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Gawel AM, Betkowska A, Gajda E, Godlewska M, Gawel D. Current Non-Metal Nanoparticle-Based Therapeutic Approaches for Glioblastoma Treatment. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1822. [PMID: 39200286 PMCID: PMC11351974 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The increase in the variety of nano-based tools offers new possibilities to approach the therapy of poorly treatable tumors, which includes glioblastoma multiforme (GBM; a primary brain tumor). The available nanocomplexes exhibit great potential as vehicles for the targeted delivery of anti-GBM compounds, including chemotherapeutics, nucleic acids, and inhibitors. The main advantages of nanoparticles (NPs) include improved drug stability, increased penetration of the blood-brain barrier, and better precision of tumor targeting. Importantly, alongside their drug-delivery ability, NPs may also present theranostic properties, including applications for targeted imaging or photothermal therapy of malignant brain cells. The available NPs can be classified into two categories according to their core, which can be metal or non-metal based. Among non-metal NPs, the most studied in regard to GBM treatment are exosomes, liposomes, cubosomes, polymeric NPs, micelles, dendrimers, nanogels, carbon nanotubes, and silica- and selenium-based NPs. They are characterized by satisfactory stability and biocompatibility, limited toxicity, and high accumulation in the targeted tumor tissue. Moreover, they can be easily functionalized for the improved delivery of their cargo to GBM cells. Therefore, the non-metal NPs discussed here, offer a promising approach to improving the treatment outcomes of aggressive GBM tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata M. Gawel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Betkowska
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.); (E.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Ewa Gajda
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.); (E.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Marlena Godlewska
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.); (E.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Damian Gawel
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland; (A.B.); (E.G.); (M.G.)
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Barbosa HFG, Piva HL, Matsuo FS, de Lima SCG, de Souza LEB, Osako MK, Tedesco AC. Hybrid lipid-biopolymer nanocarrier as a strategy for GBM photodynamic therapy (PDT). Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124647. [PMID: 37146851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common brain cancer characterized by aggressive and infiltrated tumors. For this, hybrid biopolymer-lipid nanoparticles coated with biopolymers such-as chitosan and lipidic nanocarriers (LN) loaded with a photosensitizer (AlClPc) can be used for GBM photodynamic therapy. The chitosan-coated LN exhibited stable physicochemical characteristics and presented as an excellent lipid nanocarrier with highly efficiently encapsulated photosensitizer chloro-aluminum phthalocyanine (AlClPc). LN(AlClPc)Ct0.1 % in the presence of light produced more reactive oxygen species and reduced brain tumor cell viability and proliferation. Confirm the effects in vivo LN applications with photodynamic therapy confirmed that the total brain tumor area decreased without systemic toxicity in mice. These results suggest a promising strategy for future clinical applications to improve brain cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen Franciane Gonçalves Barbosa
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Henrique Luis Piva
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Flavia Sayuri Matsuo
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Sarah Caroline Gomes de Lima
- Gene Transfer Laboratory - Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Lucas Eduardo Botelho de Souza
- Gene Transfer Laboratory - Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Mariana Kiomy Osako
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil.
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Geng T, Leung E, Chamley LW, Wu Z. Functionalisation of extracellular vesicles with cyclic-RGDyC potentially for glioblastoma targeted intracellular drug delivery. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 149:213388. [PMID: 37003022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
With the intrinsic ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) hold promise as endogenous brain-targeted drug delivery nano-platforms for glioblastoma (GBM) treatment. To increase GBM targetability, this study aimed to functionalise sEVs with cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-tyrosine-cysteine (cRGDyC), a ligand for integrin (αvβ3) that is overexpressed in GBM cells. Firstly, the intrinsic cellular uptake of sEVs derived from GBM U87 and pancreatic cancer MIA PaCa-2 cells was investigated on the donor cells. To obtain functionalised sEVs (cRGDyC-sEVs), DSPE-mPEG2000-maleimide was incubated with the selected (U87) sEVs, and cRGDyC was subsequently conjugated to the maleimide groups via a thiol-maleimide coupling reaction. The GBM cell targetability and intracellular trafficking of cRGDyC-sEVs were evaluated on U87 cells by fluorescence and confocal microscopy, using unmodified sEVs as a reference. The cytotoxicity of doxorubicin-loaded vesicles (Dox@sEVs, Dox@cRGDyC-sEVs) was compared with a standard liposome formulation (Dox@Liposomes) and free Dox. Both U87 and MIA PaCa-2 cell-derived sEVs displayed tropism with the former being >4.9-fold more efficient to be internalised into U87. Therefore, the U87-derived sEVs were chosen for GBM-targeting. Approximately 4000 DSPE-mPEG2000-maleimide were inserted onto each sEV with cRGDyC conjugated to the maleimide group. The cell targetability of cRGDyC-sEVs to U87 cells improved 2.4-fold than natural sEVs. Despite their proneness to be colocalised with endosomes/lysosomes, both Dox@sEVs and Dox@cRGDyC-sEVs showed superior cytotoxicity to U87 GBM cells compared to Dox@Liposomes, particularly Dox@cRGDyC-sEVs. Overall, U87-derived sEVs were successufully conjugated with cRGDyC via a PEG linker, and cRGDyC-sEVs were demonstrated to be a potnetial integrin-targeting drug delivery vehicle for GBM treatment. Graphic abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Geng
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Euphemia Leung
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence W Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Hub for Extracellular Vesicles Investigations, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zimei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
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Alves SR, Calori IR, Bi H, Tedesco AC. Characterization of glioblastoma spheroid models for drug screening and phototherapy assays. OPENNANO 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2022.100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Bajracharya R, Song JG, Patil BR, Lee SH, Noh HM, Kim DH, Kim GL, Seo SH, Park JW, Jeong SH, Lee CH, Han HK. Functional ligands for improving anticancer drug therapy: current status and applications to drug delivery systems. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:1959-1970. [PMID: 35762636 PMCID: PMC9246174 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2089296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional chemotherapy lacking target selectivity often leads to severe side effects, limiting the effectiveness of chemotherapy. Therefore, drug delivery systems ensuring both selective drug release and efficient intracellular uptake at the target sites are highly demanded in chemotherapy to improve the quality of life of patients with low toxicity. One of the effective approaches for tumor-selective drug delivery is the adoption of functional ligands that can interact with specific receptors overexpressed in malignant cancer cells. Various functional ligands including folic acid, hyaluronic acid, transferrin, peptides, and antibodies, have been extensively explored to develop tumor-selective drug delivery systems. Furthermore, cell-penetrating peptides or ligands for tight junction opening are also actively pursued to improve the intracellular trafficking of anticancer drugs. Sometimes, multiple ligands with different roles are used in combination to enhance the cellular uptake as well as target selectivity of anticancer drugs. In this review, the current status of various functional ligands applicable to improve the effectiveness of cancer chemotherapy is overviewed with a focus on their roles, characteristics, and preclinical/clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jae Geun Song
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | | | - Sang Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hye-Mi Noh
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Da-Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Gyu-Lin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Soo-Hwa Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Ji-Won Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | | | - Chang Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hyo-Kyung Han
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
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Nanoemulsion applications in photodynamic therapy. J Control Release 2022; 351:164-173. [PMID: 36165834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanoemulsion, or nanoscaled-size emulsions, is a thermodynamically stable system formed by blending two immiscible liquids, blended with an emulsifying agent to produce a single phase. Nanoemulsion science has advanced rapidly in recent years, and it has opened up new opportunities in a variety of fields, including pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, food, and cosmetics. Nanoemulsion has been recognized as a potential drug delivery technology for various drugs, such as photosensitizing agents (PS). In photodynamic therapy (PDT), PSs produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species under specific light irradiation, which oxidize the surrounding tissues. Over the past decades, the idea of PS-loaded nanoemulsions has received researchers' attention due to their ability to overcome several limitations of common PSs, such as limited permeability, non-specific phototoxicity, hydrophobicity, low bioavailability, and self-aggregation tendency. This review aims to provide fundamental knowledge of nanoemulsion formulations and the principles of PDT. It also discusses nanoemulsion-based PDT strategies and examines nanoemulsion advantages for PDT, highlighting future possibilities for nanoemulsion use.
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Barbosa HFG, Piva HL, Tedesco AC. Lysosomal tracking with red-fluorescent solid lipid nanoparticles. OPENNANO 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2022.100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ceron Jayme C, Rezende N, S Fernandes D, B de Paula L, Gimenes de Castro B, U Takahashi LA, Tedesco AC. Target selectivity of cholesterol-phosphatidylcholine liposome loaded with phthalocyanine for breast cancer diagnosis and treatment by photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 39:102992. [PMID: 35803557 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the ability of cholesterol-phosphatidylcholine liposomes loaded with chloride aluminum phthalocyanine (CL-AlClPc) to discriminate between healthy (MCF-10A) and neoplastic (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) breast cells for breast cancer diagnosis and treatment by photodynamic therapy (PDT) using a new drug delivery system consisting of CL-AlClPc. When PDT treatment was applied at an energy fluence of 700 mJ/cm², CL-AlClPc was more cytotoxic to neoplastic cells than to healthy breast cells because CL-AlClPc was better internalized by the tumor cells. An even higher fluorescence signal is expected for neoplastic cells during clinical treatment than for healthy cells, which will be useful for precise and targeted tumor cell detection. CL-AlClPc also facilitated better drug distribution and targeting of essential organelles inside the cells. This selectivity is critical for future in vivo diagnosis and treatment; it prevents side effects because it prioritizes tumor cells and tissues instead of healthy ones. The CL-AlClPc system designed herein had a small size (150 nm), low zeta potential (-6 mV), low polydispersity (0.16), high encapsulation rate efficiency (82.83%), and high shelf stability (12 months).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Ceron Jayme
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering - Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Nayara Rezende
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering - Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Daniela S Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering - Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Leonardo B de Paula
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering - Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Gimenes de Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering - Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Luandra Aparecida U Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering - Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering - Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil.
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Pereira ELR, Feio DCA, Tavares JPL, Morikawa NM, Deus DF, Vital CG, Tavares ER, Maranhão RC. Uptake of lipid core nanoparticles by fragments of tissues collected during cerebral tumor excision surgeries: hypotheses for use in drug targeting therapy. J Neurooncol 2022; 158:413-421. [PMID: 35612697 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-022-04028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Malignant cerebral tumors have poor prognosis and the blood-brain barrier is a major hindrance for most drugs to reach those tumors. Lipid nanoparticles (LDE) that bind to lipoprotein receptors may carry anticancer drugs and penetrate the cells through those receptors that are overexpressed in gliomas. The aim was to investigate the in vivo uptake of LDE by human cerebral tumors. METHODS Twelve consecutive patients (4 with glioblastomas, 1 meduloblastoma, 1 primary lymphoma, 2 with non-cerebral metastases and 4 with benign tumors) scheduled for tumor excision surgery were injected intravenously, 12 h before surgery, with LDE labeled 14C-cholesterol oleate. Fragments of tumors and of normal head tissues (muscle, periosteum, dura mater) discarded by the surgeon were submitted to lipid extraction and radioactive counting. RESULTS Tumor LDE uptake (range: 10-283 d.p.m./g of tissue) was not lower than that of normal tissues (range: 20-263 d.p.m./g). Malignant tumor uptake was threefold greater than benign tumor uptake (140 ± 93 vs 46 ± 18 d.p.m./g, p < 0.05). Results show that LDE can concentrate in brain malignant tumors and may be used to carry drugs directed against those tumors. CONCLUSION As LDE was previously shown to markedly decrease drug toxicity this new therapeutic strategy should be tested in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmundo Luís Rodrigues Pereira
- Servico de Cirurgia, Nucleo de Pesquisas em Neurooncologia, Hospital Universitario Joao de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Para, Belem, Para, Brazil
| | | | - João Pojucan Lobo Tavares
- Servico de Cirurgia, Nucleo de Pesquisas em Neurooncologia, Hospital Universitario Joao de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Para, Belem, Para, Brazil
| | - Natalia Megumi Morikawa
- Servico de Cirurgia, Nucleo de Pesquisas em Neurooncologia, Hospital Universitario Joao de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Para, Belem, Para, Brazil
| | - Debora Fernandes Deus
- Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Graziani Vital
- Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine Rufo Tavares
- Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raul Cavalcante Maranhão
- Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Ciencias e Tecnologia em Fluidos Complexos (INCT-FCx), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Metabolismo e Lípides, Instituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, bloco 2, 1º subsolo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Li X, Geng X, Chen Z, Yuan Z. Recent advances in glioma microenvironment-response nanoplatforms for phototherapy and sonotherapy. Pharmacol Res 2022; 179:106218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Jayme CC, Pires AF, Fernandes DS, Bi H, Tedesco AC. DNA polymer films used as drug delivery systems to early-stage diagnose and treatment of breast cancer using 3D tumor spheroids as a model. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 37:102575. [PMID: 34628073 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study examines the designer of DNA polymeric films (DNA-PFs) associated with aluminum chloride phthalocyanine (AlClPc) (DNA-PFs-AlClPc), as a promising drug delivery system (DDS), applicable for breast cancer treatment and early-stage diagnosis using photodynamic therapy (PDT). This study starts evaluating (MCF7) as a model for breast cancer cell behavior associated with DNA-PFs. Analyses of the morphological behaviors, biochemical reaction, and MCF7 cell adhesion profile on DNA-PFs were evaluated. SEM and AFM analysis allowed the morphological characterization of the DNA-PFs. Cell viability and cell cycle kinetics studies indicate highly biocompatible material capable of anchoring MCF7 cells, allowing the attachment and support of cell in the same structure where the insertion of AlClPc (DNA-PFs-AlClPc). The application of visible light photoactivation based on classical PDT protocol over the DNA-PFs-AlClPc showed a reduction in cell viability with increased cell death proportional to the fluency energy range from 600, 900, and 1800 mJ cm-2. The 3D organoid system mimics the tumor microenvironment which was precisely observed in human breast cancer in early-stage progression in the body. The results observed indicate that the viability was reduced by more than 80% in monolayer culture and around 50% in the 3D organoid cell culture at the highest energy fluency (1800 mJ cm-2). We could also point out that with low energy fluency (100 mJ cm-2,), the DNA-PFs-AlClPc did not show a cytotoxic effect on MCF7 cells, enabling this user dose for the photodiagnosis of early-stage human breast cancer detection in the initial stage of progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Ceron Jayme
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering -Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Ananda Ferreira Pires
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering -Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Daniela Silvestrini Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering -Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Hong Bi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering -Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14040-901, Brazil; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China.
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