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Atiq K, Iqbal MMA, Hassan T, Hussain R. An efficient end-capped engineering of pyrrole-based acceptor molecules for high-performance organic solar cells. J Mol Model 2023; 30:13. [PMID: 38103081 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05799-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Various innovative molecules have been designed and explored for use in organic photovoltaics. In this study, we devised novel molecules (KZ1-KZ7) specifically for organic solar cells (OSCs). The newly formulated acceptor compounds possess a lower bandgap (Eg = 1.85-2.02), along with bathochromic shift (λmax = 713-788 nm) compared to the reference (Eg = 2.04 eV and λmax = 774 nm). Moreover, the FMO results identified the distinct charge transfer from HOMO to LUMO, which was strongly corroborated by the TDM maps. Similarly, the new designed molecules show less excitation energy (Ex = 1.31-1.54(gas)) than reference (Ex = 1.72). Likewise, all designed molecules (KZ1-KZ7) have demonstrated an analogous open circuit voltage (Voc) with the donor polymer PTB7-Th. All seven designed molecules (KZ1-KZ7) exhibited more fill factor ranging from 97.08 to 97.29 than reference 95.25 and PCE of between 8 and 20% at short circuit current densities of 9, 12, and 15 mA cm-2. Overall, the findings support that designed molecules can be potential molecules for future practical applications. METHODS Geometric calculations were conducted with Gaussian 09W software, and the findings were visualized using Gauss View software. DFT and TD-DFT were employed to evaluate various parameters for R and designed molecules (KZ1-KZ7). Firstly, four functionals including B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP, MPW1PW91, and ωB97XD with 6-31G(d,p) DFT level were applied to R to decide the best level for results. After appropriate analysis, the MPW1PW91/6-31G(d,p) was selected for further examination by comparing the experimental and DFT-based absorption graphs of R. External and internal reorganization energy are the two main factors contributing to reorganization energy. External energy refers to changes in external environment, while internal energy deals with information related to internal geometrical symmetry or the internal environment. The effect of outside factors or external reorganizational energy is omitted because it creates too little change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kainat Atiq
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | | | - Talha Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Okara, Okara, 56300, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Okara, Okara, 56300, Pakistan.
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Kaya S, Thakur A, Kumar A. The role of in Silico/DFT investigations in analyzing dye molecules for enhanced solar cell efficiency and reduced toxicity. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 124:108536. [PMID: 37300949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity has been a significant concern for many materials used in the production of solar cells and generally conflicts with its efficacy. Therefore, it is crucial to develop alternative, non-toxic materials to improve the sustainability and safety of solar cell technology. In recent years, computational methods such as Conceptual density functional theory (CDFT) have been increasingly used to study the electronic structure and optical properties of toxic molecules such as dyes, with the goal of designing and modifying these molecules to enhance solar cell efficiency and reduce toxicity. By applying CDFT-based chemical reactivity parameters and electronic structure rules, researchers can gain valuable insights into the performance of solar cells and optimize their design accordingly. In silico studies have been used to screen and design non-toxic dye molecules, which can improve the sustainability and safety of solar cell technology. This review article discusses the applications of CDFT in the analysis of toxic dye molecules for use in solar cells. This review also highlights the importance of using alternative, non-toxic materials in the production of solar cells. The review also discusses the limitations of CDFT and in silico studies and their potential for future research. Finally, the article concludes by emphasizing the potential of in silico/DFT investigations for accelerating the discovery of new and efficient dye molecules for enhancing solar cells' efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savaş Kaya
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Health Services Vocational School, Department of Pharmacy, 58140, Sivas, Turkey.
| | - Abhinay Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- NCE, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Bihar, India
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Ahmed S, Irshad I, Nazir S, Naz S, Asghar MA, Alshehri SM, Bullo S, Sanyang ML. Designing of banana shaped chromophores via molecular engineering of terminal groups to probe photovoltaic behavior of organic solar cell materials. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15064. [PMID: 37699905 PMCID: PMC10497593 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39496-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
To meet the rising requirement of photovoltaic compounds for modernized hi-tech purpose, we designed six new molecules (DTPD1-DTPD6) from banana shaped small fullerene free chromophore (DTPR) by structural tailoring at terminal acceptors. Frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), density of states (DOS), open circuit voltage (Voc), transition density matrix (TDM) analysis, optical properties, reorganization energy value of hole and electron were determined utilizing density function theory (DFT) and time-dependent density function theory (TD-DFT) approaches, to analyze photovoltaic properties of said compounds. Band gap contraction (∆E = 2.717-2.167 eV) accompanied by larger bathochromic shift (λmax = 585.490-709.693 nm) was observed in derivatives contrary to DTPR. The FMOs, DOS and TDMs investigations explored that central acceptor moiety played significant role for charge transformation. The minimum binding energy values for DTPD1-DTPD6 demonstrated the higher exciton dissociation rate with greater charge transferal rate than DTPR, which was further endorsed by TDM and DOS analyses. A comparable Voc (1.49-2.535 V) with respect to the HOMOPBDBT-LUMOacceptor for entitled compounds was investigated. In a nutshell, all the tailored chromophores can be considered as highly efficient compounds for promising OSCs with a good Voc response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Venezian 21, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Institute of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Iram Irshad
- Institute of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Research, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Saima Nazir
- Nawaz Sharif Medical College, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Salma Naz
- Institute of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Research, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan Asghar
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saad M Alshehri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saifullah Bullo
- Department of Human and Rehabilitation Sciences, Begum Nusrat Bhutto Women University, Sukkur Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Muhammed Lamin Sanyang
- Directorate of Research and Consultancy, University of The Gambia, Kanifing Campus, MDI Road, P.O Box 3530, Serekunda, The Gambia.
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Jin R, Zhang X, Xin J, Xiao W. Molecular design of D-π-A-π-D small molecule donor materials with narrow energy gap for organic solar cells applications. J Mol Model 2023; 29:273. [PMID: 37542668 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05680-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Developing novel materials present a great challenge to improve the photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). In this paper, we designed a series of the donor-π bridge-acceptor-π bridge-donor (D-π-A-π-D) structure molecules. These molecules consist of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) moiety as core, 9-hexyl-carbazole moiety as terminal groups, and different planar electron-rich aromatic groups as π-bridges. The density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) computations showed that the frontier molecular orbital (FMO) energy levels, energy gaps, electron-driving forces (ΔEL-L), open-circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (FF), reorganization energy (λ), exciton binding energy (Eb), and absorption spectra of the designed molecules can be effectively adjusted by the introduction of different π-bridges. The designed molecules have narrow energy gap and strong absorption spectra, which are beneficial for improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of organic solar cells. In addition, the designed molecules possess large ΔEL-L, large Voc, and FF values and low Eb when the typical fullerene derivatives are used as acceptors. The FMO energy levels of the designed molecules can provide match well with the typical fullerene acceptors PC61BM, bisPC61BM, and PC71BM. Our results suggest that the designed molecules are expected to be promising donor materials for OSCs. METHODS All DFT and TD-DFT calculations were carried out using the Gaussian 09 code. The computational technique chosen was the hybrid functional B3LYP and the 6-31G(d,p) basis set. The benzene and chloroform solvent effects have been considered using the polarized continuum model (PCM) at the TD-DFT level. The simulated absorption spectra of designed molecules were plotted by using the GaussSum 1.0 program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifa Jin
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chifeng University, Chifeng, 024000, China.
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials, Chifeng University, Chifeng, 024000, China.
| | - Xinhao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chifeng University, Chifeng, 024000, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials, Chifeng University, Chifeng, 024000, China
| | - Jingfan Xin
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chifeng University, Chifeng, 024000, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials, Chifeng University, Chifeng, 024000, China
| | - Wenmin Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chifeng University, Chifeng, 024000, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials, Chifeng University, Chifeng, 024000, China
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Muhammad Asif Iqbal M, Arshad M, Yasir Mehboob M, Shahzeb Khan M, Piracha S. Designing efficient A-D-A 1-D-A type fullerene free acceptor molecules with enhanced power conversion efficiency for solar cell applications. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 285:121844. [PMID: 36095855 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The achievement of highly efficient power conversion efficiency (PCE) is a big concern for non-fullerene organic solar cells (NF-OSCs) because PCE can depend on numerous variables. Here, new five novel acceptor molecules without fullerenes were developed and investigated using DFT (density functional theory) and TD-DFT (time dependent-density functional theory). Compared to the recently synthesized molecule (PZ-dIDTC6), the developed molecules display a narrow optical band gap, exhibiting a red shift in the absorption spectrum. The developed molecules (YM1-YM5) express high mobility of electrons and holes in the active layer of OSCs (organic solar cells). In addition, high open-circuit voltage (Voc) values with maximum charge density shifting are noted in designed molecules. YM1-YM5 is also associated with low binding energy and excitation energy. This work proves that noncovalent conformational locking is favourable for improving PCE devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yatsen University, 70 Lien-Hai Road, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | | | - Muhammad Shahzeb Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sanwal Piracha
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab 38000, Pakistan
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High electron mobility due to extra π-conjugation in the end-capped units of non-fullerene acceptor molecules: a DFT/TD-DFT-based prediction. J Mol Model 2022; 28:278. [PMID: 36028595 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05283-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
A combination of high open-circuit voltage (Voc) and short-circuit current density (Jsc) typically creates effective organic solar cells (OSCs). To enhance the open-circuit voltage, we have designed three new fullerene-free acceptor molecules with elongated π-conjugation in the end-capped units. Y-series-based newly designed molecules (CPSS-4F, CPSS-4Cl, CPSS-4CN) exhibited a narrow energy bandgap with high electron mobility. Red shift in the absorption spectrum with high intensities is also noted for designed molecules. Low binding and excitation energies of designed molecules favor easy excitation of exciton in the excited state. Further, CPSS-4F, CPSS-4Cl, and CPSS-4CN exhibited better open-circuit voltage with favorable molecular orbitals contributions. Transition density analysis (TDM) was also performed to locate the total transitions in the designed molecules. Outcomes of all analyses suggested that designed molecules are effective contributors to the active layer of organic solar cells.
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Theoretical designing of selenium heterocyclic non-fullerene acceptors with enhanced power conversion efficiency for organic solar cells: a DFT/TD-DFT-based prediction and understanding. J Mol Model 2022; 28:228. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05225-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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