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Fernandes L, Costa R, Silva S, Henriques M, Costa-de-Oliveira S, Rodrigues ME. Effect of Vapor-Phase Oregano Essential Oil on Resistant Candida Species Biofilms: Mechanisms of Action. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0512422. [PMID: 36971589 PMCID: PMC10100680 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05124-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is one of the most prevalent vaginal infectious diseases. The increasing incidence of drug-resistant Candida strains and the limited therapeutic options make the discovery of effective alternative therapies fundamental. Essential oils (EOs) have been suggested as a promising alternative, and interestingly, vapor-phase essential oils (VP-EOs) present more advantages than their direct application. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the effect of oregano VP-EO (VP-OEO) on biofilms of antifungal-resistant vaginal isolates of Candida species (Candida albicans and Candida glabrata) and determine its mode of action. CFU, membrane integrity, and metabolic activity were evaluated. Furthermore, a reconstituted vaginal epithelium was used to mimic vaginal conditions and evaluate the effect of VP-OEO on Candida species infection, analyzed by DNA quantification, microscopy, and lactate dehydrogenase activity. The results revealed high VP-OEO antifungal activity. There was a significant reduction (>4 log CFU) in Candida species biofilms. Furthermore, the results show that the mechanisms of action of VP-OEO are related to membrane integrity and metabolic activity. The epithelium model confirms the effectiveness of VP-OEO. This study suggests that VP-EO can be considered a first approach for the development of an alternative form of VVC treatment. IMPORTANCE This work presents a new approach to the application of essential oils, exposure to the vapor phase, which can be considered a first approach for the development of a complementary or alternative form of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) treatment. VVC is a significant infection caused by Candida species and remains a common disease that affects millions of women every year. The great difficulty in treating VVC and the extremely limited effective therapeutic options make the development of alternative treatments crucial. In this scope, this study aims to contribute to the development of effective, inexpensive, and nontoxic strategies for the prevention and treatment of this infectious disease, based on natural products. Moreover, this new approach has several advantages for women, such as lower costs, easy access, an easier mode of application, avoidance of skin contact, and, therefore, fewer negative impacts on women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Fernandes
- Centre of Biological Engineering, LMaS—Laboratório de Microbiologia Aplicada à Saúde, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Raquel Costa
- Aromas Aqua Spa—Clínica Saúde, Vila Verde, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sónia Silva
- Centre of Biological Engineering, LMaS—Laboratório de Microbiologia Aplicada à Saúde, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research, Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Mariana Henriques
- Centre of Biological Engineering, LMaS—Laboratório de Microbiologia Aplicada à Saúde, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sofia Costa-de-Oliveira
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research—CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria E. Rodrigues
- Centre of Biological Engineering, LMaS—Laboratório de Microbiologia Aplicada à Saúde, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Rosemary essential oil and its components 1,8-cineole and α-pinene induce ROS-dependent lethality and ROS-independent virulence inhibition in Candida albicans. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277097. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential oil from Rosmarinus officinalis L., a composite mixture of plant-derived secondary metabolites, exhibits antifungal activity against virulent candidal species. Here we report the impact of rosemary oil and two of its components, the monoterpene α-pinene and the monoterpenoid 1,8-cineole, against Candida albicans, which induce ROS-dependent cell death at high concentrations and inhibit hyphal morphogenesis and biofilm formation at lower concentrations. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (100% inhibition) for both rosemary oil and 1,8-cineole were 4500 μg/ml and 3125 μg/ml for α-pinene, with the two components exhibiting partial synergy (FICI = 0.55 ± 0.07). At MIC and 1/2 MIC, rosemary oil and its components induced a generalized cell wall stress response, causing damage to cellular and organelle membranes, along with elevated chitin production and increased cell surface adhesion and elasticity, leading to complete vacuolar segregation, mitochondrial depolarization, elevated reactive oxygen species, microtubule dysfunction, and cell cycle arrest mainly at the G1/S phase, consequently triggering cell death. Interestingly, the same oils at lower fractional MIC (1/8-1/4) inhibited virulence traits, including reduction of mycelium (up to 2-fold) and biofilm (up to 4-fold) formation, through a ROS-independent mechanism.
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Li Z, Jing X, Yuan Y, Shui Y, Li S, Zhao Z, Deng B, Zhang W. In vitro and in vivo Activity of Phibilin Against Candida albicans. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:862834. [PMID: 35633688 PMCID: PMC9130856 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.862834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in the occurrence of antifungal-resistant Candida albicans infections necessitates more research to explore alternative effective and safe agents against this fungus. In this work, Phibilin, a new antimicrobial peptide obtained from Philomycus bilineatus and used in traditional Chinese medicine, effectively inhibits the growth and activities of C. albicans, including the clinical resistant strains. Phibilin is a fungicidal antimicrobial peptide that exhibited its antimicrobial effect against C. albicans mainly by disrupting the membrane and interacting with the DNA of the fungi. In particular, Phibilin induces the necrosis of C. albicans via the ROS-related pathway. Moreover, this antifungal compound inhibited the biofilm formation of C. albicans by preventing the development of hyphae in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, Phibilin and clotrimazole displayed a synergistic effect in inhibiting the growth of the fungi. In the mouse cutaneous infection model, Phibilin significantly inhibited the formation of skin abscesses and decreased the counts of C. albicans cells in the infected area. Overall, Phibilin is potentially an effective agent against skin infections caused by C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Jing
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yaping Yuan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yingbin Shui
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Shasha Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhuoran Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Bo Deng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Wenlu Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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4
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Meccatti VM, Oliveira JRDE, Figueira LW, Lagareiro Netto AA, Zamarioli LS, Marcucci MC, Camargo SEA, Carvalho CAT, Oliveira LDDE. Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) extract has antibiofilm effect similar to the antifungal nystatin on Candida samples. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20190366. [PMID: 33950151 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120190366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida spp. are naturally opportunistic and can promote infections. These yeasts can form biofilm, after penetration and adhesion to the biotic or abiotic surfaces. Preexisting diseases, treatments with drugs and radiation therapy, medical procedures, and parafunctional habits favor the installation of a fungal infection. Increased resistance to the available antifungals has become a concern. Therefore, alternative methods to control them have been evaluated, including the use of plant substances. In this study, the antibiofilm effect of R. officinalis L. extract was analyzed on C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis. A phytochemical analysis of the extract was performed. Biofilms were formed for 48 h and exposed to the different concentrations of the extract (50, 100, and 200 mg/mL) for 5 min or 24 h. The effect of the plant extract was compared to the antifungal nystatin. Rosmarinus officinalis L. extract was constituted of phenols and flavonoids, highlighting the presence of chlorogenic acid derivatives in its composition. Biofilm reductions were observed after exposure to the plant extract for both periods. The plant extract provided a reduction similar to the antifungal. Thus, R. officinalis L. extract showed antibiofilm effect on Candida spp. comparable to the nystatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Meccatti
- Universidade Estadual Paulista(UNESP), Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Departamento de Biociências e Diagnóstico Bucal, Av. Engenheiro Francisco José Longo, 777, 12245-000 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Jonatas R DE Oliveira
- Universidade Anhembi Morumbi, Escola de Medicina, Av. Dep. Benedito Matarazzo, 4050, 12230-002 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro W Figueira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista(UNESP), Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Departamento de Biociências e Diagnóstico Bucal, Av. Engenheiro Francisco José Longo, 777, 12245-000 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Amandio A Lagareiro Netto
- Universidade Anhanguera, Departamento de Farmácia, Av. Raimundo Pereira de Magalhães, 3305, 05145-200 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas S Zamarioli
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo(UNIFESP), Instituto de Farmacologia e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Modo de Ação de Drogas, Rua Três de Maio, 100, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria C Marcucci
- Universidade Estadual Paulista(UNESP), Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Departamento de Biociências e Diagnóstico Bucal, Av. Engenheiro Francisco José Longo, 777, 12245-000 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Samira E A Camargo
- University of Florida, College of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Cláudio A T Carvalho
- Universidade Estadual Paulista(UNESP), Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora, Av. Engenheiro Francisco José Longo, 777, 12245-000 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciane D DE Oliveira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista(UNESP), Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Departamento de Biociências e Diagnóstico Bucal, Av. Engenheiro Francisco José Longo, 777, 12245-000 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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Hacioglu M, Oyardi O, Kirinti A. Oregano essential oil inhibits Candida spp. biofilms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 76:443-450. [PMID: 33915040 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2021-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Candida spp. can form biofilms on mucosal surfaces and epithelial cells as well as on devices implanted in the body such as catheters and dentures, which are thought to underlie the most recalcitrant infections. It was aimed to show antifungal and antibiofilm activities of oregano oil (Origanum onites). The antifungal activities of some essential oils were investigated against C. spp. and among them, oregano oil was found to be the most effective oil and further biofilm studies were conducted with it. Oregano oil inhibited biofilm adhesion and formation of C. spp. and mature biofilms and also displayed the ability to reduce biofilm formation when they were allowed to form on surfaces previously coated with oil (up to 50% inhibition rates). In addition, oregano oil was found to be effective against dual biofilms of Candida albicans + Staphyloccocus aureus at different concentrations. This study suggests that O. onites essential oil has useful antibiofilm effects against C. spp. The inhibitory effects of O. onites essential oil, against C. spp., were demonstrated for the first time. It also had antifungal effect on biofilm formation and established biofilm even at MIC level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayram Hacioglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Beyazit, Istanbul, 34116, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Oyardi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Beyazit, Istanbul, 34116, Turkey
| | - Alpcan Kirinti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Beyazit, Istanbul, 34116, Turkey
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6
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Sangaré I, Amona FM, Ouedraogo RWL, Zida A, Ouedraogo MS. Otomycosis in Africa: Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. J Mycol Med 2021; 31:101115. [PMID: 33516991 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2021.101115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This review sets out to highlighted knowledge gaps regarding the epidemiological, diagnostic (clinical and laboratory) and therapeutic aspects of otomycosis in Africa. A computerized literature search for otomycosis related articles were performed using MEDLINE. The search encompassed articles published in early January 1980 to May 2019 yielded 220 articles. Electronic search on PubMed was performed with the specific keywords. This review shows the higher prevalence rates of otomycosis in Africa. These prevalences varies from one country to the other and also from one population to another within the same country. The main symptoms are otalgia, otorrhea, hearing loss, aural fullness, pruritus, and tinnitus. Otomycosis is due to several predisposing factors, however, use of topical antibiotic/steroid eardrops, trauma to the external ear canal or instrumentation of the ear, being exposed to hot humid atmospheres, and close contact with water are the common risk factors. Aspergillus species are the most commonly identified organisms compared with Candida species. Worldwide, A. niger and C. albicans are the most commonly described agents of otomycosis in Africa. The Laboratory diagnosis of otomycosis is usually confirmed by mycologic tests relied on a set of evidences. Further conventional methods such as Chromagar Candida System, latex agglutination test, Biochemical tests (Api 20C AuxTM and auxanogram), phenotypical tests (Germ-tube and chlamydosporulation), and rRNA gene sequencing (PCR) are performed to improve diagnosis and the management of the disease. Adequate treatment of otomycosis includes microscopic suction clearance of fungal mass, discontinuation of topical antibiotics and treatment with antifungal eardrops for three weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Sangaré
- Institut Superieur des Sciences de la Santé, Université Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Entomologie, Centre MURAZ, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Souro Sanou, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Fructueux Modeste Amona
- Institut Superieur des Sciences de la Santé, Université Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Adama Zida
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouedraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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7
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Synergistic antifungal activity of mixtures of clove, cumin and caraway essential oils and their major active components. J Herb Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2020.100399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Pereira C, Calado AM, Sampaio AC. The effect of benzyl isothiocyanate on Candida albicans growth, cell size, morphogenesis, and ultrastructure. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:153. [PMID: 32939678 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02929-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal yeast that may become pathogenic and even lethal to the host. Over the last few decades, antifungal resistance has increased, promoting screening of the antifungal potential of old and new substances. This study investigates the antifungal potential of isothiocyanates (ITCs) against C. albicans oral isolates. A preliminary susceptibility disk diffusion test (DD) was performed using allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), benzyl isothiocynanate (BITC) and phenyl ethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) at a fixed concentration range (0.001-0.1 M). Because C. albicans isolates were more susceptible to BITC and PEITC, their effect on cell size and on germ tube formation (GTF) were tested. The most promising molecule, BITC, was further tested for effects on cell viability, oxidative stress and for ultrastructure. ITCs, especially the aromatic ones, had a significant type-, dose- and isolate-dependent anti-Candida activity. Although BITC and PEITC had similar activity against the yeast cells, BITC had a more pronounced effect on cell size and GTF. Furthermore, BITC appears to induce oxidative stress and promote changes in the cell ultrastructure, interfering with cell wall structure. Our work showed that aromatic ITCs have the potential to effect C. albicans cells in multiple ways, including size, shape and GTF (BITC and PEITC), oxidative stress, and ultrastructure (BITC). Overall, our results suggest that BITC may be effectively used against C. albicans to modulate its growth, and control or suppress its invasive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheila Pereira
- Department of Biology and Environment, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Calado
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Sampaio
- Department of Biology and Environment, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
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Vale JPCD, Ribeiro LHDF, Vasconcelos MAD, Sá-Firmino NC, Pereira AL, Nascimento MFD, Rodrigues THS, Silva PTD, Sousa KCD, Silva RBD, Nascimento Neto LGD, Saker-Sampaio S, Bandeira PN, Santos HS, Souza EBD, Teixeira EH. Chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of Vitex gardneriana schauer leaves's essential oil. Microb Pathog 2019; 135:103608. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Li Z, Bai X, Ma Q, Aisa HA, Maiwulanjiang M. Detection of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Compounds in the Essential Oil of Schizonepeta annua (Pall.) Schischk. Using High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography–Direct Bioautography and Gas Chromatography–Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2019. [DOI: 10.1556/1006.2019.32.5.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Li
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Xi Bai
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Qingling Ma
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Haji Akber Aisa
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Maitinuer Maiwulanjiang
- State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
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Massa N, Cantamessa S, Novello G, Ranzato E, Martinotti S, Pavan M, Rocchetti A, Berta G, Gamalero E, Bona E. Antifungal activity of essential oils against azole-resistant and azole-susceptible vaginal Candida glabrata strains. Can J Microbiol 2018; 64:647-663. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2018-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Candida glabrata is an opportunistic pathogen, associated with endocarditis, meningitis, and disseminated disease, and also with complicated vaginitis. Essential oils derived from aromatic plants are known in traditional medicine as antimicrobial agents and have antifungal properties. The aim of this work was to evaluate whether 12 tested essential oils (tea tree, laurel, anise, basil, bergamot, lavender, mint, oregano, grapefruit, rosemary, winter savory, and ginger) could have a transverse effect on C. glabrata sensitive strains but above all on strains resistant to the three main azole antifungals used (clotrimazole, fluconazole, itraconazole). For this reason, different strains of C. glabrata, vaginal isolated, were characterized (disk diffusion assay, minimal inhibitory concentration) with respect to their response to such antifungals. Electron microscopy analyses were performed to examine cellular damages in depth. Subsequently, we wanted to evaluate the effect of the oils on human cells to estimate their potential cytotoxicity. Oregano and winter savory were the two most effective essential oils, inducing growth inhibition, cell damage of C. glabrata strains (both sensitive and resistant to azole antifungal drugs), and medium–high level of toxicity against human keratinocytes. The results of this work support the research for new alternatives or complementary therapies against vaginal candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Massa
- Dipartimento di Scienze ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel, 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - S. Cantamessa
- Dipartimento di Scienze ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel, 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - G. Novello
- Dipartimento di Scienze ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel, 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - E. Ranzato
- Dipartimento di Scienze ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Piazza San Eusebio 5, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
| | - S. Martinotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel, 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - M. Pavan
- Dipartimento di Scienze ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel, 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - A. Rocchetti
- Azienda Sanitaria Santi Antonio, Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Via Venezia 16, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - G. Berta
- Dipartimento di Scienze ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel, 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - E. Gamalero
- Dipartimento di Scienze ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel, 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - E. Bona
- Dipartimento di Scienze ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Piazza San Eusebio 5, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
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12
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Gucwa K, Milewski S, Dymerski T, Szweda P. Investigation of the Antifungal Activity and Mode of Action of Thymus vulgaris, Citrus limonum, Pelargonium graveolens, Cinnamomum cassia, Ocimum basilicum, and Eugenia caryophyllus Essential Oils. Molecules 2018; 23:E1116. [PMID: 29738503 PMCID: PMC6099571 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of plant oils and extracts has been recognized for many years. In this study the activity of Thymus vulgaris, Citrus limonum, Pelargonium graveolens, Cinnamomum cassia, Ocimumbasilicum, and Eugenia caryophyllus essential oils (EOs) distributed by Pollena Aroma (Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, Poland) was investigated against a group of 183 clinical isolates of C. albicans and 76 isolates of C. glabrata. All of the oils exhibited both fungistatic and fungicidal activity toward C. albicans and C. glabrata isolates. The highest activity was observed for cinnamon oil, with MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) values in the range 0.002⁻0.125% (v/v). The MIC values of the rest of the oils were in the range 0.005% (or less) to 2.5% (v/v). In most cases MFC (Minimum Fungicidal Concentration) values were equal to MIC or twice as high. Additionally, we examined the mode of action of selected EOs. The effect on cell wall components could not be clearly proved. Three of the tested EOs (thyme, lemon, and clove) affected cell membranes. At the same time, thyme, cinnamon, and clove oil influenced potassium ion efflux, which was not seen in the case of lemon oil. All of the tested oils demonstrated the ability to inhibit the transition of yeast to mycelium form, but the effect was the lowest in the case of cinnamon oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Gucwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12 Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Sławomir Milewski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12 Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Dymerski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12 Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Piotr Szweda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12 Str., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Rodriguez-Garcia I, Silva-Espinoza BA, Ortega-Ramirez LA, Leyva JM, Siddiqui MW, Cruz-Valenzuela MR, Gonzalez-Aguilar GA, Ayala-Zavala JF. Oregano Essential Oil as an Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Additive in Food Products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 56:1717-27. [PMID: 25763467 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.800832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Food consumers and industries urged the need of natural alternatives to assure food safety and quality. As a response, the use of natural compounds from herbs and spices is an alternative to synthetic additives associated with toxic problems. This review discusses the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of oregano essential oil (OEO) and its potential as a food additive. Oregano is a plant that has been used as a food seasoning since ancient times. The common name of oregano is given to several species: Origanum (family: Lamiaceae) and Lippia (family: Verbenaceae), amongst others. The main compounds identified in the different OEOs are carvacrol and thymol, which are responsible for the characteristic odor, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity; however, their content may vary according to the species, harvesting season, and geographical sources. These substances as antibacterial agents make the cell membrane permeable due to its impregnation in the hydrophobic domains, this effect is higher against gram positive bacteria. In addition, the OEO has antioxidant properties effective in retarding the process of lipid peroxidation in fatty foods, and scavenging free radicals. In this perspective, the present review analyzes and discusses the state of the art about the actual and potential uses of OEO as an antimicrobial and antioxidant food additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rodriguez-Garcia
- a Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD, AC) . La Victoria. Hermosillo , Sonora Mexico
| | - B A Silva-Espinoza
- a Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD, AC) . La Victoria. Hermosillo , Sonora Mexico
| | - L A Ortega-Ramirez
- a Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD, AC) . La Victoria. Hermosillo , Sonora Mexico
| | - J M Leyva
- a Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD, AC) . La Victoria. Hermosillo , Sonora Mexico
| | - M W Siddiqui
- b Department of Food Science and Technology , Bihar Agricultural University , Sabour, Bhagalpur , Bihar India
| | - M R Cruz-Valenzuela
- a Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD, AC) . La Victoria. Hermosillo , Sonora Mexico
| | - G A Gonzalez-Aguilar
- a Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD, AC) . La Victoria. Hermosillo , Sonora Mexico
| | - J F Ayala-Zavala
- a Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD, AC) . La Victoria. Hermosillo , Sonora Mexico
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Bona E, Cantamessa S, Pavan M, Novello G, Massa N, Rocchetti A, Berta G, Gamalero E. Sensitivity of Candida albicans to essential oils: are they an alternative to antifungal agents? J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:1530-1545. [PMID: 27568869 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Candida albicans is an important opportunistic pathogen, responsible for the majority of yeast infections in humans. Essential oils, extracted from aromatic plants, are well-known antimicrobial agents, characterized by a broad spectrum of activities, including antifungal properties. The aim of this work was to assess the sensitivity of 30 different vaginal isolated strains of C. albicans to 12 essential oils, compared to the three main used drugs (clotrimazole, fluconazole and itraconazole). METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty strains of C. albicans were isolated from vaginal swab on CHROMagar™ Candida. The agar disc diffusion method was employed to determine the sensitivity to the essential oils. The antifungal activity of the essential oils and antifungal drugs (clotrimazole, itraconazole and fluconazole) were investigated using a microdilution method. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy analyses were performed to get a deep inside on cellular damages. Mint, basil, lavender, tea tree oil, winter savory and oregano essential oils inhibited both the growth and the activity of C. albicans more efficiently than clotrimazole. Damages induced by essential oils at the cellular level were stronger than those caused by clotrimazole. CONCLUSIONS Candida albicans is more sensitive to different essential oils compared to the main used drugs. Moreover, the essential oil affected mainly the cell wall and the membranes of the yeast. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results of this work support the research for new alternatives or complementary therapies against vaginal candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bona
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - S Cantamessa
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - M Pavan
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - G Novello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - N Massa
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - A Rocchetti
- Azienda Sanitaria Santi Antonio, Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
| | - G Berta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - E Gamalero
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
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Ding Y, Li Y, Li Z, Zhang J, Lu C, Wang H, Shen Y, Du L. Alteramide B is a microtubule antagonist of inhibiting Candida albicans. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2097-106. [PMID: 27373684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alteramide B (ATB), isolated from Lysobacter enzymogenes C3, was a new polycyclic tetramate macrolactam (PTM). ATB exhibited potent inhibitory activity against several yeasts, particularly Candida albicans SC5314, but its antifungal mechanism is unknown. METHODS The structure of ATB was established by extensive spectroscopic analyses, including high-resolution mass spectrometry, 1D- and 2D-NMR, and CD spectra. Flow cytometry, fluorescence microscope, transmission electron microscope, molecular modeling, overexpression and site-directed mutation studies were employed to delineate the anti-Candida molecular mechanism of ATB. RESULTS ATB induced apoptosis in C. albicans through inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by disrupting microtubules. Molecular dynamics studies revealed the binding patterns of ATB to the β-tubulin subunit. Overexpression of the wild type and site-directed mutants of the β-tubulin gene (TUBB) changed the sensitivity of C. albicans to ATB, confirming the binding of ATB to β-tubulin, and indicating that the binding sites are L215, L217, L273, L274 and R282. In vivo, ATB significantly improved the survival of the candidiasis mice and reduced fungal burden. CONCLUSION The molecular mechanism underlying the ATB-induced apoptosis in C. albicans is through inhibiting tubulin polymerization that leads to cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. The identification of ATB and the study of its activity provide novel mechanistic insights into the mode of action of PTMs against the human pathogen. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study shows that ATB is a new microtubule inhibitor and a promising anti-Candida lead compound. The results also support β-tubulin as a potential target for anti-Candida drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Yaoyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Juanli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Chunhua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Haoxin Wang
- State Key laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 27 South Shanda Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China
| | - Yuemao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; State Key laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 27 South Shanda Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China.
| | - Liangcheng Du
- State Key laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 27 South Shanda Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China; Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
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Ding Y, Li Z, Li Y, Lu C, Wang H, Shen Y, Du L. HSAF-induced antifungal effects in Candida albicans through ROS-mediated apoptosis. RSC Adv 2016; 6:30895-30904. [PMID: 27594989 PMCID: PMC5006743 DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26092b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat-stable antifungal factor (HSAF) belongs to polycyclic tetramate macrolactams (PTMs), which inhibits many fungal pathogens and is effective in inhibiting Candida albicans (C. albicans). In this study, we found that HSAF induced the apoptosis of Candida albicans SC5314 through inducing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Nevertheless, we validated the efficacy of HSAF against candidiasis caused by C. albicans in a murine model in vivo, and HSAF significantly improved survival and reduced fungal burden compared to vehicles. A molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was also investigated, revealing the theoretical binding mode of HSAF to the β-tubulin of C. albicans. This study first found PTMs-induced fungal apoptosis through ROS accumulation in C. albicans and its potential as a novel agent for fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Yaoyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Chunhua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Haoxin Wang
- State Key laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 27 South Shanda Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yuemao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
- State Key laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No. 27 South Shanda Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, P. R. China
| | - Liangcheng Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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Gauch LMR, Silveira-Gomes F, Esteves RA, Pedrosa SS, Gurgel ESC, Arruda AC, Marques-da-Silva SH. Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil on germ tube formation by Candida albicans isolated from denture wearers. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2014; 47:389-91. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0137-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Shokri H, Sharifzadeh A, Ashrafi Tamai I. Anti- Candida zeylanoides activity of some Iranian plants used in traditional medicine. J Mycol Med 2012; 22:211-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mugnaini L, Nardoni S, Pinto L, Pistelli L, Leonardi M, Pisseri F, Mancianti F. In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of some essential oils against feline isolates of Microsporum canis. J Mycol Med 2012; 22:179-84. [PMID: 23518021 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of dermatophytoses due to Microsporum canis is cumbersome and relapses can occur. Volatile essential oils (EOs) obtained from plants would seem to represent suitable tools to contrast mycoses both in human and animals. The anti-M. canis activity of some EOs chemically characterized was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Eleven feline isolates of M. canis were tested by microdilution against EOs extracted from Thymus serpillum, Origanum vulgare, Rosmarinus officinalis, Illicium verum and Citrus limon. A mixture composed by 5% O. vulgare, 5% R. officinalis and 2% T. serpillum, in sweet almond oil was administered to seven infected, symptomatic cats. T. serpillum and O. vulgare showed the lowest MICs, followed by I. verum, R. officinalis and C. limon. The assay performed on mixture showed that antimycotic activity of each component was enhanced. Four out of seven treated cats recovered both clinically and culturally. T. serpillum and O. vulgare EOs showed a strong antifungal activity. Preliminary data suggest a possible application in managing feline microsporiasis. Considering the potential zoonotic impact of this infection, the use of alternative antimycotic compounds would be of aid to limit the risk of environmental spreading of arthrospores.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mugnaini
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Profilassi ed Igiene degli Alimenti, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Khan MSA, Ahmad I. Biofilm inhibition by Cymbopogon citratus and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils in the strains of Candida albicans. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 140:416-423. [PMID: 22326355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Oils of Cymbopogon citratus and Syzygium aromaticum have been used in traditional medicine to treat fungal infections of skin, mouth, urinary and vaginal tract in Asian countries particularly India and other developing countries. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus and Syzygium aromaticum for their anti-biofilm activity against strong biofilm forming strains of Candida albicans. MATERIALS AND METHODS XTT reduction assay, Time kill assays, light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to determine the effect of test oils on the Candida albicans biofilms. RESULTS Most of the Candida albicans strains tested displayed formation of moderate to strong biofilms. Preformed Candida biofilms showed ≥1024 times increased resistance to antifungal drugs, 2 times to Syzygium aromaticum, but no increased tolerance for Cymbopogon citratus. Test oils were more active against preformed biofilms compared to amphotericin B and fluconazole. At 0.5× MIC, Cymbopogon citratus followed by Syzygium aromaticum were most inhibitory against biofilm formation. Light and electron microscopic studies revealed the deformity of three dimensional structures of biofilms formed in the presence of sub-MICs of Cymbopogon citratus. The cell membranes appeared to be the target site of compounds in sessile cells as displayed by SEM observations. CONCLUSION Our data had demonstrated promising in vitro anti-biofilm activity by Cymbopogon citratus and Syzygium aromaticum and confirm the ethnopharmacological use of these oils in muco-cutaneous Candida infections. Furthermore, it suggests exploitation of these oils as new anti-biofilm products to deal with the problem of drug-resistance and recurrent infection associated with biofilm mode of growth of Candida spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Sajjad Ahmad Khan
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Maganti H, Bartfai D, Xu J. Ecological structuring of yeasts associated with trees around Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. FEMS Yeast Res 2011; 12:9-19. [PMID: 22029478 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2011.00756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study seeks to determine the distribution and diversity of yeasts in and around the Hamilton area in Canada. In light of the increasing number of fungal infections along with rising morbidity and mortality rates, especially among the immunocompromised, understanding the diversity and distribution of yeasts in natural environments close to human habitations has become an increasingly relevant topic. In this study, we analyzed 1110 samples obtained from the hollows of trees, shrubs and avian droppings at 8 geographical sites in and around Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. A total of 88 positive yeast strains were isolated and identified belonging to 20 yeast species. Despite the relative proximity of the sampling sites, our DNA fingerprinting results showed that the yeast populations were highly heterogenous. Among the 14 tree species sampled, cedar, cottonwood and basswood hollows had relatively high yeast colonization rates. Interestingly, Candida parapsilosis was isolated almost exclusively from Pine trees only. Our results are consistent with microgeographic and ecological differentiation of yeast species in and around an urban environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harinad Maganti
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
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