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Ignatieva EV, Lashin SA, Mustafin ZS, Kolchanov NA. Evolution of human genes encoding cell surface receptors involved in the regulation of appetite: an analysis based on the phylostratigraphic age and divergence indexes. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2023; 27:829-838. [PMID: 38213702 PMCID: PMC10777300 DOI: 10.18699/vjgb-23-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Genes encoding cell surface receptors make up a significant portion of the human genome (more than a thousand genes) and play an important role in gene networks. Cell surface receptors are transmembrane proteins that interact with molecules (ligands) located outside the cell. This interaction activates signal transduction pathways in the cell. A large number of exogenous ligands of various origins, including drugs, are known for cell surface receptors, which accounts for interest in them from biomedical researchers. Appetite (the desire of the animal organism to consume food) is one of the most primitive instincts that contribute to survival. However, when the supply of nutrients is stable, the mechanism of adaptation to adverse factors acquired in the course of evolution turned out to be excessive, and therefore obesity has become one of the most serious public health problems of the twenty-first century. Pathological human conditions characterized by appetite violations include both hyperphagia, which inevitably leads to obesity, and anorexia nervosa induced by psychosocial stimuli, as well as decreased appetite caused by neurodegeneration, inflammation or cancer. Understanding the evolutionary mechanisms of human diseases, especially those related to lifestyle changes that have occurred over the past 100-200 years, is of fundamental and applied importance. It is also very important to identify relationships between the evolutionary characteristics of genes in gene networks and the resistance of these networks to changes caused by mutations. The aim of the current study is to identify the distinctive features of human genes encoding cell surface receptors involved in appetite regulation using the phylostratigraphic age index (PAI) and divergence index (DI). The values of PAI and DI were analyzed for 64 human genes encoding cell surface receptors, the orthologs of which were involved in the regulation of appetite in model animal species. It turned out that the set of genes under consideration contains an increased number of genes with the same phylostratigraphic age (PAI = 5, the stage of vertebrate divergence), and almost all of these genes (28 out of 31) belong to the superfamily of G-protein coupled receptors. Apparently, the synchronized evolution of such a large group of genes (31 genes out of 64) is associated with the development of the brain as a separate organ in the first vertebrates. When studying the distribution of genes from the same set by DI values, a significant enrichment with genes having a low DIs was revealed: eight genes (GPR26, NPY1R, GHSR, ADIPOR1, DRD1, NPY2R, GPR171, NPBWR1) had extremely low DIs (less than 0.05). Such low DI values indicate that most likely these genes are subjected to stabilizing selection. It was also found that the group of genes with low DIs was enriched with genes that had brain-specific patterns of expression. In particular, GPR26, which had the lowest DI, is in the group of brain-specific genes. Because the endogenous ligand for the GPR26 receptor has not yet been identified, this gene seems to be an extremely interesting object for further theoretical and experimental research. We believe that the features of the genes encoding cell surface receptors we have identified using the evolutionary metrics PAI and DI can be a starting point for further evolutionary analysis of the gene network regulating appetite.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Ignatieva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - S A Lashin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Z S Mustafin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N A Kolchanov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Furukawa A, Shuchi Y, Wang J, Guillen-Poza PA, Ishizuka S, Kagoshima M, Ikeno R, Kumeta H, Yamasaki S, Matsumaru T, Saitoh T, Maenaka K. Structural basis for plastic glycolipid recognition of the C-type lectin Mincle. Structure 2023; 31:1077-1085.e5. [PMID: 37348496 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Mincle (macrophage-inducible C-type lectin, CLEC4E) is a C-type lectin immune-stimulatory receptor for cord factor, trehalose dimycolate (TDM), which serves as a potent component of adjuvants. The recognition of glycolipids by Mincle, especially their lipid parts, is poorly understood. Here, we performed nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, revealing that titration of trehalose harboring a linear short acyl chain showed a chemical shift perturbation of hydrophobic residues next to the Ca-binding site. Notably, there were split signals for Tyr201 upon complex formation, indicating two binding modes for the acyl chain. In addition, most Mincle residues close to the Ca-binding site showed no observable signals, suggesting their mobility on an ∼ ms scale even after complex formation. Mutagenesis study supported two putative lipid-binding modes for branched acyl-chain TDM binding. These results provide novel insights into the plastic-binding modes of Mincle toward a wide range of glycol- and glycerol-lipids, important for rational adjuvant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Furukawa
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shuchi
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Pablo Adrian Guillen-Poza
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shigenari Ishizuka
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Misuzu Kagoshima
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Risa Ikeno
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kumeta
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takanori Matsumaru
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Takashi Saitoh
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo 006-8585, Japan
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research & Development, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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3
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Bajracharya R, Song JG, Patil BR, Lee SH, Noh HM, Kim DH, Kim GL, Seo SH, Park JW, Jeong SH, Lee CH, Han HK. Functional ligands for improving anticancer drug therapy: current status and applications to drug delivery systems. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:1959-1970. [PMID: 35762636 PMCID: PMC9246174 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2089296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional chemotherapy lacking target selectivity often leads to severe side effects, limiting the effectiveness of chemotherapy. Therefore, drug delivery systems ensuring both selective drug release and efficient intracellular uptake at the target sites are highly demanded in chemotherapy to improve the quality of life of patients with low toxicity. One of the effective approaches for tumor-selective drug delivery is the adoption of functional ligands that can interact with specific receptors overexpressed in malignant cancer cells. Various functional ligands including folic acid, hyaluronic acid, transferrin, peptides, and antibodies, have been extensively explored to develop tumor-selective drug delivery systems. Furthermore, cell-penetrating peptides or ligands for tight junction opening are also actively pursued to improve the intracellular trafficking of anticancer drugs. Sometimes, multiple ligands with different roles are used in combination to enhance the cellular uptake as well as target selectivity of anticancer drugs. In this review, the current status of various functional ligands applicable to improve the effectiveness of cancer chemotherapy is overviewed with a focus on their roles, characteristics, and preclinical/clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jae Geun Song
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | | | - Sang Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hye-Mi Noh
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Da-Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Gyu-Lin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Soo-Hwa Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Ji-Won Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | | | - Chang Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hyo-Kyung Han
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
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Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a rapidly evolving pandemic worldwide with at least 68 million COVID-19-positive cases and a mortality rate of about 2.2%, as of 10 December 2020. About 20% of COVID-19 patients exhibit moderate to severe symptoms. Severe COVID-19 manifests as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with elevated plasma proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10/IP10), macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1α), and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), with low levels of interferon type I (IFN-I) in the early stage and elevated levels of IFN-I during the advanced stage of COVID-19. Most of the severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients have had preexisting comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and respiratory diseases. These conditions are known to perturb the levels of cytokines, chemokines, and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), an essential receptor involved in SARS-CoV-2 entry into the host cells. ACE2 downregulation during SARS-CoV-2 infection activates the angiotensin II/angiotensin receptor (AT1R)-mediated hypercytokinemia and hyperinflammatory syndrome. However, several SARS-CoV-2 proteins, including open reading frame 3b (ORF3b), ORF6, ORF7, ORF8, and the nucleocapsid (N) protein, can inhibit IFN type I and II (IFN-I and -II) production. Thus, hyperinflammation, in combination with the lack of IFN responses against SARS-CoV-2 early on during infection, makes the patients succumb rapidly to COVID-19. Therefore, therapeutic approaches involving anti-cytokine/anti-cytokine-signaling and IFN therapy would favor the disease prognosis in COVID-19. This review describes critical host and viral factors underpinning the inflammatory "cytokine storm" induction and IFN antagonism during COVID-19 pathogenesis. Therapeutic approaches to reduce hyperinflammation and their limitations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhamani Ramasamy
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI) at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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Dlamini Z, Hull R, Mbatha SZ, Alaouna M, Qiao YL, Yu H, Chatziioannou A. Prognostic Alternative Splicing Signatures in Esophageal Carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:4509-4527. [PMID: 34113176 PMCID: PMC8186946 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s305464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is a method of increasing the number of proteins that the genome is capable of coding for, by altering the pre-mRNA during its maturation. This process provides the ability of a broad range of proteins to arise from a single gene. AS events are known to occur in up to 94% of human genes. Cumulative data have shown that aberrant AS functionality is a major factor in human diseases. This review focuses on the contribution made by aberrant AS functionality in the development and progression of esophageal cancer. The changes in the pattern of expression of alternately spliced isoforms in esophageal cancer can be used as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. Additionally, these can be used as targets for the development of new treatments for esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zodwa Dlamini
- SAMRC Precision Prevention & Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rodney Hull
- SAMRC Precision Prevention & Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sikhumbuzo Z Mbatha
- Department of Surgery, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mohammed Alaouna
- SAMRC Precision Prevention & Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - You-Lin Qiao
- SAMRC Precision Prevention & Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Cancer Institute/Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Herbert Yu
- SAMRC Precision Prevention & Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Aristotelis Chatziioannou
- SAMRC Precision Prevention & Novel Drug Targets for HIV-Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Center of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,e-NIOS Applications PC, Kallithea, Athens, 17676, Greece
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6
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Meineke B, Heimgärtner J, Eirich J, Landreh M, Elsässer SJ. Site-Specific Incorporation of Two ncAAs for Two-Color Bioorthogonal Labeling and Crosslinking of Proteins on Live Mammalian Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107811. [PMID: 32579937 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pyrrolysyl-tRNA/pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylT/RS) pair from the archaeon Methanosarcina mazei (Mma) is widely used in protein engineering to site-specifically introduce noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) through nonsense codon suppression. Here, we engineer the PylT/RS pair encoded by Methanogenic archaeon ISO4-G1 (G1) to be orthogonal to Mma PylT/RS and alter the G1 PylRS active site to accept a complementary ncAA spectrum. We combine the resulting mutual orthogonal pairs for site-specific dual ncAA incorporation of two lysine analogs with high selectivity and efficiency. Demonstrating the robustness of the system, we incorporate two ncAAs with compatible bioorthogonal reactivity into a Notch receptor, as well as a G protein-coupled receptor. We show that selective and site-specific incorporation of two ncAAs allows for two-color bioorthogonal labeling as well as chemical-controlled crosslinking of surface proteins on live mammalian cells.
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7
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Robinson RA, Griffiths SC, van de Haar LL, Malinauskas T, van Battum EY, Zelina P, Schwab RA, Karia D, Malinauskaite L, Brignani S, van den Munkhof MH, Düdükcü Ö, De Ruiter AA, Van den Heuvel DMA, Bishop B, Elegheert J, Aricescu AR, Pasterkamp RJ, Siebold C. Simultaneous binding of Guidance Cues NET1 and RGM blocks extracellular NEO1 signaling. Cell 2021; 184:2103-2120.e31. [PMID: 33740419 PMCID: PMC8063088 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During cell migration or differentiation, cell surface receptors are simultaneously exposed to different ligands. However, it is often unclear how these extracellular signals are integrated. Neogenin (NEO1) acts as an attractive guidance receptor when the Netrin-1 (NET1) ligand binds, but it mediates repulsion via repulsive guidance molecule (RGM) ligands. Here, we show that signal integration occurs through the formation of a ternary NEO1-NET1-RGM complex, which triggers reciprocal silencing of downstream signaling. Our NEO1-NET1-RGM structures reveal a "trimer-of-trimers" super-assembly, which exists in the cell membrane. Super-assembly formation results in inhibition of RGMA-NEO1-mediated growth cone collapse and RGMA- or NET1-NEO1-mediated neuron migration, by preventing formation of signaling-compatible RGM-NEO1 complexes and NET1-induced NEO1 ectodomain clustering. These results illustrate how simultaneous binding of ligands with opposing functions, to a single receptor, does not lead to competition for binding, but to formation of a super-complex that diminishes their functional outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross A Robinson
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Samuel C Griffiths
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Lieke L van de Haar
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tomas Malinauskas
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Eljo Y van Battum
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Pavol Zelina
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rebekka A Schwab
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Dimple Karia
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Lina Malinauskaite
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Sara Brignani
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marleen H van den Munkhof
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Özge Düdükcü
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anna A De Ruiter
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dianne M A Van den Heuvel
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Bishop
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jonathan Elegheert
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - A Radu Aricescu
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
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9
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Wanke A, Rovenich H, Schwanke F, Velte S, Becker S, Hehemann JH, Wawra S, Zuccaro A. Plant species-specific recognition of long and short β-1,3-linked glucans is mediated by different receptor systems. Plant J 2020; 102:1142-1156. [PMID: 31925978 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants survey their environment for the presence of potentially harmful or beneficial microbes. During colonization, cell surface receptors perceive microbe-derived or modified-self ligands and initiate appropriate responses. The recognition of fungal chitin oligomers and the subsequent activation of plant immunity are well described. In contrast, the mechanisms underlying β-glucan recognition and signaling activation remain largely unexplored. Here, we systematically tested immune responses towards different β-glucan structures and show that responses vary between plant species. While leaves of the monocots Hordeum vulgare and Brachypodium distachyon can recognize longer (laminarin) and shorter (laminarihexaose) β-1,3-glucans with responses of varying intensity, duration and timing, leaves of the dicot Nicotiana benthamiana activate immunity in response to long β-1,3-glucans, whereas Arabidopsis thaliana and Capsella rubella perceive short β-1,3-glucans. Hydrolysis of the β-1,6 side-branches of laminarin demonstrated that not the glycosidic decoration but rather the degree of polymerization plays a pivotal role in the recognition of long-chain β-glucans. Moreover, in contrast to the recognition of short β-1,3-glucans in A. thaliana, perception of long β-1,3-glucans in N. benthamiana and rice is independent of CERK1, indicating that β-glucan recognition may be mediated by multiple β-glucan receptor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Wanke
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, 50679, Cologne, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hanna Rovenich
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, 50679, Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 50679, Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Schwanke
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, 50679, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefanie Velte
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, 50679, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Becker
- Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, MARUM, 28359, Bremen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Hehemann
- Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, MARUM, 28359, Bremen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Stephan Wawra
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, 50679, Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 50679, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, 50679, Cologne, Germany
- University of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), 50679, Cologne, Germany
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10
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Begum AA, Toth I, Hussein WM, Moyle PM. Advances in Targeted Gene Delivery. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 16:588-608. [PMID: 31142250 DOI: 10.2174/1567201816666190529072914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy has the potential to treat both acquired and inherited genetic diseases. Generally, two types of gene delivery vectors are used - viral vectors and non-viral vectors. Non-viral gene delivery systems have attracted significant interest (e.g. 115 gene therapies approved for clinical trials in 2018; clinicaltrials.gov) due to their lower toxicity, lack of immunogenicity and ease of production compared to viral vectors. To achieve the goal of maximal therapeutic efficacy with minimal adverse effects, the cell-specific targeting of non-viral gene delivery systems has attracted research interest. Targeting through cell surface receptors; the enhanced permeability and retention effect, or pH differences are potential means to target genes to specific organs, tissues, or cells. As for targeting moieties, receptorspecific ligand peptides, antibodies, aptamers and affibodies have been incorporated into synthetic nonviral gene delivery vectors to fulfill the requirement of active targeting. This review provides an overview of different potential targets and targeting moieties to target specific gene delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjuman A Begum
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, 4102, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, 4102, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Waleed M Hussein
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB), The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Peter M Moyle
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, 4102, Australia
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11
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Abstract
With the success of RNA-based therapeutic drugs, the demand has increased for sophisticated nucleic-acid-based targeting agents. Nucleic acid aptamers (NAAs), in this regard, represent a suitable class of molecules with synthetic versatility. Aptamers are composed of single-stranded RNA/DNA/XNA molecules, which can be identified using a method called systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) against any molecule. This Spotlight summarizes the recent introduction of ligand guided selection (LIGS), which will permit the identification of a wide range of functional aptamers against complex targets such as cell surface receptors while maintaining their native functional state. Aptamers identified from LIGS will allow researchers to develop aptamers in biomedicine as low-cost, stable therapeutic agents and diagnostic molecules or biochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan E Zumrut
- Ph.D. Programs in Chemistry and Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, CUNY Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Prabodhika R Mallikaratchy
- Department of Chemistry, Lehman College, The City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Boulevard West, Bronx, New York, New York 10468, United States.,Ph.D. Programs in Chemistry and Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, CUNY Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States.,Ph.D. Program in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, CUNY Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
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12
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Kavari SL, Shah K. Engineered stem cells targeting multiple cell surface receptors in tumors. Stem Cells 2019; 38:34-44. [PMID: 31381835 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple stem cell types exhibit inherent tropism for cancer, and engineered stem cells have been used as therapeutic agents to specifically target cancer cells. Recently, stem cells have been engineered to target multiple surface receptors on tumor cells, as well as endothelial and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the rationales and strategies for developing multiple receptor-targeted stem cells, their mechanisms of action, and the promises and challenges they hold as cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanam L Kavari
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging (CSTI), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Khalid Shah
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging (CSTI), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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13
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Cheng S, Ashley J, Kurleto JD, Lobb-Rabe M, Park YJ, Carrillo RA, Özkan E. Molecular basis of synaptic specificity by immunoglobulin superfamily receptors in Drosophila. eLife 2019; 8:41028. [PMID: 30688651 PMCID: PMC6374074 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In stereotyped neuronal networks, synaptic connectivity is dictated by cell surface proteins, which assign unique identities to neurons, and physically mediate axon guidance and synapse targeting. We recently identified two groups of immunoglobulin superfamily proteins in Drosophila, Dprs and DIPs, as strong candidates for synapse targeting functions. Here, we uncover the molecular basis of specificity in Dpr-DIP mediated cellular adhesions and neuronal connectivity. First, we present five crystal structures of Dpr-DIP and DIP-DIP complexes, highlighting the evolutionary and structural origins of diversification in Dpr and DIP proteins and their interactions. We further show that structures can be used to rationally engineer receptors with novel specificities or modified affinities, which can be used to study specific circuits that require Dpr-DIP interactions to help establish connectivity. We investigate one pair, engineered Dpr10 and DIP-α, for function in the neuromuscular circuit in flies, and reveal roles for homophilic and heterophilic binding in wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouqiang Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - James Ashley
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Justyna D Kurleto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoUnited States,Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and BiotechnologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | - Meike Lobb-Rabe
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoUnited States,Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Yeonhee Jenny Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Robert A Carrillo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Engin Özkan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
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14
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Heise C, Preuss JM, Schroeder JC, Battaglia CR, Kolibius J, Schmid R, Kreutz MR, Kas MJH, Burbach JPH, Boeckers TM. Heterogeneity of Cell Surface Glutamate and GABA Receptor Expression in Shank and CNTN4 Autism Mouse Models. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:212. [PMID: 29970989 PMCID: PMC6018460 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a large set of neurodevelopmental disorders, which have in common both repetitive behavior and abnormalities in social interactions and communication. Interestingly, most forms of ASD have a strong genetic contribution. However, the molecular underpinnings of this disorder remain elusive. The SHANK3 gene (and to a lesser degree SHANK2) which encode for the postsynaptic density (PSD) proteins SHANK3/SHANK2 and the CONTACTIN 4 gene which encodes for the neuronal glycoprotein CONTACTIN4 (CNTN4) exhibit mutated variants which are associated with ASD. Like many of the other genes associated with ASD, both SHANKs and CNTN4 affect synapse formation and function and are therefore related to the proper development and signaling capability of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal networks in the adult mammal brain. In this study, we used mutant/knock-out mice of Shank2 (Shank2−/−), Shank3 (Shank3αβ−/−), and Cntn4 (Cntn4−/−) as ASD-models to explore whether these mice share a molecular signature in glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic transmission in ASD-related brain regions. Using a biotinylation assay and subsequent western blotting we focused our analysis on cell surface expression of several ionotropic glutamate and GABA receptor subunits: GluA1, GluA2, and GluN1 were analyzed for excitatory synaptic transmission, and the α1 subunit of the GABAA receptor was analyzed for inhibitory synaptic transmission. We found that both Shank2−/− and Shank3αβ−/− mice exhibit reduced levels of several cell surface glutamate receptors in the analyzed brain regions—especially in the striatum and thalamus—when compared to wildtype controls. Interestingly, even though Cntn4−/− mice also show reduced levels of some cell surface glutamate receptors in the cortex and hippocampus, increased levels of cell surface glutamate receptors were found in the striatum. Moreover, Cntn4−/− mice do not only show brain region-specific alterations in cell surface glutamate receptors but also a downregulation of cell surface GABA receptors in several of the analyzed brain regions. The results of this study suggest that even though mutations in defined genes can be associated with ASD this does not necessarily result in a common molecular phenotype in surface expression of glutamatergic and GABAergic receptor subunits in defined brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Heise
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,RG Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan M Preuss
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan C Schroeder
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Jonas Kolibius
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rebecca Schmid
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael R Kreutz
- RG Neuroplasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martien J H Kas
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - J Peter H Burbach
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tobias M Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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15
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Lee I, Bos S, Li G, Wang S, Gadea G, Desprès P, Zhao RY. Probing Molecular Insights into Zika Virus⁻Host Interactions. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050233. [PMID: 29724036 PMCID: PMC5977226 DOI: 10.3390/v10050233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in the Americas surprised all of us because of its rapid spread and association with neurologic disorders including fetal microcephaly, brain and ocular anomalies, and Guillain–Barré syndrome. In response to this global health crisis, unprecedented and world-wide efforts are taking place to study the ZIKV-related human diseases. Much has been learned about this virus in the areas of epidemiology, genetic diversity, protein structures, and clinical manifestations, such as consequences of ZIKV infection on fetal brain development. However, progress on understanding the molecular mechanism underlying ZIKV-associated neurologic disorders remains elusive. To date, we still lack a good understanding of; (1) what virologic factors are involved in the ZIKV-associated human diseases; (2) which ZIKV protein(s) contributes to the enhanced viral pathogenicity; and (3) how do the newly adapted and pandemic ZIKV strains alter their interactions with the host cells leading to neurologic defects? The goal of this review is to explore the molecular insights into the ZIKV–host interactions with an emphasis on host cell receptor usage for viral entry, cell innate immunity to ZIKV, and the ability of ZIKV to subvert antiviral responses and to cause cytopathic effects. We hope this literature review will inspire additional molecular studies focusing on ZIKV–host Interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Sandra Bos
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 94791 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.
| | - Ge Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Shusheng Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Gilles Gadea
- Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 94791 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.
| | - Philippe Desprès
- Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 94791 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France.
| | - Richard Y Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Institute of Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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16
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Saito T, Bokhove M, Croci R, Zamora-Caballero S, Han L, Letarte M, de Sanctis D, Jovine L. Structural Basis of the Human Endoglin-BMP9 Interaction: Insights into BMP Signaling and HHT1. Cell Rep 2018; 19:1917-1928. [PMID: 28564608 PMCID: PMC5464963 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoglin (ENG)/CD105 is an essential endothelial cell co-receptor of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily, mutated in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1 (HHT1) and involved in tumor angiogenesis and preeclampsia. Here, we present crystal structures of the ectodomain of human ENG and its complex with the ligand bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9). BMP9 interacts with a hydrophobic surface of the N-terminal orphan domain of ENG, which adopts a new duplicated fold generated by circular permutation. The interface involves residues mutated in HHT1 and overlaps with the epitope of tumor-suppressing anti-ENG monoclonal TRC105. The structure of the C-terminal zona pellucida module suggests how two copies of ENG embrace homodimeric BMP9, whose binding is compatible with ligand recognition by type I but not type II receptors. These findings shed light on the molecular basis of the BMP signaling cascade, with implications for future therapeutic interventions in this fundamental pathway. Crystal structures of human ENG and its complex with BMP9 were determined The orphan domain of ENG adopts a fold that explains the effect of HHT1 mutations ZP module-mediated dimerization of ENG creates a clamp that secures homodimeric BMP9 ENG-bound BMP9 can interact with the ALK1 receptor but not the ActRIIB receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Saito
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 14183, Sweden
| | - Marcel Bokhove
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 14183, Sweden
| | - Romina Croci
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 14183, Sweden
| | - Sara Zamora-Caballero
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 14183, Sweden
| | - Ling Han
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 14183, Sweden
| | - Michelle Letarte
- Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | | | - Luca Jovine
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition and Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 14183, Sweden.
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17
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Deyts C, Thinakaran G, Parent AT. APP Receptor? To Be or Not To Be. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:390-411. [PMID: 26837733 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its metabolites play a key role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. The idea that APP may function as a receptor has gained momentum based on its structural similarities to type I transmembrane receptors and the identification of putative APP ligands. We review the recent experimental evidence in support of this notion and discuss how this concept is viewed in the field. Specifically, we focus on the structural and functional characteristics of APP as a cell surface receptor, and on its interaction with adaptors and signaling proteins. We also address the importance of APP function as a receptor in Alzheimer's disease etiology and discuss how this function might be potentially important for the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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18
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Ramji R, Cheong CF, Hirata H, Rahman ARA, Lim CT. Rapid quantification of live cell receptors using bioluminescence in a flow-based microfluidic device. Small 2015; 11:943-951. [PMID: 25336403 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201401674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The number of receptors expressed by cells plays an important role in controlling cell signaling events, thus determining its behaviour, state and fate. Current methods of quantifying receptors on cells are either laborious or do not maintain the cells in their native form. Here, a method integrating highly sensitive bioluminescence, high precision microfluidics and small footprint of lensfree optics is developed to quantify cell surface receptors. This method is safe to use, less laborious, and faster than the conventional radiolabelling and near field scanning methods. It is also more sensitive than fluorescence based assays and is ideal for high throughput screening. In quantifying β(1) adrenergic receptors expressed on the surface of H9c2 cardiomyocytes, this method yields receptor numbers from 3.12 × 10(5) to 9.36 × 10(5) receptors/cell which are comparable with current methods. This can serve as a very good platform for rapid quantification of receptor numbers in ligand/drug binding and receptor characterization studies, which is an important part of pharmaceutical and biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Ramji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Block EA, #03-12, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575
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19
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Ramji R, Cheong CF, Hirata H, Rahman ARA, Lim CT. Cell surface receptors: rapid quantification of live cell receptors using bioluminescence in a flow-based microfluidic device (small 8/2015). Small 2015; 11:1012. [PMID: 25702895 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201570050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
C. T. Lim and co-workers describe a rapid and sensitive bioluminescence-based microfluidic method for quantifying receptor numbers on live cells. On page 943, this integrated, lens-free optical platform allows the determination of signals from the cell surface with high sensitivity. Compared to conventional approaches, the combined use of bioluminescence and microfluidics makes it safe to use, reduces background noise, improves sensitivity, requires smaller sample volumes, and allows high-throughput sampling over thousands of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Ramji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Block EA, #03-12, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575
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20
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Kammerer RA, Benoit RM. Botulinum neurotoxins: new questions arising from structural biology. Trends Biochem Sci 2014; 39:517-26. [PMID: 25282537 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most toxic substances known and cause botulism in vertebrates. They have also emerged as effective and powerful reagents for cosmetic and medical applications. One important prerequisite for understanding BoNT function in disease, and the further development of the toxins for cosmetic and medical applications, is a detailed knowledge of BoNT interactions with non-toxic neurotoxin-associated proteins and cell surface receptors. Based on the substantial recent progress in obtaining high-resolution crystal structures of key BoNT complexes, we summarize the major advances in understanding BoNT interactions and discuss the resulting potential implications, in particular those relating to BoNT serotype A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Kammerer
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
| | - Roger M Benoit
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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21
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Abstract
T cells are key players of the mammalian adaptive immune system. They experience different mechanical microenvironments during their life cycle, from the thymus, secondary lymph organs, and peripheral tissues that are free of externally applied force, but display variable substrate rigidities to the blood and lymphatic circulation systems, where complicated hydrodynamic forces are present. Regardless of whether T cells are subject to external forces or generate their own internal forces, they respond and adapt to different biomechanical cues to modulate their adhesion, migration, trafficking, and triggering of immune functions through mechanical regulation of various molecules that bear force. These include adhesive receptors, immunoreceptors, motor proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, and their associated molecules. Here, we discuss the forces acting on various surface and cytoplasmic proteins of a T cell in different mechanical milieus. We review existing data on how force regulates protein conformational changes and interactions with counter molecules, including integrins, actin, and the T-cell receptor, and how each relates to T-cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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22
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Van Guilder GP, Stauffer BL, Greiner JJ, Desouza CA. Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in overweight and obese adult humans is not limited to muscarinic receptor agonists. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 294:H1685-92. [PMID: 18281379 PMCID: PMC3686114 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01281.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Muscarinic receptor agonists have primarily been used to characterize endothelium-dependent vasodilator dysfunction with overweight/obesity. Reliance on a single class of agonist, however, yields limited, and potentially misleading, information regarding endothelial vasodilator capacity. The aims of this study were to determine 1) whether the overweight/obesity-related reduction in endothelium-dependent vasodilation extends beyond muscarinic receptor agonists and 2) whether the contribution of nitric oxide (NO) to endothelium-dependent vasodilation is reduced in overweight/obese adults. Eighty-six middle-aged and older adults were studied: 42 normal-weight (54 +/- 1 yr, 21 men and 21 women, body mass index = 23.4 +/- 0.3 kg/m(2)) and 44 overweight/obese (54 +/- 1 yr, 28 men and 16 women, body mass index = 30.3 +/- 0.6 kg/m(2)) subjects. Forearm blood flow (FBF) responses to intra-arterial infusions of acetylcholine in the absence and presence of the endothelial NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine, methacholine, bradykinin, substance P, isoproterenol, and sodium nitroprusside were measured by strain-gauge plethysmography. FBF responses to each endothelial agonist were significantly blunted in the overweight/obese adults. Total FBF (area under the curve) to acetylcholine (50 +/- 5 vs. 79 +/- 4 ml/100 ml tissue), methacholine (55 +/- 4 vs. 86 +/- 5 ml/100 ml tissue), bradykinin (62 +/- 5 vs. 85 +/- 4 ml/100 ml tissue), substance P (37 +/- 4 vs. 57 +/- 5 ml/100 ml tissue), and isoproterenol (62 +/- 4 vs. 82 +/- 6 ml/100 ml tissue) were 30%-40% lower in the overweight/obese than normal-weight adults. N(G)-monomethyl-l-arginine significantly reduced the FBF response to acetylcholine to the same extent in both groups. There were no differences between the groups in the FBF responses to sodium nitroprusside. These results indicate that agonist-stimulated endothelium-dependent vasodilation is universally impaired with overweight/obesity. Moreover, this impairment appears to be independent of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P Van Guilder
- Dept. of Integrative Physiology, Univ. of Colorado, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309. )
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23
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Erb L, Liu J, Ockerhausen J, Kong Q, Garrad RC, Griffin K, Neal C, Krugh B, Santiago-Pérez LI, González FA, Gresham HD, Turner JT, Weisman GA. An RGD sequence in the P2Y(2) receptor interacts with alpha(V)beta(3) integrins and is required for G(o)-mediated signal transduction. J Cell Biol 2001; 153:491-501. [PMID: 11331301 PMCID: PMC2190579 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.153.3.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2Y(2) nucleotide receptor (P2Y(2)R) contains the integrin-binding domain arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) in its first extracellular loop, raising the possibility that this G protein-coupled receptor interacts directly with an integrin. Binding of a peptide corresponding to the first extracellular loop of the P2Y(2)R to K562 erythroleukemia cells was inhibited by antibodies against alpha(V)beta(3)/beta(5) integrins and the integrin-associated thrombospondin receptor, CD47. Immunofluorescence of cells transfected with epitope-tagged P2Y(2)Rs indicated that alpha(V) integrins colocalized 10-fold better with the wild-type P2Y(2)R than with a mutant P2Y(2)R in which the RGD sequence was replaced with RGE. Compared with the wild-type P2Y(2)R, the RGE mutant required 1,000-fold higher agonist concentrations to phosphorylate focal adhesion kinase, activate extracellular signal-regulated kinases, and initiate the PLC-dependent mobilization of intracellular Ca(2+). Furthermore, an anti-alpha(V) integrin antibody partially inhibited these signaling events mediated by the wild-type P2Y(2)R. Pertussis toxin, an inhibitor of G(i/o) proteins, partially inhibited Ca(2+) mobilization mediated by the wild-type P2Y(2)R, but not by the RGE mutant, suggesting that the RGD sequence is required for P2Y(2)R-mediated activation of G(o), but not G(q). Since CD47 has been shown to associate directly with G(i/o) family proteins, these results suggest that interactions between P2Y(2)Rs, integrins, and CD47 may be important for coupling the P2Y(2)R to G(o).
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- CD47 Antigen
- Calcium/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Focal Adhesion Kinase 1
- Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go
- Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Integrins/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oligopeptides/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Point Mutation
- Protein Binding
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P2Y1
- Receptors, Purinergic P2Y2
- Receptors, Vitronectin/genetics
- Receptors, Vitronectin/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Vitronectin/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- L Erb
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA.
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24
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Fogelman AM, Shechter I, Seager J, Hokom M, Child JS, Edwards PA. Malondialdehyde alteration of low density lipoproteins leads to cholesteryl ester accumulation in human monocyte-macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:2214-8. [PMID: 6769124 PMCID: PMC348683 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.4.2214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutaraldehyde treatment of (125)I-labeled low density lipoprotein ((125)I-native-LDL) produced a modified LDL ((125)I-glut-LDL) with a molecular weight of 10 x 10(6) or more. Malondialdehyde treatment of (125)I-native-LDL produced a product ((125)I-MDA-LDL) with a molecular weight not appreciably different from that of the original lipoprotein. However, the electrophoretic mobility of MDA-LDL indicated a more negative charge than native-LDL. (125)I-MDA-LDL was degraded by two processes: a high-affinity saturable process with maximal velocity at 10-15 mug of protein per ml and a slower, nonsaturable process. The degradation of (125)I-MDA-LDL was readily inhibited by increasing concentrations of nonradioactive MDA-LDL but was not inhibited by acetylated LDL or native-LDL even at concentrations as high as 1600 mug of protein per ml. After exposure of native-LDL to blood platelet aggregation and release in vitro, 1.73 +/- 0.19 nmol of malondialdehyde per mg of LDL protein was bound to the platelet-modified-LDL. No detectable malondialdehyde was recovered from native-LDL that had been treated identically except that the platelets were omitted from the reaction mixture. After incubation with glut-LDL, MDA-LDL, or platelet-modified-LDL for 3 days, human monocyte-macrophages showed a dramatic increase in cholesteryl ester content whereas the cholesteryl ester content of cells incubated with the same concentration of native-LDL did not. Based on these experiments we propose that modification of native-LDL may be a prerequisite to the accumulation of cholesteryl esters within the cells of the atherosclerotic reaction. We further hypothesize that one modification of LDL in vivo may result from malondialdehyde which is released from blood platelets or is produced by lipid peroxidation at the site of arterial injury.
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Faust JR, Goldstein JL, Brown MS. Squalene synthetase activity in human fibroblasts: regulation via the low density lipoprotein receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1979; 76:5018-22. [PMID: 228272 PMCID: PMC413070 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.76.10.5018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Squalene synthetase (farnesyltransferase; farnesyl diphosphate:farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase, EC 2.5.1.21), the enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway that converts farnesyl pyrophosphate into squalene, is subject to regulation in cultured human fibroblasts. When cholesterol-carrying low density lipoprotein (LDL) was removed from the serum of the culture medium, squalene synthetase activity increased 8-fold over 24 hr. When LDL was added back to the medium, squalene synthetase was slowly suppressed, 50% and 90% reduction occurring in 15 and 48 hr, respectively. Suppression of squalene synthetase required uptake of LDL via the LDL receptor; hence, it did not occur in mutant fibroblasts from a patient with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia that lack receptors. The addition of a mixture of 25-hydroxycholesterol and cholesterol suppressed squalene synthetase equally well in normal and mutant fibroblasts. Coupled with previous data, the current findings indicate that cholesterol derived from LDL regulates at least two enzymes in the cholesterol synthetic pathway in fibroblasts: (i) its primary action is to rapidly suppress 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase [mevalonate:NADP(+), oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating), EC 1.1.1.34], which reduces mevalonate production by 95% within 8 hr, and (ii) its secondary action is to slowly suppress squalene synthetase. The LDL-mediated suppression of squalene synthetase does not regulate de novo cholesterol synthesis; it occurs after 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase is already suppressed. Rather, we hypothesize that it may function to allow the pool size of farnesyl pyrophosphate to be maintained in the presence of LDL so that low levels of mevalonate can be shunted preferentially into nonsterol products, such as ubiquinone-10 and dolichol. This mechanism may explain the earlier observation that the synthesis of ubiquinone-10 in fibroblasts proceeds at a normal rate in the presence of LDL despite a 95% decrease in mevalonate production.
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Goldstein JL, Ho YK, Basu SK, Brown MS. Binding site on macrophages that mediates uptake and degradation of acetylated low density lipoprotein, producing massive cholesterol deposition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1979; 76:333-7. [PMID: 218198 PMCID: PMC382933 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.76.1.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1574] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resident mouse peritoneal macrophages were shown to take up and degrade acetylated (125)I-labeled low density lipoprotein ((125)I-acetyl-LDL) in vitro at rates that were 20-fold greater than those for the uptake and degradation of (125)I-LDL. The uptake of (125)I-acetyl-LDL and its subsequent degradation in lysosomes were attributable to a high-affinity, trypsin-sensitive, surface binding site that recognized acetyl-LDL but not native LDL. When (125)I-acetyl-LDL was bound to this site at 4 degrees C and the macrophages were subsequently warmed to 37 degrees C, 75% of the cell-bound radioactivity was degraded to mono[(125)I]iodotyrosine within 1 hr. The macrophage binding site also recognized maleylated LDL, maleylated albumin, and two sulfated polysaccharides (fucoidin and dextran sulfate) indicating that negative charges were important in the binding reaction. A similar binding site was present on rat peritoneal macrophages, guinea pig Kupffer cells, and cultured human monocytes but not on human lymphocytes or fibroblasts, mouse L cells or Y-1 adrenal cells, or Chinese hamster ovary cells. Uptake and degradation of acetyl-LDL via this binding site stimulated cholesterol esterification 100-fold and produced a 38-fold increase in the cellular content of cholesterol in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Although the physiologic significance, if any, of this macrophage uptake mechanism is not yet known, we hypothesize that it may mediate the degradation of denatured LDL in the body and thus serve as a "backup" mechanism for the previously described receptor-mediated degradation of native LDL that occurs in parenchymal cells. Such a scavenger pathway might account for the widespread deposition of LDL-derived cholesteryl esters in macrophages of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia in whom the parenchymal cell pathway for LDL degradation is blocked, owing to a genetic deficiency of receptors for native LDL.
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Ruddon RW, Weisenthal LM, Lundeen DE, Bessler W, Goldstein IJ. Stimulation of mitogenesis in normal and leukemic human lymphocytes by divalent and tetravalent lima bean lectins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:1848-51. [PMID: 4525297 PMCID: PMC388339 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.5.1848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Two hemagglutinating components purified from the lima bean and composed of identical 62,000-molecular-weight subunits have mitogenic activity in normal and leukemic human lymphocyte cultures. Component II (247,000 molecular weight), a tetramer with four saccharide binding sites, is severalfold more active than component III (124,000 molecular weight), a dimer with two binding sites per molecule, as a mitogen for normal lymphocytes. Component II also stimulates mitogenesis in populations of cultured leukemic lymphocytes and appears to have greater activity than phytohemagglutinin-P in leukemic lymphocyte cultures obtained from some patients. Lima bean component III has minimal mitogenic activity toward leukemic lymphocytes. Components II and III appear to compete for the same cell-surface binding sites, but component II has a much greater capacity than component III to trigger DNA synthesis at low concentrations (2.5-25 mug/ml) in normal lymphocyte cultures. These results suggest that the mitogenic activity of lima bean lectin components is directly related to their valence.
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