a non-Fickian diffusion mechanism, and the release profile data was fitted in the Korsemeyer-Peppas kinetic model. Biochemical analysis of hydrogel properties confirmed the blood-compatible nature during blood-polymer interactions and revealed haemolysis value 3.95 ± 0.05 %. The hydrogels exhibited mucoadhesive character during biomembrane-polymer interactions and demonstrated detachment force = 99.0 ± 0.016 mN. During 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl reagent (DPPH) assay, free radical scavenging was observed 37.83 ± 3.64 % which illustrated antioxidant properties of hydrogels. Physiological and biomedical properties revealed that these hydrogels could be explored for drug delivery uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla 171005, India
| | - Jasvir Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla 171005, India
| | - Baljit Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla 171005, India.
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Kafili G, Niknejad H, Tamjid E, Simchi A. Amnion-derived hydrogels as a versatile platform for regenerative therapy: from lab to market. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1358977. [PMID: 38468689 PMCID: PMC10925797 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1358977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the amnion (AM) has emerged as a versatile tool for stimulating tissue regeneration and has been of immense interest for clinical applications. AM is an abundant and cost-effective tissue source that does not face strict ethical issues for biomedical applications. The outstanding biological attributes of AM, including side-dependent angiogenesis, low immunogenicity, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and antibacterial properties facilitate its usage for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, the clinical usage of thin AM sheets is accompanied by some limitations, such as handling without folding or tearing and the necessity for sutures to keep the material over the wound, which requires additional considerations. Therefore, processing the decellularized AM (dAM) tissue into a temperature-sensitive hydrogel has expanded its processability and applicability as an injectable hydrogel for minimally invasive therapies and a source of bioink for the fabrication of biomimetic tissue constructs by recapitulating desired biochemical cues or pre-defined architectural design. This article reviews the multi-functionality of dAM hydrogels for various biomedical applications, including skin repair, heart treatment, cartilage regeneration, endometrium regeneration, vascular graft, dental pulp regeneration, and cell culture/carrier platform. Not only recent and cutting-edge research is reviewed but also available commercial products are introduced and their main features and shortcomings are elaborated. Besides the great potential of AM-derived hydrogels for regenerative therapy, intensive interdisciplinary studies are still required to modify their mechanical and biological properties in order to broaden their therapeutic benefits and biomedical applications. Employing additive manufacturing techniques (e.g., bioprinting), nanotechnology approaches (e.g., inclusion of various bioactive nanoparticles), and biochemical alterations (e.g., modification of dAM matrix with photo-sensitive molecules) are of particular interest. This review article aims to discuss the current function of dAM hydrogels for the repair of target tissues and identifies innovative methods for broadening their potential applications for nanomedicine and healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golara Kafili
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Institute for Convergence Science and Technology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Niknejad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Tamjid
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Simchi
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Institute for Convergence Science and Technology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Bioscience and Technology, Institute for Convergence Science and Technology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Hu Z, Luo Y, Ni R, Hu Y, Yang F, Du T, Zhu Y. Biological importance of human amniotic membrane in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Mater Today Bio 2023; 22:100790. [PMID: 37711653 PMCID: PMC10498009 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The human amniotic membrane (hAM) is the innermost layer of the placenta. Its distinctive structure and the biological and physical characteristics make it a highly biocompatible material in a variety of regenerative medicine applications. It also acts as a supply of bioactive factors and cells, which indicate the advantages over other tissues. In this review, we firstly discussed the biological properties of hAM-derived cells in vivo or in vitro, along with their stemness of markers, pointing out a promising source of stem cells for regenerative medicine. Then, we systematically summarized current knowledge on the collection, preparation, preservation, and decellularization of hAM, as well as their characteristics helping to improve the understanding of applications in tissue engineering. Finally, we highlighted the recent advances in which hAM has undergone additional modifications to achieve an adequate perspective of regenerative medicine applications. More investigations are required in utilizing appropriate modifications to enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of hAM in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeming Hu
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yang Luo
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Renhao Ni
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yiwei Hu
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Tianyu Du
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yabin Zhu
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
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Li Y, An S, Deng C, Xiao S. Human Acellular Amniotic Membrane as Skin Substitute and Biological Scaffold: A Review of Its Preparation, Preclinical Research, and Clinical Application. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2249. [PMID: 37765218 PMCID: PMC10534359 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human acellular amniotic membrane (HAAM) has emerged as a promising tool in the field of regenerative medicine, particularly for wound healing and tissue regeneration. HAAM provides a natural biological scaffold with low immunogenicity and good anti-infective and anti-scarring results. Despite its potential, the clinic application of HAAM faces challenges, particularly with respect to the preparation methods and its low mechanical strength. This review provides a comprehensive overview of HAAM, covering its preparation, sterilization, preclinical research, and clinical applications. This review also discusses promising decellularization and sterilization methods, such as Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SC-CO2), and the need for further research into the regenerative mechanisms of HAAM. In addition, we discuss the potential of HAAM as a skin dressing and cell delivery system in preclinical research and clinical applications. Both the safety and effectiveness of HAAM have been validated by extensive research, which provides a robust foundation for its clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqi Li
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China;
| | - Siyu An
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China;
| | - Chengliang Deng
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China;
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China;
| | - Shune Xiao
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China;
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Damage Repair and Regeneration Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China;
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Hu Q, Chen C, Lin Z, Zhang L, Guan S, Zhuang X, Dong G, Shen J. The Antimicrobial Peptide Esculentin-1a(1-21)NH 2 Stimulates Wound Healing by Promoting Angiogenesis through the PI3K/AKT Pathway. Biol Pharm Bull 2023; 46:382-393. [PMID: 36385013 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Delayed wound healing is a persistent medical problem mainly caused by decreased angiogenesis. Esculentin-1a(1-21)NH2 [Esc-1a(1-21)NH2], has broad-spectrum antibacterial properties which comes from frog skins. It has shown promise as a treatment for wound healing. However, its effects on angiogenesis as well as the mechanism by which esc-1a(1-21)NH2 enhanced wound healing remained unclear. In this study, we analyzed the structural properties and biocompatibility of esc-1a(1-21)NH2 and evaluated its effect on wound closure using a full-thickness excision model in mice. Our results showed that esc-1a(1-21)NH2 significantly accelerated wound healing by increasing collagen deposition and angiogenesis, characterized by elevated expression levels of platelet, endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Furthermore, the angiogenic activity of esc-1a(1-21)NH2 was confirmed in vitro by various assays. Esc-1a(1-21)NH2 significantly promoted cell migration and cell proliferation in human umbilical vein vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) via activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway, and upregulated the expression of CD31 at both mRNA and protein levels. The effect of esc-1a(1-21)NH2 on angiogenesis was diminished by LY294002, a PI3K pathway inhibitor. Taken together, this study demonstrates that esc-1a(1-21)NH2 accelerates wound closure in mice by promoting angiogenesis via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, suggesting its effective application in the treatment of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
| | - Chujun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
| | - Zhenming Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
| | - Liyao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
| | - Sujiuan Guan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
| | - Xiaoyan Zhuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
| | - Guangfu Dong
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences
| | - Juan Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
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Kafili G, Tamjid E, Niknejad H, Simchi A. Development of injectable hydrogels based on human amniotic membrane and polyethyleneglycol-modified nanosilicates for tissue engineering applications. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chu T, Dai C, Li X, Gao L, Yin H, Ge J. Extravascular rapamycin film inhibits the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition through the autophagy pathway to prevent vein graft restenosis. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 137:212836. [PMID: 35929241 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Following vein grafting, the vein must adapt to arterial hemodynamics, which can lead to intimal hyperplasia (IH) and restenosis. Moreover, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) components are highly associated with IH. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to design an extravascular film loaded with rapamycin (extravascular rapamycin film [ERF]) to limit vein graft stenosis. The film exhibited stable physicochemical properties as well as in vivo and in vitro biocompatibility. In vivo, the film inhibited the EndMT by activating the autophagy pathway. Moreover, rapamycin enhanced this biological effect. Collectively, these findings highlighted the applicability of ERF as a new therapeutic target for preventing vein graft restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Chu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Chun Dai
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Xiang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Hongyan Yin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Jianjun Ge
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China.
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Liang M, Wei D, Yao Z, Ren P, Dai J, Xu L, Zhang T, Zhang Q. Hydrogel Adhesive Formed via Multiple Chemical Interactions: From Persistent Wet Adhesion to Rapid Hemostasis. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:1486-1497. [DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01848e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thus far, robust and durable adhesion capability of hydrogel adhesive in wet environment remains a huge challenge. Here, a chemically-physically double-network cross-linked hydrogel matrix was prepared by first mixing acrylic...
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Zhao Y, Tian C, Wu K, Zhou X, Feng K, Li Z, Wang Z, Han X. Vancomycin-Loaded Polycaprolactone Electrospinning Nanofibers Modulate the Airway Interfaces to Restrain Tracheal Stenosis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:760395. [PMID: 34869271 PMCID: PMC8637453 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.760395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Site-specific release of therapeutics at the infected trachea remains a great challenge in clinic. This work aimed to develop a series of vancomycin (VA)-loaded polycaprolactone (PCL) composite nanofiber films (PVNF-n, n = 0, 1, and 5, respectively) via the electrospinning technique. The physiochemical and biological properties of PVNF-n were evaluated by a series of tests, such as FT-IR, XRD, SEM-EDS, and antibacterial assay. The PVNF-n samples displayed a typical network structure of fibers with random directions. VA was successfully introduced into the PCL nanofibers and could be sustained and released. More importantly, PVNF-5 showed relatively good antibacterial activity against both methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPn). Thus, PVNF-5 was covered onto the self-expandable metallic stent and then implanted into a New Zealand rabbit model to repair tracheal stenosis. Compared to a metallic stent, a commercial pellosil matrix–covered stent, and a PVNF-0–covered metallic stent, the PVNF-5–covered airway stent showed reduced granulation tissue thickness, collagen density, α-SMA, CD68, TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 expression. In conclusion, this work provides an anti-infection film–covered airway stent that in site restrains tracheal stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhao
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune Related Disease, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuan Tian
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kunpeng Wu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xueliang Zhou
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kexing Feng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaonan Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune Related Disease, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinwei Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Dadkhah Tehrani F, Firouzeh A, Shabani I, Shabani A. A Review on Modifications of Amniotic Membrane for Biomedical Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:606982. [PMID: 33520961 PMCID: PMC7839407 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.606982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The amniotic membrane (AM) is the innermost layer of the fetal placenta, which surrounds and protects the fetus. Its unique structure, in addition to its physical and biological properties, makes it a useful substance in many applications related to regenerative medicine. The use of this fantastic substance with a century-old history has produced remarkable results in vivo, in vitro, and even in clinical studies. While the intact or preserved AM is widely used for these purposes, the addition of further modifications to AM can be considered as a relatively new subject in its applications. These modifications are applied to improve AM properties, ease of handling, and durability. Here, we will discuss the cases in which AM has undergone additional modifications besides the required processes for sterilization and preservation. In this article, we have categorized these modifications and discussed their applications and results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Dadkhah Tehrani
- Cell Engineering and Bio-microsystems Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Faculty, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arezoo Firouzeh
- Cell Engineering and Bio-microsystems Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Faculty, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman Shabani
- Cell Engineering and Bio-microsystems Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Faculty, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Shabani
- Preventative Gynecology Research Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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