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Ruggeri M, Miele D, Caliogna L, Bianchi E, Jepsen JM, Vigani B, Rossi S, Sandri G. Hydroxyapatite-Coated Ti6Al4V ELI Alloy: In Vitro Cell Adhesion. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1181. [PMID: 39057858 PMCID: PMC11279432 DOI: 10.3390/nano14141181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The high rate of rejection and failure of orthopedic implants is primarily attributed to incomplete osseointegration and stress at the implant-to-bone interface due to significant differences in the mechanical properties of the implant and the surrounding bone. Various surface treatments have been developed to enhance the osteoconductive properties of implants. The aim of this work was the in vitro characterization of titanium alloy modified with a nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite surface layer in relative comparison to unmodified controls. This investigation focused on the behavior of the surface treatment in relation to the physiological environment. Moreover, the osteogenic response of human osteoblasts and adipose stem cells was assessed. Qualitative characterization of cellular interaction was performed via confocal laser scanning microscopy focusing on the cell nuclei and cytoskeletons. Filipodia were assessed using scanning electron microscopy. The results highlight that the HA treatment promotes protein adhesion as well as gene expression of osteoblasts and stem cells, which is relevant for the inorganic and organic components of the extracellular matrix and bone. In particular, cells grown onto HA-modified titanium alloy are able to promote ECM production, leading to a high expression of collagen I and non-collagenous proteins, which are crucial for regulating mineral matrix formation. Moreover, they present an impressive amount of filipodia having long extensions all over the test surface. These findings suggest that the HA surface treatment under investigation effectively enhances the osteoconductive properties of Ti6Al4V ELI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ruggeri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.R.); (D.M.); (E.B.); (B.V.); (S.R.)
| | - Dalila Miele
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.R.); (D.M.); (E.B.); (B.V.); (S.R.)
| | - Laura Caliogna
- Orthopaedic and Traumatology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Eleonora Bianchi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.R.); (D.M.); (E.B.); (B.V.); (S.R.)
| | - Johannes Maui Jepsen
- Stryker Trauma GmbH, Professor Küntscher-Straße 1-5, 24232 Schönkirchen, Germany;
| | - Barbara Vigani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.R.); (D.M.); (E.B.); (B.V.); (S.R.)
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.R.); (D.M.); (E.B.); (B.V.); (S.R.)
| | - Giuseppina Sandri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.R.); (D.M.); (E.B.); (B.V.); (S.R.)
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Ajalloueian F, Eklund Thamdrup LH, Mazzoni C, Petersen RS, Keller SS, Boisen A. High-yield fabrication of monodisperse multilayer nanofibrous microparticles for advanced oral drug delivery applications. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30844. [PMID: 38799753 PMCID: PMC11126835 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the use of nano- and microparticles in drug delivery, cell therapy, and tissue engineering have led to increasing attention towards nanostructured microparticulate formulations for maximum benefit from both nano- and micron sized features. Scalable manufacturing of monodisperse nanostructured microparticles with tunable size, shape, content, and release rate remains a big challenge. Current technology, mainly comprises complex multi-step chemical procedures with limited control over these aspects. Here, we demonstrate a novel technique for high-yield fabrication of monodisperse monolayer and multilayer nanofibrous microparticles (MoNami and MuNaMi respectively). The fabrication procedure includes sequential electrospinning followed by micro-cutting at room temperature and transfer of particles for collection. The big advantage of the introduced technique is the potential to apply several polymer-drug combinations forming multilayer microparticles enjoying extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking architecture with tunable release profile. We demonstrate the fabrication and study the factors affecting the final three-dimensional structure. A model drug is encapsulated into a three-layer sheet (PLGA-pullulan-PLGA), and we demonstrate how the release profile changes from burst to sustain by simply cutting particles out of the electrospun sheet. We believe our fabrication method offers a unique and facile platform for realizing advanced microparticles for oral drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ajalloueian
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsted Plads, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lasse Højlund Eklund Thamdrup
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsted Plads, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Chiara Mazzoni
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsted Plads, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ritika Singh Petersen
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, DTU Nanolab, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stephan Sylvest Keller
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, DTU Nanolab, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anja Boisen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- The Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Foundation's Center for Intelligent Drug Delivery and Sensing Using Microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsted Plads, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Miele D, Ruggeri M, Vigani B, Viseras C, Natali F, Del Favero E, Rossi S, Sandri G. Nanoclay-Doped Electrospun Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering: Investigation on the Structural Modifications in Physiological Environment. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:7695-7710. [PMID: 38111847 PMCID: PMC10726802 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s431862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clay minerals are nanomaterials that have recently been recognized as enabling excipients that can promote cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. When nanoclays are loaded in a 3D polymeric nanostructure, the cell-substrate interaction is enhanced, and other bioactive properties are optimized. Purpose In this study, hectorite (HEC)- and montmorillonite (MMT)-doped polymeric scaffolds were explored for the treatment of deep and chronic skin lesions. Methods Scaffolds were manufactured by means of electrospinning and then crosslinked by heating. Physicochemical analyses were correlated with in vitro biopharmaceutical characterization to predict the in vivo fate of the clay-doped scaffolds. Results and Discussion The addition of MMT or HEC to the polymeric scaffold framework modifies the surface arrangement and, consequently, the potential of the scaffolds to interact with biological proteins. The presence of nanoclays alters the nanofiber morphology and size, and MMT doping increases wettability and protein adhesion. This has an impact on fibroblast behavior in a shorter time since scaffold stiffness facilitates cell adhesion and cell proliferation. Conclusion MMT proved to perform better than HEC, and this could be related to its higher hydrophilicity and protein adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Miele
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Ruggeri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Barbara Vigani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cesar Viseras
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Elena Del Favero
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milano, Segrate Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Ruggeri M, Miele D, Contardi M, Vigani B, Boselli C, Icaro Cornaglia A, Rossi S, Suarato G, Athanassiou A, Sandri G. Mycelium-based biomaterials as smart devices for skin wound healing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1225722. [PMID: 37650039 PMCID: PMC10465301 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1225722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Recently, mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum and Pleurotus ostreatus, edible fungi, have been characterized in vitro as self-growing biomaterials for tissue engineering since they are constituted of interconnected fibrous networks resembling the dermal collagen structure. Aim: This work aims to investigate the biopharmaceutical properties of G. lucidum and P. ostreatus mycelia to prove their safety and effectiveness in tissue engineering as dermal substitutes. Methods: The mycelial materials were characterized using a multidisciplinary approach, including physicochemical properties (morphology, thermal behavior, surface charge, and isoelectric point). Moreover, preclinical properties such as gene expression and in vitro wound healing assay have been evaluated using fibroblasts. Finally, these naturally-grown substrates were applied in vivo using a murine burn/excisional wound model. Conclusions: Both G. lucidum and P. ostreatus mycelia are biocompatible and able to safely and effectively enhance tissue repair in vivo in our preclinical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ruggeri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Dalila Miele
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Contardi
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Barbara Vigani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cinzia Boselli
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonia Icaro Cornaglia
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Suarato
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
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Carvalho SG, Dos Santos AM, Polli Silvestre AL, Tavares AG, Chorilli M, Daflon Gremião MP. Multifunctional systems based on nano-in-microparticles as strategies for drug delivery: advances, challenges, and future perspectives. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1231-1249. [PMID: 37786284 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2263360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Innovative delivery systems are a promising and attractive approach for drug targeting in pharmaceutical technology. Among the various drug delivery systems studied, the association of strategies based on nanoparticles and microparticles, called nano-in-microparticles, has been gaining prominence as it allows targeting in a specific and personalized way, considering the physiological barriers faced in each disease. AREAS COVERED This review proposes to discuss nano-in-micro systems, updated progress on the main biomaterials used in the preparation of these systems, preparation techniques, physiological considerations, applications and challenges, and possible strategies for drug administration. Finally, we bring future perspectives for advances in clinical and field translation of multifunctional systems based on nano-in-microparticles. EXPERT OPINION This article brings a new approach to exploring the use of multifunctional systems based on nano-in-microparticles for different applications, in addition, it also emphasizes the use of biomaterials in these systems and their limitations. There is currently no study in the literature that explores this approach, making a review article necessary to address this association of strategies for application in pharmaceutical technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Gonçalves Carvalho
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences - São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Aline Martins Dos Santos
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences - São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Amanda Letícia Polli Silvestre
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences - São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Alberto Gomes Tavares
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences - São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences - São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Maria Palmira Daflon Gremião
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences - São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
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Bianchi E, Ruggeri M, Vigani B, Del Favero E, Ricci C, Boselli C, Icaro Cornaglia A, Viseras C, Rossi S, Sandri G. Cerium Oxide and Chondroitin Sulfate Doped Polyurethane Scaffold to Bridge Tendons. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37220144 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tendon disorders are common medical conditions, which can be greatly debilitating as they are often accompanied by great pain and inflammation. The techniques used nowadays for the treatment of chronic tendon injuries often involve surgery. However, one critical aspect of this procedure involves the scar tissue, characterized by mechanical properties that vary from healthy tissue, rendering the tendons inclined to reinjury or rupture. Synthetic polymers, such as thermoplastic polyurethane, are of special interest in the tissue engineering field as they allow the production of scaffolds with controlled elastic and mechanical properties, which could guarantee an effective support during the new tissue formation. The aim of this work was the design and the development of tubular nanofibrous scaffolds based on thermoplastic polyurethane and enriched with cerium oxide nanoparticles and chondroitin sulfate. The scaffolds were characterized by remarkable mechanical properties, especially when tubular aligned, reaching values comparable to the ones of the native tendons. A weight loss test was performed, suggesting a degradation in prolonged times. In particular, the scaffolds maintained their morphology and also remarkable mechanical properties after 12 weeks of degradation. The scaffolds promoted the cell adhesion and proliferation, in particular when in aligned conformation. Finally, the systems in vivo did not cause any inflammatory effect, representing interesting platforms for the regeneration of injured tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Bianchi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Marco Ruggeri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Barbara Vigani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Elena Del Favero
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, LITA Viale Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate 20090, Italy
| | - Caterina Ricci
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, LITA Viale Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate 20090, Italy
| | - Cinzia Boselli
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Antonia Icaro Cornaglia
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, via Forlanini 2, Pavia 27100 , Italy
| | - César Viseras
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Sandri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
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Ruggeri M, Lenzuni M, Suarato G, Vigani B, Boselli C, Icaro Cornaglia A, Colombo D, Grisoli P, Ricci C, Del Favero E, Rossi S, Athanassiou A, Sandri G. Polysaccharide-protein microparticles based-scaffolds to recover soft tissue loss in mild periodontitis. Int J Pharm 2023; 640:123015. [PMID: 37156308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal regeneration is extremely limited and unpredictable due to structural complications, as it requires the simultaneous restoration of different tissues, including cementum, gingiva, bone, and periodontal ligament. In this work, spray-dried microparticles based on green materials (polysaccharides - gums - and a protein - silk fibroin) are proposed to be implanted in the periodontal pocket as 3D scaffolds during non-surgical treatments, to prevent the progression of periodontal disease and to promote the healing in mild periodontitis. Arabic or xanthan gum have been associated to silk fibroin, extracted from Bombyx mori cocoons, and loaded with lysozyme due to its antibacterial properties. The microparticles were prepared by spray-drying and cross-linked by water vapor annealing, inducing the amorphous to semi-crystalline transition of the protein component. The microparticles were characterized in terms of their chemico-physical features (SEM, size distribution, structural characterization - FTIR and SAXS, hydration and degradation properties) and preclinical properties (lysozyme release, antibacterial properties, mucoadhesion, in vitro cells adhesion and proliferation and in vivo safety on a murine incisional wound model). The encouraging preclinical results highlighted that these three-dimensional (3D) microparticles could provide a biocompatible platform able to prevent periodontitis progression and to promote the healing of soft tissues in mild periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ruggeri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Martina Lenzuni
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Giulia Suarato
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Barbara Vigani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Cinzia Boselli
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonia Icaro Cornaglia
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, via Forlanini 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Colombo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Pietro Grisoli
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Caterina Ricci
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, LITA Viale Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| | - Elena Del Favero
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, LITA Viale Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppina Sandri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Ruggeri M, Bianchi E, Vigani B, Sánchez-Espejo R, Spano M, Totaro Fila C, Mannina L, Viseras C, Rossi S, Sandri G. Nutritional and Functional Properties of Novel Italian Spray-Dried Cricket Powder. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12010112. [PMID: 36670974 PMCID: PMC9854902 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects, especially crickets, have been proposed as a novel source of nutrients in human nutrition since they possess bioactive molecules, including high protein content, lipids, chitin, vitamins and minerals. In this work, the nutritional and functional properties of a novel Italian spray-dried (SD) cricket powder were evaluated. The powder was characterized by physico-chemical properties (morphology, size distribution, solid state, thermal profiles, and surface zeta potential), and antioxidant properties. Moreover, preclinical properties (cytocompatibility and pro-inflammatory immune response) were assessed. The powder was characterized by microparticle structure with bulges and rough surfaces, showing distinctive antioxidant properties. The preclinical results suggested that the SD crickets were biocompatible towards Caco-2 and macrophages without immune response, representing an interesting material for the food industry that could provide health benefits in addition to the basic nutritional value of traditional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ruggeri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Bianchi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Barbara Vigani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Rita Sánchez-Espejo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Mattia Spano
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Mannina
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - César Viseras
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Sandri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Correspondence:
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