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Colucci G, Sacchi F, Bondioli F, Messori M. Fully Bio-Based Polymer Composites: Preparation, Characterization, and LCD 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1272. [PMID: 38732741 PMCID: PMC11085923 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The present work aimed to prepare novel bio-based composites by adding fillers coming from agro-wastes to an acrylate epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) resin, using liquid crystal display (LCD) 3D printing. Different photocurable formulations were prepared by varying the reactive diluents, iso-bornyl methacrylate (IBOMA) and tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate (THFA). Then, two fillers derived from different industrial wastes, corn (GTF) and wine (WPL-CF) by-products, were added to the AESO-based formulations to develop polymer composites with improved properties. The printability by LCD of the photocurable formulations was widely studied. Bio-based objects with different geometries were realized, showing printing accuracy, layer adhesion, and accurate details. The thermo-mechanical and mechanical properties of the 3D-printed composites were tested by TGA, DMA, and tensile tests. The results revealed that the agro-wastes' addition led to a remarkable increase in the elastic modulus, tensile strength, and glass transition temperature in the glassy state for the systems containing IBOMA and for flexible structures in the rubbery region for systems containing THFA. AESO-based polymers demonstrated tunable properties, varying from rigid to flexible, in the presence of different diluents and biofillers. This finding paves the way for the use of this kind of composite in applications, such as biomedical for the realization of prostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Colucci
- Politecnico di Torino, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (F.S.); (F.B.); (M.M.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesca Sacchi
- Politecnico di Torino, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (F.S.); (F.B.); (M.M.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Federica Bondioli
- Politecnico di Torino, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (F.S.); (F.B.); (M.M.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Massimo Messori
- Politecnico di Torino, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (F.S.); (F.B.); (M.M.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via G. Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
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2
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Bragaglia M, Sciarretta F, Filetici P, Lettieri-Barbato D, Dassatti L, Nicoletti F, Sibilia D, Aquilano K, Nanni F. Soybean Oil-Based 3D Printed Mesh Designed for Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) in Oral Surgery. Macromol Biosci 2024; 24:e2300458. [PMID: 38198834 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to obtain a cyto-compatible 3D printable bio-resin for the manufacturing of meshes designed from acquired real patients' bone defect to be used in future for guided bone regeneration (GBR), achieving the goal of personalized medicine, decreasing surgical, recovery time, and patient discomfort. To this purpose, a biobased, biocompatible, and photo-curable resin made of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) diluted with soybean oil (SO) is developed and 3D printed using a commercial digital light processing (DLP) 3D printer. 3D printed samples show good thermal properties, allowing for thermally-based sterilization process and mechanical properties typical of crosslinked natural oils (i.e., E = 12 MPa, UTS = 1.5 MPa), suitable for the GBR application in the oral surgery. The AESO-SO bio-resin proves to be cytocompatible, allowing for fibroblast cells proliferation (viability at 72 h > 97%), without inducing severe inflammatory response when co-cultured with macrophages, as demonstrated by cytokine antibody arrays, that is anyway resolved in the first 24 h. Moreover, accelerated degradation tests prove that the bio-resin is biodegradable in hydrolytic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Bragaglia
- Department of Enterprise Engineering, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via del Politecnico 1, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | | | - Pierfrancesco Filetici
- Multispecialty Department of Oral Surgery - Periodontology and Implant-Prosthodontic Rehabilitation, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | | | - Leonardo Dassatti
- Multispecialty Department of Oral Surgery - Periodontology and Implant-Prosthodontic Rehabilitation, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Nicoletti
- Multispecialty Department of Oral Surgery - Periodontology and Implant-Prosthodontic Rehabilitation, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Diego Sibilia
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito, 1, Rome, 00168, Italy
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca scientifica 1, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Francesca Nanni
- Department of Enterprise Engineering, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via del Politecnico 1, Rome, 00133, Italy
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3
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Diederichs EV, Mondal D, Patil H, Gorbet M, Willett TL. The effect of triglycerol diacrylate on the printability and properties of UV curable, bio-based nanohydroxyapatite composites. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 153:106499. [PMID: 38490049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
3D printable biopolymer nanocomposites composed of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and functionalized plant-based monomers demonstrate potential as sustainable and structural biomaterials. To increase this potential, their printability and performance must be improved. For extrusion-based 3D printing, such as Direct Ink Writing (DIW), printability is important for print fidelity. In this work, triglycerol diacrylate (TGDA) was added to an acrylated epoxidized soybean oil:polyethylene glycol diacrylate resin to increase hydrogen bonding. Greater hydrogen bonding was hypothesized to improve printability by increasing the ink's shear yield strength, and therefore shape holding after deposition. The effects of this additive on material and mechanical properties were quantified. Increased hydrogen bonding due to TGDA content increased the ink's shear yield stress and viscosity by 916% and 27.6%, respectively. This resulted in improved printability, with best performance at 3 vol% TGDA. This composition achieved an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 32.4 ± 2.1 MPa and elastic modulus of 1.15 ± 0.21 GPa. These were increased from the 0 vol% TGDA composite, which had an UTS of 24.8 ± 1.8 MPa and a modulus of 0.88 ± 0.06 GPa. This study demonstrates the development of bio-based additive manufacturing feedstocks for potential uses in sustainable manufacturing, rapid prototyping, and biomaterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth V Diederichs
- Composite Biomaterial Systems Laboratory, Department of Systems Design, University of Waterloo, Douglas Wright Engineering Building, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Dibakar Mondal
- Composite Biomaterial Systems Laboratory, Department of Systems Design, University of Waterloo, Douglas Wright Engineering Building, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Haresh Patil
- Composite Biomaterial Systems Laboratory, Department of Systems Design, University of Waterloo, Douglas Wright Engineering Building, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Maud Gorbet
- Material Interaction with Biological Systems Laboratory, Department of Systems Design, University of Waterloo, Carl A. Pollock Hall, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Thomas L Willett
- Composite Biomaterial Systems Laboratory, Department of Systems Design, University of Waterloo, Douglas Wright Engineering Building, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Canada.
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4
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Haghpanah Z, Mondal D, Momenbeitollahi N, Mohsenkhani S, Zarshenas K, Jin Y, Watson M, Willett T, Gorbet M. In vitro evaluation of bone cell response to novel 3D-printable nanocomposite biomaterials for bone reconstruction. J Biomed Mater Res A 2024. [PMID: 38619300 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Critically-sized segmental bone defects represent significant challenges requiring grafts for reconstruction. 3D-printed synthetic bone grafts are viable alternatives to structural allografts if engineered to provide appropriate mechanical performance and osteoblast/osteoclast cell responses. Novel 3D-printable nanocomposites containing acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) or methacrylated AESO (mAESO), polyethylene glycol diacrylate, and nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) were produced using masked stereolithography. The effects of volume fraction of nHA and methacrylation of AESO on interactions of differentiated MC3T3-E1 osteoblast (dMC3T3-OB) and differentiated RAW264.7 osteoclast cells with 3D-printed nanocomposites were evaluated in vitro and compared with a control biomaterial, hydroxyapatite (HA). Higher nHA content and methacrylation significantly improved the mechanical properties. All nanocomposites supported dMC3T3-OB cells' adhesion and proliferation. Higher amounts of nHA enhanced cell adhesion and proliferation. mAESO in the nanocomposites resulted in greater adhesion, proliferation, and activity at day 7 compared with AESO nanocomposites. Excellent osteoclast-like cells survival, defined actin rings, and large multinucleated cells were only observed on the high nHA fraction (30%) mAESO nanocomposite and the HA control. Thus, mAESO-based nanocomposites containing higher amounts of nHA have better interactions with osteoblast-like and osteoclast-like cells, comparable with HA controls, making them a potential future alternative graft material for bone defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Haghpanah
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dibakar Mondal
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nikan Momenbeitollahi
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sadaf Mohsenkhani
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kiyoumars Zarshenas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yutong Jin
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Watson
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Willett
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maud Gorbet
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Bodor M, Lasagabáster-Latorre A, Arias-Ferreiro G, Dopico-García MS, Abad MJ. Improving the 3D Printability and Mechanical Performance of Biorenewable Soybean Oil-Based Photocurable Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:977. [PMID: 38611235 PMCID: PMC11013316 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The general requirement of replacing petroleum-derived plastics with renewable resources is particularly challenging for new technologies such as the additive manufacturing of photocurable resins. In this work, the influence of mono- and bifunctional reactive diluents on the printability and performance of resins based on acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) was explored. Polyethylene glycol di(meth)acrylates of different molecular weights were selected as diluents based on the viscosity and mechanical properties of their binary mixtures with AESO. Ternary mixtures containing 60% AESO, polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) and polyethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (PEG200DMA) further improved the mechanical properties, water resistance and printability of the resin. Specifically, the terpolymer AESO/PEG575/PEG200DMA 60/20/20 (wt.%) improved the modulus (16% increase), tensile strength (63% increase) and %deformation at the break (21% increase), with respect to pure AESO. The enhancement of the printability provided by the reactive diluents was proven by Jacobs working curves and the improved accuracy of printed patterns. The proposed formulation, with a biorenewable carbon content of 67%, can be used as the matrix of innovative resins with unrestricted applicability in the electronics and biomedical fields. However, much effort must be done to increase the array of bio-based raw materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Bodor
- Campus Industrial de Ferrol, Grupo de Polimeros-CITENI, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain; (M.B.); (G.A.-F.); (M.S.D.-G.)
| | - Aurora Lasagabáster-Latorre
- Dpto Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Goretti Arias-Ferreiro
- Campus Industrial de Ferrol, Grupo de Polimeros-CITENI, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain; (M.B.); (G.A.-F.); (M.S.D.-G.)
| | - María Sonia Dopico-García
- Campus Industrial de Ferrol, Grupo de Polimeros-CITENI, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain; (M.B.); (G.A.-F.); (M.S.D.-G.)
| | - María-José Abad
- Campus Industrial de Ferrol, Grupo de Polimeros-CITENI, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain; (M.B.); (G.A.-F.); (M.S.D.-G.)
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6
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Jeong D, Jang G, Jung WK, Park YH, Bae H. Stretchable zein-coated alginate fiber for aligning muscle cells to artificially produce cultivated meat. NPJ Sci Food 2024; 8:13. [PMID: 38374073 PMCID: PMC10876650 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-024-00257-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have explored the cultivation of muscle cells using non-animal materials for cultivated meat production. Achieving muscle cell proliferation and alignment using 3D scaffolds made from plant-based materials remains challenging. This study introduces a technique to culture and align muscle cells using only plant-based materials, avoiding toxic chemical modifications. Zein-alginate fibers (ZA fibers) were fabricated by coating zein protein onto alginate fibers (A fibers). Zein's excellent cell compatibility and biodegradability enable high cell adhesion and proliferation rates, and the good ductility of the ZA fibers enable a high strain rate (>75%). We demonstrate mature and aligned myotube formation in ZA fibers, providing a simple way to align muscle cells using plant-based materials. Additionally, cultivated meat was constructed by assembling muscle, fat, and vessel fibers. This method holds promise for the future mass production of cultivated meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayi Jeong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Goo Jang
- Laboratory of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Medicine and the Research Institute of Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Kyung Jung
- NoAH Biotech Co., Ltd., Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16614, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Park
- NoAH Biotech Co., Ltd., Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16614, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojae Bae
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Pongwisuthiruchte A, Aumnate C, Potiyaraj P. Tailoring of Silicone Urethane Methacrylate Resin for Vat Photopolymerization-Based 3D Printing of Shape Memory Polymers. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:2884-2895. [PMID: 38250362 PMCID: PMC10795029 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) or silicone elastomers have garnered considerable attention in the field of medical device applications due to their superior thermal stability. However, conventional manufacturing techniques for silicone elastomers suffer from drawbacks such as cost, lengthy production time, and inherent difficulties in fabricating complex structures. To address these limitations, photosensitive polydimethylsiloxane urethane methacrylate (PDMSUMA) oligomers were synthesized, and their curing behaviors were specifically investigated for vat photopolymerization 3D printing applications. The study focused on exploring the impact of weight ratios between poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) in the PDMSUMA resin formulation. The addition of PEGDMA as a reactive diluent was found to enhance the printability of the PDMSUMA resin and decrease its viscosity. Thermal, mechanical, and shape memory properties of the 3D-printed specimens were examined. Our findings demonstrate the potential of PDMSUMA resins for developing customizable shape memory materials with tailored properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aphiwat Pongwisuthiruchte
- Department
of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology (PETROMAT), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chuanchom Aumnate
- Metallurgy
and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence in Responsive Wearable Materials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pranut Potiyaraj
- Department
of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology (PETROMAT), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Metallurgy
and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center
of Excellence in Responsive Wearable Materials, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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8
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Li G, Li Z, Min Y, Chen S, Han R, Zhao Z. 3D-Printed Piezoelectric Scaffolds with Shape Memory Polymer for Bone Regeneration. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302927. [PMID: 37264732 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The application of piezoelectric nanoparticles with shape memory polymer (SMP) to 3D-printed piezoelectric scaffolds for bone defect repair is an attractive research direction. However, there is a significant difference in dielectric constants between the piezoelectric phase and polymer phase, limiting the piezoelectric property. Therefore, novel piezoelectric acrylate epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) scaffolds doped with piezoelectric Ag-TMSPM-pBT (ATP) nanoparticles (AESO-ATP scaffolds) are prepared via digital light procession 3D-printing. The Ag-TMSPM-pBT nanoparticles improve the piezoelectric properties of the AESO scaffolds by TMSPM covalent functionalization and conductive Ag nanoparticles. The AESO scaffolds doped with 10 wt% Ag-TMSPM-pBT nanoparticles (AESO-10ATP scaffolds) exhibit promising piezoelectrical properties, with a piezoelectric coefficient (d33) of 0.9 pC N-1 and an output current of 146.4 nA, which are close to the piezoelectric constants of bone tissue. In addition, these scaffolds exhibit good shape memory function and can quickly recover their original shape under near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation. The results of osteogenesis capability evaluation indicate that the AESO-10ATP scaffolds can promote osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in vitro and bone defect repair in vivo, indicating the 3D-printed AESO-10ATP piezoelectric scaffolds may have great application potential for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanlin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zehao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yajun Min
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shilu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ruijia Han
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Sanya Science and Education Innovation Park of Wuhan University of Technology, Sanya, 572000, China
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9
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Rajabi M, Cabral JD, Saunderson S, Gould M, Ali MA. Development and optimisation of hydroxyapatite-polyethylene glycol diacrylate hydrogel inks for 3D printing of bone tissue engineered scaffolds. Biomed Mater 2023; 18:065009. [PMID: 37699400 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/acf90a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
In the event of excessive damage to bone tissue, the self-healing process alone is not sufficient to restore bone integrity. Three-dimensional (3D) printing, as an advanced additive manufacturing technology, can create implantable bone scaffolds with accurate geometry and internal architecture, facilitating bone regeneration. This study aims to develop and optimise hydroxyapatite-polyethylene glycol diacrylate (HA-PEGDA) hydrogel inks for extrusion 3D printing of bone tissue scaffolds. Different concentrations of HA were mixed with PEGDA, and further incorporated with pluronic F127 (PF127) as a sacrificial carrier. PF127 provided good distribution of HA nanoparticle within the scaffolds and improved the rheological requirements of HA-PEGDA inks for extrusion 3D printing without significant reduction in the HA content after its removal. Higher printing pressures and printing rates were needed to generate the same strand diameter when using a higher HA content compared to a lower HA content. Scaffolds with excellent shape fidelity up to 75-layers and high resolution (∼200 µm) with uniform strands were fabricated. Increasing the HA content enhanced the compression strength and decreased the swelling degree and degradation rate of 3D printed HA-PEGDA scaffolds. In addition, the incorporation of HA improved the adhesion and proliferation of human bone mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) onto the scaffolds. 3D printed scaffolds with 2 wt% HA promoted osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs as confirmed by the expression of alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposition. Altogether, the developed HA-PEGDA hydrogel ink has promising potential as a scaffold material for bone tissue regeneration, with excellent shape fidelity and the ability to promote osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Rajabi
- Centre for Bioengineering & Nanomedicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Jaydee D Cabral
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Saunderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Maree Gould
- Centre for Bioengineering & Nanomedicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - M Azam Ali
- Centre for Bioengineering & Nanomedicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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10
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Dasgupta N, Sun D, Gorbet M, Gauthier M. Chitosan Grafted with Thermoresponsive Poly(di(ethylene glycol) Methyl Ether Methacrylate) for Cell Culture Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061515. [PMID: 36987295 PMCID: PMC10051194 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a polysaccharide extracted from animal sources such as crab and shrimp shells. In this work, chitosan films were modified by grafting them with a thermoresponsive polymer, poly(di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (PMEO2MA). The films were modified to introduce functional groups useful as reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agents. PMEO2MA chains were then grown from the films via RAFT polymerization, making the chitosan films thermoresponsive. The degree of substitution of the chitosan-based RAFT agent and the amount of monomer added in the grafting reaction were varied to control the length of the grafted PMEO2MA chain segments. The chains were cleaved from the film substrates for characterization using 1H NMR and a gel permeation chromatography analysis. Temperature-dependent contact angle measurements were used to demonstrate that the hydrophilic-hydrophobic nature of the film surface varied with temperature. Due to the enhanced hydrophobic character of PMEO2MA above its lower critical solution temperature (LCST), the ability of PMEO2MA-grafted chitosan films to serve as a substrate for cell growth at 37 °C (incubation temperature) was tested. Interactions with cells (fibroblasts, macrophages, and corneal epithelial cells) were assessed. The modified chitosan films supported cell viability and proliferation. As the temperature is lowered to 4 °C (refrigeration temperature, below the LCST), the grafted chitosan films become less hydrophobic, and cell adhesion should decrease, facilitating their removal from the surface. Our results indicated that the cells were detached from the films following a short incubation period at 4 °C, were viable, and retained their ability to proliferate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natun Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Duo Sun
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Maud Gorbet
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mario Gauthier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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11
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Gao J, Li M, Cheng J, Liu X, Liu Z, Liu J, Tang P. 3D-Printed GelMA/PEGDA/F127DA Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14020096. [PMID: 36826895 PMCID: PMC9962173 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-engineered scaffolds are an effective method for the treatment of bone defects, and their structure and function are essential for bone regeneration. Digital light processing (DLP) printing technology has been widely used in bone tissue engineering (BTE) due to its high printing resolution and gentle printing process. As commonly used bioinks, synthetic polymers such as polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) and Pluronic F127 diacrylate (F127DA) have satisfactory printability and mechanical properties but usually lack sufficient adhesion to cells and tissues. Here, a compound BTE scaffold based on PEGDA, F127DA, and gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) was successfully prepared using DLP printing technology. The scaffold not only facilitated the adhesion and proliferation of cells, but also effectively promoted the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in an osteoinductive environment. Moreover, the bone tissue volume/total tissue volume (BV/TV) of the GelMA/PEGDA/F127DA (GPF) scaffold in vivo was 49.75 ± 8.50%, higher than the value of 37.10 ± 7.27% for the PEGDA/F127DA (PF) scaffold and 20.43 ± 2.08% for the blank group. Therefore, the GPF scaffold prepared using DLP printing technology provides a new approach to the treatment of bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianpeng Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Junyao Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zhongyang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jianheng Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation, Beijing 100853, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (P.T.)
| | - Peifu Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation, Beijing 100853, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (P.T.)
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Shah M, Ullah A, Azher K, Rehman AU, Juan W, Aktürk N, Tüfekci CS, Salamci MU. Vat photopolymerization-based 3D printing of polymer nanocomposites: current trends and applications. RSC Adv 2023; 13:1456-1496. [PMID: 36686959 PMCID: PMC9817086 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06522c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and manufacturing of polymer nanocomposites have garnered interest in recent research and development because of their superiority compared to traditionally employed industrial materials. Specifically, polymer nanocomposites offer higher strength, stronger resistance to corrosion or erosion, adaptable production techniques, and lower costs. The vat photopolymerization (VPP) process is a group of additive manufacturing (AM) techniques that provide the benefit of relatively low cost, maximum flexibility, high accuracy, and complexity of the printed parts. In the past few years, there has been a rapid increase in the understanding of VPP-based processes, such as high-resolution AM methods to print intricate polymer parts. The synergistic integration of nanocomposites and VPP-based 3D printing processes has opened a gateway to the future and is soon expected to surpass traditional manufacturing techniques. This review aims to provide a theoretical background and the engineering capabilities of VPP with a focus on the polymerization of nanocomposite polymer resins. Specifically, the configuration, classification, and factors affecting VPP are summarized in detail. Furthermore, different challenges in the preparation of polymer nanocomposites are discussed together with their pre- and post-processing, where several constraints and limitations that hinder their printability and photo curability are critically discussed. The main focus is the applications of printed polymer nanocomposites and the enhancement in their properties such as mechanical, biomedical, thermal, electrical, and magnetic properties. Recent literature, mainly in the past three years, is critically discussed and the main contributing results in terms of applications are summarized in the form of tables. The goal of this work is to provide researchers with a comprehensive and updated understanding of the underlying difficulties and potential benefits of VPP-based 3D printing of polymer nanocomposites. It will also help readers to systematically reveal the research problems, gaps, challenges, and promising future directions related to polymer nanocomposites and VPP processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mussadiq Shah
- Additive Manufacturing Technologies Application and Research Center-EKTAM Ankara Turkey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gazi University Ankara Turkey
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University P. R. China
| | - Abid Ullah
- Additive Manufacturing Technologies Application and Research Center-EKTAM Ankara Turkey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gazi University Ankara Turkey
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China P. R China
| | - Kashif Azher
- Additive Manufacturing Technologies Application and Research Center-EKTAM Ankara Turkey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gazi University Ankara Turkey
| | - Asif Ur Rehman
- Additive Manufacturing Technologies Application and Research Center-EKTAM Ankara Turkey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gazi University Ankara Turkey
- ERMAKSAN Bursa 16065 Turkey
| | - Wang Juan
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang P. R China
| | - Nizami Aktürk
- Additive Manufacturing Technologies Application and Research Center-EKTAM Ankara Turkey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gazi University Ankara Turkey
| | - Celal Sami Tüfekci
- Advanced Manufacturing Technologies Center of Excellence-URTEMM Ankara Turkey
| | - Metin U Salamci
- Additive Manufacturing Technologies Application and Research Center-EKTAM Ankara Turkey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gazi University Ankara Turkey
- Advanced Manufacturing Technologies Center of Excellence-URTEMM Ankara Turkey
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13
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Mondal D, Willett TL. Enhanced mechanical performance of mSLA-printed biopolymer nanocomposites due to phase functionalization. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 135:105450. [PMID: 36115176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized phases can effectively increase the mechanical properties of nanocomposites through interfacial bonding. This work demonstrates masked stereolithography (mSLA) of biopolymer-based nanocomposites and the improvement of their mechanical properties by the functionalization of both polymer matrix and nanoparticles with methacrylate groups. 3D printable nanocomposite inks were prepared from plant-derived acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO), polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA), and nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA). Both AESO and nHA were further functionalized with additional methacrylate groups. We hypothesized that the additional functionalization of AESO and surface functionalization of nHA would improve the tensile strength and fracture toughness of these nanocomposites by increasing the degree of crosslinking and the strength of the interface between the matrix and nanoparticles. Curing efficiency, rheology, and print-fidelity of the nanocomposites were evaluated. Mechanical test specimens were prepared by mSLA-based 3D printing. Tensile mechanical properties, Poisson's ratio, and Mode-I fracture toughness were measured by following ASTM standards. Fracture surfaces of the tested specimens were studied using scanning electron microscopy. Thermomechanical behavior, especially glass transition temperature (Tg), was studied using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Functionalized AESO (mAESO) improved rheological, tensile, and fracture mechanical properties. For instance, by replacing AESO with mAESO, tensile strength, Young's modulus, fracture toughness (K1c), and Tg increased by 33%, 53%, 40%, and 38% respectively. In addition, the combination of both functionalized nHA and mAESO improved the fracture toughness of the 10% volume fraction nHA nanocomposites but made them less extensible presumably due to reduced chain mobility due to greater crosslinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibakar Mondal
- Composite Biomaterial Systems Laboratory, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Thomas L Willett
- Composite Biomaterial Systems Laboratory, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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