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Zhou YL, Deng LS, Yang SD, Liu CF, Fan YG, Yu WJ. Phylogenetic analysis, morphological studies, element profiling, and muscarine detection reveal a new toxic Inosperma (Inocybaceae, Agaricales) species from tropical China. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1326253. [PMID: 38143868 PMCID: PMC10740167 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1326253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tropical Asian collections of Inosperma are usually poisonous mushrooms that have caused many poisoning incidents. However, the species diversity and the toxic mechanisms of these Inosperma species are still unclear. In this study, we describe the discovery of Inosperma wuzhishanense sp. nov. from Wuzhishan City, Hainan Province, tropical China. The new species was identified based on morphological and multi-locus (ITS, nrLSU, and RPB2) phylogenetic analyses. The new species is characterized by its reddish-brown pileus, fibrillose stipes with finely protruding fibrils, rather crowded lamellae, smooth and ellipsoid basidiospores, and mostly clavate, thin-walled cheilocystidia. The new species is phylogenetically nested in the Old World tropical clade 2 and is sister to the tropical Indian taxa I. akirnum. Detailed descriptions, color photos of the new species, and comparisons with its closely related species are provided. Additionally, the muscarine content of the new species was analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The muscarine contents ranged from 4,359.79 ± 83.87 mg/kg to 7,114.03 ± 76.55 mg/kg, 2,748.37 ± 106.85 mg/kg to 4,491.35 ± 467.21 mg/kg, and 2,301.36 ± 83.52 mg/kg to 2,775.90 ± 205.624 mg/kg in the stipe, pileus, and lamellae, respectively. The elemental composition and concentration were determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A total of 24 elements were detected. Among the heavy metals detected, arsenic showed the highest level of toxicity with a concentration of 36.76 ± 0.43 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Zhou
- Hainan Institute for Food Control, Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Haikou, China
| | - Lun-Sha Deng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for R & D of Tropical Herbs, Tropical Environment and Health Laboratory, School of Pharmacy & International School of Public Health and One Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Shu-Dong Yang
- Changchun Food and Drug Inspection Center, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chao-Feng Liu
- Hainan Institute for Food Control, Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruits and Vegetables Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Haikou, China
| | - Yu-Guang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for R & D of Tropical Herbs, Tropical Environment and Health Laboratory, School of Pharmacy & International School of Public Health and One Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Wen-Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for R & D of Tropical Herbs, Tropical Environment and Health Laboratory, School of Pharmacy & International School of Public Health and One Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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Vetter J. Amanitins: The Most Poisonous Molecules of the Fungal World. Molecules 2023; 28:5932. [PMID: 37570902 PMCID: PMC10421264 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the toxic metabolites of the fungal world, those that, due to their strong biological effect, can seriously (even fatally) damage the life processes of humans (and certain groups of animals) stand out. Amatoxin-containing mushrooms and the poisonings caused by them stand out from the higher fungi, the mushrooms. There are already historical data and records about such poisonings, but scientific research on the responsible molecules began in the middle of the last century. The goals of this review work are as follows: presentation of the cosmopolitan mushroom species that produce amanitins (which are known from certain genera of four mushroom families), an overview of the chemical structure and specific properties of amanitins, a summary of the analytical methods applicable to them, a presentation of the "medical history" of poisonings, and a summary of the therapeutic methods used so far. The main responsible molecules (the amanitins) are bicyclic octapeptides, whose structure is characterized by an outer loop and an inner loop (bridge). It follows from the unusual properties of amanitins, especially their extreme stability (against heat, the acidic pH of the medium, and their resistance to human, and animal, digestive enzymes), that they are absorbed almost without hindrance and quickly transported to our vital organs. Adding to the problems is that accidental consumption causes no noticeable symptoms for a few hours (or even 24-36 h) after consumption, but the toxins already damage the metabolism of the target organs and the synthesis of nucleic acid and proteins. The biochemical catastrophe of the cells causes irreversible structural changes, which lead to necrotic damage (in the liver and kidneys) and death. The scientific topicality of the review is due to the recent publication of new data on the probable antidote molecule (ICR: indocyanine green) against amanitins. Further research can provide a new foundation for the therapeutic treatment of poisonings, and the toxicological situation, which currently still poses a deadly threat, could even be tamed into a controllable problem. We also draw attention to the review conclusions, as well as the mycological and social tasks related to amanitin poisonings (prevention of poisonings).
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Affiliation(s)
- János Vetter
- Department of Botany, University of Veterinary Medicine, Pf. 2., 1400 Budapest, Hungary
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Hannecker A, Huymann L, Hammerle F, Peintner U, Siewert B. Photochemical defense as trait of fungi from Cortinarius subgenus Dermocybe. PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN PHOTOCHEMISTRY ASSOCIATION AND THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR PHOTOBIOLOGY 2023; 22:147-157. [PMID: 36180663 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00305-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The photobiological activity of ten colorful species belonging to subgenus Dermocybe of the basidiomycete genus Cortinarius was investigated. Extracts of all species produced singlet oxygen and are thus photoactive. Pigment analysis was performed and showed similarities of the anthraquinone pigments across the species in dependency to their respective pigmentation types. Detailed content analysis of the pigments in the whole agaricoid fruiting body compared to the three different tissue types (pileus, stipe, and lamellae) revealed that the pigments emodin, dermocybin, and dermorubin, as well as their respective glycosides, are enhanced in the gills. In an independent experiment, the gills were shown to be the most photoactive tissues of the fruiting body. Photobiological experiments with invertebrates (i.e., glassworm Chaoborus crystallinus) proved a phototoxic effect of the methanolic extract of the red blood webcap (Cortinarius sanguineus var. aurantiovaginatus). This work adds further evidence to a common photobiological trait in Cortinarius subgenus Dermocybe and underpins the possibility of a photochemical defense mechanism in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hannecker
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lesley Huymann
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.,Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fabian Hammerle
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ursula Peintner
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bianka Siewert
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Shuhua B, Jinquan Z, Shuhui W, Fenglin S, Jie W, Benli W, Jianjie X, Weisen Y. Traceability of Amanita fuliginea poisoning using DNA barcoding and UPLC-MS/MS. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2021.104346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Boxshall AG, Birch JL, Lebel T, Symonds MRE, Callahan DL. A field-based investigation of simple phenol variation in Australian Agaricus xanthodermus. Mycologia 2021; 113:1123-1135. [PMID: 34494944 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2021.1936851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Agaricus xanthodermus and other species of the yellow-staining section Xanthodermatei are responsible for mushroom-related poisoning cases that require treatment. However, longstanding anecdotal evidence indicates that this species appears to exhibit considerable variation in toxicity, resulting in gastrointestinal irritation of varying severity in most cases. We quantified the amount of phenol, hydroquinone, and catechol in mushrooms using a novel protocol for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and investigated their levels in different basidiomatal structures, different developmental stages, and on different nutritional substrates. Phenol concentration was greater in the pileus than the stipe, in mature compared with immature basidiomata, and in basidiomata occurring in woody mulch versus lawns. Variation in toxicity is suggested to be due in part to variation in phenol concentration, developmental stage and tissue type consumed, and substrate. Variation in human sensitivity to simple phenols may also play a role but was not formally investigated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia-Grace Boxshall
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Joanne L Birch
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Teresa Lebel
- Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, South Yarra, Victoria 3141, Australia.,State Herbarium of South Australia, Hackney Road, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Matthew R E Symonds
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Damien L Callahan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
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Sharma S, Aydin M, Bansal G, Kaya E, Singh R. Determination of amatoxin concentration in heat-treated samples of Amanita phalloides by high-performance liquid chromatography: A forensic approach. J Forensic Leg Med 2021; 78:102111. [PMID: 33444994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2020.102111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Spriha Sharma
- Research Fellow, Department of Forensic Science, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India.
| | - Meryem Aydin
- Research Fellow, Center of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey.
| | - Gulshan Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India.
| | - Ertugrul Kaya
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey.
| | - Rajinder Singh
- Department of Forensic Science, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India.
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Govorushko S, Rezaee R, Dumanov J, Tsatsakis A. Poisoning associated with the use of mushrooms: A review of the global pattern and main characteristics. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 128:267-279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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The family Amanitaceae: molecular phylogeny, higher-rank taxonomy and the species in China. FUNGAL DIVERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-018-0405-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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