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Martin-Almedina S, Mortimer PS, Ostergaard P. Development and physiological functions of the lymphatic system: insights from human genetic studies of primary lymphedema. Physiol Rev 2021; 101:1809-1871. [PMID: 33507128 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary lymphedema is a long-term (chronic) condition characterized by tissue lymph retention and swelling that can affect any part of the body, although it usually develops in the arms or legs. Due to the relevant contribution of the lymphatic system to human physiology, while this review mainly focuses on the clinical and physiological aspects related to the regulation of fluid homeostasis and edema, clinicians need to know that the impact of lymphatic dysfunction with a genetic origin can be wide ranging. Lymphatic dysfunction can affect immune function so leading to infection; it can influence cancer development and spread, and it can determine fat transport so impacting on nutrition and obesity. Genetic studies and the development of imaging techniques for the assessment of lymphatic function have enabled the recognition of primary lymphedema as a heterogenic condition in terms of genetic causes and disease mechanisms. In this review, the known biological functions of several genes crucial to the development and function of the lymphatic system are used as a basis for understanding normal lymphatic biology. The disease conditions originating from mutations in these genes are discussed together with a detailed clinical description of the phenotype and the up-to-date knowledge in terms of disease mechanisms acquired from in vitro and in vivo research models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Martin-Almedina
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter S Mortimer
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Dermatology and Lymphovascular Medicine, St. George's Universities NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pia Ostergaard
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature plays important role in regulating fluid homeostasis, intestinal lipid absorption, and immune surveillance in humans. Malfunction of lymphatic vasculature leads to several human diseases. Understanding the fundamental mechanism in lymphatic vascular development not only expand our knowledge, but also provide a new therapeutic insight. Recently, Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling pathway, a key mechanism of organ size and tissue homeostasis, has emerged as a critical player that regulate lymphatic specification, sprouting, and maturation. In this review, we discuss the mechanistic regulation and pathophysiological significant of Hippo pathway in lymphatic vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boksik Cha
- Daegu Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Korea
| | - Sungjin Moon
- Department of Biological Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Wantae Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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Liang Q, Zhang L, Xu H, Li J, Chen Y, Schwarz EM, Shi Q, Wang Y, Xing L. Lymphatic muscle cells contribute to dysfunction of the synovial lymphatic system in inflammatory arthritis in mice. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:58. [PMID: 33602317 PMCID: PMC7893868 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02438-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous studies reveal that impaired draining function of the synovial lymphatic vessel (LV) contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE To investigate the involvement of lymphatic muscle cells (LMCs) in mediating impaired LV function in inflammatory arthritis. METHODS TNF transgenic (TNF-Tg) arthritic mice were used. The structure and function of the LVs that drained the hind limbs were examined by whole-mount immunofluorescence staining, electron microscopy, and near-infrared lymphatic imaging. Primary LMCs were treated with TNF, and the changes in proliferation, apoptosis, and functional gene expression were assessed. The roles of the herbal drug, Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS), in arthritis and LVs were studied. RESULTS TNF-Tg mice developed ankle arthritis with age, which was associated with abnormalities of LVs: (1) dilated capillary LVs with few branch points, (2) mature LVs with reduced LMC coverage and draining function, and (3) degenerative and apoptotic appearance of LMCs. TNF caused LMC apoptosis, reduced expression of muscle functional genes, and promoted the production of nitric oxide (NO) by lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). PNS attenuated arthritis, restored LMC coverage and draining function of mature LVs, inhibited TNF-mediated NO expression, and reduced LMC apoptosis. CONCLUSION The impaired draining function of LVs in TNF-Tg mice involves LMC apoptosis. TNF promotes LMC death directly and indirectly via NO production by LECs. PNS attenuates arthritis, improves LVs, and prevents TNF-induced LMC apoptosis by inhibiting NO production of LECs. LMCs contribute to the dysfunction of synovial LVs in inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Liang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Jinlong Li
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Edward M Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Qi Shi
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Institute of Spine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 Wan-Ping South Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Lianping Xing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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Mahamud MR, Geng X, Ho YC, Cha B, Kim Y, Ma J, Chen L, Myers G, Camper S, Mustacich D, Witte M, Choi D, Hong YK, Chen H, Varshney G, Engel JD, Wang S, Kim TH, Lim KC, Srinivasan RS. GATA2 controls lymphatic endothelial cell junctional integrity and lymphovenous valve morphogenesis through miR-126. Development 2019; 146:dev184218. [PMID: 31582413 PMCID: PMC6857586 DOI: 10.1242/dev.184218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the transcription factor GATA2 cause lymphedema. GATA2 is necessary for the development of lymphatic valves and lymphovenous valves, and for the patterning of lymphatic vessels. Here, we report that GATA2 is not necessary for valvular endothelial cell (VEC) differentiation. Instead, GATA2 is required for VEC maintenance and morphogenesis. GATA2 is also necessary for the expression of the cell junction molecules VE-cadherin and claudin 5 in lymphatic vessels. We identified miR-126 as a target of GATA2, and miR-126-/- embryos recapitulate the phenotypes of mice lacking GATA2. Primary human lymphatic endothelial cells (HLECs) lacking GATA2 (HLECΔGATA2) have altered expression of claudin 5 and VE-cadherin, and blocking miR-126 activity in HLECs phenocopies these changes in expression. Importantly, overexpression of miR-126 in HLECΔGATA2 significantly rescues the cell junction defects. Thus, our work defines a new mechanism of GATA2 activity and uncovers miR-126 as a novel regulator of mammalian lymphatic vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Riaj Mahamud
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Xin Geng
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Yen-Chun Ho
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Boksik Cha
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Yuenhee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Systems Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Greggory Myers
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sally Camper
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Debbie Mustacich
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Marlys Witte
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Dongwon Choi
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gaurav Varshney
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shusheng Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Tae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Systems Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Kim-Chew Lim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
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Andreeva AM, Vasiliev AS, Toropygin IY, Garina DV, Lamash N, Filippova A. Involvement of apolipoprotein A in maintaining tissue fluid balance in goldfish Carassius auratus. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:1717-1730. [PMID: 31227941 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00662-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian plasma proteins play a key role in maintaining tissue fluid balance because they are retained within capillaries and thus create colloid osmotic pressure. Likewise, fish plasma contain a considerable concentration oligomeric proteins which likely serve a similar role. To elucidate the functions of these oligomeric proteins, we analyzed blood serum (BS) and interstitial fluid (IF) complexes in goldfish from the wild and under experimental conditions using 2D electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). We detected protein compounds with MWs ranging from 50 to 155 kDa, organized as oligomeric complexes. The protein compounds consisted of apolipoproteins АроА-I and Аро-14 which are homological to mammalian АроА-I and АроА-II, respectively. The 155-kDa and 50-125-kDa oligomer complexes were located very low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) areas on the BS/IF proteomic maps, respectively. The latter resembled mammalian HDL plasma particles by size and contained lipids, so we considered them as HDL particle populations. Investigation of the uniform dissociation/association mechanism for HDL and LDL oligomers in goldfish, from the wild and under critical salinity conditions, showed the "125/110 → 85/60 kDa" reorganization. This was associated with overcoming physiological stress during spawning and under critical salinity conditions. Opposite reorganization "85/60 → 125/110 kDa" was associated with restoration of metabolic processes after stress. The association/dissociation reorganizations promoted equilibration of BS and IF osmolarities in all fish groups. We discuss the connection of these reorganizations with total protein distribution across the capillary wall and salinity, as well as the role of oligomeric apolipoproteins as universal metabolic regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla M Andreeva
- Ecological Biochemistry Laboratory, Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, House 109, Borok, Nekouzskii Raion, Yaroslavl, Oblast, Russia, 152742.
| | - Alexey S Vasiliev
- Ecological Biochemistry Laboratory, Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, House 109, Borok, Nekouzskii Raion, Yaroslavl, Oblast, Russia, 152742
| | - Ilya Yu Toropygin
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pogodinskaya Street, House 10, Building 8, Moscow, Russia, 119121
| | - Darina V Garina
- Ecological Biochemistry Laboratory, Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, House 109, Borok, Nekouzskii Raion, Yaroslavl, Oblast, Russia, 152742
| | - Nina Lamash
- Ecological Biochemistry Laboratory, Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, House 109, Borok, Nekouzskii Raion, Yaroslavl, Oblast, Russia, 152742
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia, 690041
| | - Alexandra Filippova
- Ecological Biochemistry Laboratory, Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, House 109, Borok, Nekouzskii Raion, Yaroslavl, Oblast, Russia, 152742
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Breslin JW, Yang Y, Scallan JP, Sweat RS, Adderley SP, Murfee WL. Lymphatic Vessel Network Structure and Physiology. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:207-299. [PMID: 30549020 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is comprised of a network of vessels interrelated with lymphoid tissue, which has the holistic function to maintain the local physiologic environment for every cell in all tissues of the body. The lymphatic system maintains extracellular fluid homeostasis favorable for optimal tissue function, removing substances that arise due to metabolism or cell death, and optimizing immunity against bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other antigens. This article provides a comprehensive review of important findings over the past century along with recent advances in the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of lymphatic vessels, including tissue/organ specificity, development, mechanisms of lymph formation and transport, lymphangiogenesis, and the roles of lymphatics in disease. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:207-299, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Joshua P Scallan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Richard S Sweat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Tampa, Louisiana, USA
| | - Shaquria P Adderley
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Walter L Murfee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Critical review: Cardiac telocytes vs cardiac lymphatic endothelial cells. Ann Anat 2018; 222:40-54. [PMID: 30439414 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The study of cardiac interstitial Cajal-like cells (ICLCs) began in 2005 and continued until 2010, when these cells were renamed as telocytes (TCs). Since then, numerous papers on cardiac ICLCs and TCs have been published. However, in the initial descriptions upon which further research was based, lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) and initial lymphatics were not considered. No specific antibodies for LECs (such as podoplanin or LYVE-1) were used in cardiac TC studies, although ultrastructurally, LECs and TCs have similar morphological traits, including the lack of a basal lamina. When tissues are longitudinally cut, migrating LECs involved in adult lymphangiogenesis have an ICLC or TC morphology, both in light and transmission electron microscopy. In this paper, we present evidence that at least some cardiac TCs are actually LECs. Therefore, a clear-cut distinction should be made between TCs and LECs, at both the molecular and the ultrastructural levels, in order to avoid obtaining invalid data.
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8
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Wertheim KY, Roose T. A Mathematical Model of Lymphangiogenesis in a Zebrafish Embryo. Bull Math Biol 2017; 79:693-737. [PMID: 28233173 PMCID: PMC5501200 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-017-0248-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic system of a vertebrate is important in health and diseases. We propose a novel mathematical model to elucidate the lymphangiogenic processes in zebrafish embryos. Specifically, we are interested in the period when lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) exit the posterior cardinal vein and migrate to the horizontal myoseptum of a zebrafish embryo. We wonder whether vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGFC) is a morphogen and a chemotactic factor for these LECs. The model considers the interstitial flow driving convection, the reactive transport of VEGFC, and the changing dynamics of the extracellular matrix in the embryo. Simulations of the model illustrate that VEGFC behaves very differently in diffusion and convection-dominant scenarios. In the former case, it must bind to the matrix to establish a functional morphogen gradient. In the latter case, the opposite is true and the pressure field is the key determinant of what VEGFC may do to the LECs. Degradation of collagen I, a matrix component, by matrix metallopeptidase 2 controls the spatiotemporal dynamics of VEGFC. It controls whether diffusion or convection is dominant in the embryo; it can create channels of abundant VEGFC and scarce collagen I to facilitate lymphangiogenesis; when collagen I is insufficient, VEGFC cannot influence the LECs at all. We predict that VEGFC is a morphogen for the migrating LECs, but it is not a chemotactic factor for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Y. Wertheim
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Tiina Roose
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
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9
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Geng X, Cha B, Mahamud MR, Lim KC, Silasi-Mansat R, Uddin MKM, Miura N, Xia L, Simon AM, Engel JD, Chen H, Lupu F, Srinivasan RS. Multiple mouse models of primary lymphedema exhibit distinct defects in lymphovenous valve development. Dev Biol 2015; 409:218-233. [PMID: 26542011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymph is returned to the blood circulation exclusively via four lymphovenous valves (LVVs). Despite their vital importance, the architecture and development of LVVs is poorly understood. We analyzed the formation of LVVs at the molecular and ultrastructural levels during mouse embryogenesis and identified three critical steps. First, LVV-forming endothelial cells (LVV-ECs) differentiate from PROX1(+) progenitors and delaminate from the luminal side of the veins. Second, LVV-ECs aggregate, align perpendicular to the direction of lymph flow and establish lympho-venous connections. Finally, LVVs mature with the recruitment of mural cells. LVV morphogenesis is disrupted in four different mouse models of primary lymphedema and the severity of LVV defects correlate with that of lymphedema. In summary, we have provided the first and the most comprehensive analysis of LVV development. Furthermore, our work suggests that aberrant LVVs contribute to lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Geng
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Boksik Cha
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Md Riaj Mahamud
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Kim-Chew Lim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert Silasi-Mansat
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Mohammad K M Uddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Miura
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Lijun Xia
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Florea Lupu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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Cai X, Zhang W, Chen G, Li RF, Sun YF, Zhao YF. Mesenchymal status of lymphatic endothelial cell: enlightening treatment of lymphatic malformation. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:12239-12251. [PMID: 26550134 PMCID: PMC4612819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to blood capillaries, lymphatic capillaries in peripheral tissues are composed of a single-cell layer of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) without a covering of mural cells. However, in lymphatic malformations, the enlarged lymphatic vessels were covered with mural cells. This study aimed to understand the molecular mechanism of differences between human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLECs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and to determine the changes of LECs in the pathological condition of lymphatic malformation. Results showed that HDLECs exhibited lower expression of endothelial proteins, including VE-cadherin and CD31, than HUVECs; HDLECs also showed higher expression of mesenchymal proteins, including α-SMA, SM22α, calponin, and epithelial mesenchymal transition-related transcription factor Slug, than HUVECs. Likewise, HDLECs displayed higher permeability and weaker recruitment of SMCs than HUVECs; HDLECs also exhibited low PDGF-BB expression. TGF-β2 treatment and FGF2 depletion enhanced mesenchymal marker expression with increased permeability and reduced SMC recruitment. By contrast, Slug depletion in HDLECs enhanced VE-cadherin expression, inhibited α-SMA expression, decreased permeability, and enhanced PDGF-BB expression. These results suggested that HDLECs were in a mesenchymal status, which contributed to their functions and might determine their identities. Our data also revealed that miR143/145 was implicated in the mesenchymal status of HDLECs. In lymphatic malformations (LMs) treated with OK-432 sclerotherapy, immunohistochemistry results showed that Prox1 expression was reduced and mural cell investment was increased; these results indicated that LECs lost their mesenchymal status after OK-432 treatment was administered. The decreased mesenchymal status of LECs in LMs may induce dilated vessel constriction, which could be the mechanism of OK-432 sclerotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cai
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of EducationChina
| | - Wei Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of EducationChina
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430079, China
| | - Gang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of EducationChina
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430079, China
| | - Rui-Fang Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of EducationChina
| | - Yan-Fang Sun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430079, China
| | - Yi-Fang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of EducationChina
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430079, China
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