1
|
Haghani I, Hedayati MT, Shokohi T, Kermani F, Ghazanfari M, Javidnia J, Khojasteh S, Roohi B, Badali H, Fathi M, Amirizad K, Yahyazadeh Z, Abastabar M, Al-Hatmi AMS. Onychomycosis due to Fusarium species in different continents, literature review on diagnosis and treatment. Mycoses 2024; 67:e13652. [PMID: 37605217 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium species are an emerging cause of onychomycosis, and the number of cases has dramatically increased in recent decades worldwide. This review presents an overview of the onychomycosis cases caused by Fusarium species and diagnosis and treatment that have been reported in the literature. The most common causative agent of onychomycosis is F. solani species complex, which accounts for 11.68% of the cases of Fusarium onychomycosis, followed by the F. oxysporum species complex (164 out of 1669), which is accounted for 9.83% of the total. F. fujikuroi species complex (42 out of 1669) and F. dimerum species complex (7 out of 1669) are responsible for 2.52% and 0.42 cases, respectively. Fusarium nail infections were reported in patients aged range 1-98, accounting for 5.55% (1669 out of 30082) of all cases. Asia has the highest species diversity of Fusarium onychomycosis (31.51%). South America accounts for 21.09%, and the most common causative agent is F. solani (19.32%), followed by F. oxysporum species complex (15.63%). Europe accounts for 4.90% of cases caused by F. oxysporum, followed by F. solani. Africa accounts for 23.87% of the cases due to the F. solani species complex, followed by F. oxysporum and F. fujikuroi. Distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis was the most common clinical symptom accounting for 58.7% (135 out of 230) of the cases. Data analysis relieved that terbinafine and itraconazole are active treatments for Fusarium onychomycosis. For a definitive diagnosis, combining of direct examination, culture and sequencing of the elongation factor of translation 1α are recommended. Accurate identification of the causative agents of onychomycosis due to Fusarium species and antifungal susceptibility testing is essential in patient management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iman Haghani
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Hedayati
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Tahereh Shokohi
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Firoozeh Kermani
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mona Ghazanfari
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Javad Javidnia
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Khojasteh
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Behrad Roohi
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hamid Badali
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Fungus Testing Laboratory & Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Maryam Fathi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Amirizad
- Department of Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Yahyazadeh
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahdi Abastabar
- Invasive Fungi Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Abdullah M S Al-Hatmi
- Natural & Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
- Department of Biological Sciences & Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
- Center of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gamaletsou MN, Rammaert B, Brause B, Bueno MA, Dadwal SS, Henry MW, Katragkou A, Kontoyiannis DP, McCarthy MW, Miller AO, Moriyama B, Pana ZD, Petraitiene R, Petraitis V, Roilides E, Sarkis JP, Simitsopoulou M, Sipsas NV, Taj-Aldeen SJ, Zeller V, Lortholary O, Walsh TJ. Osteoarticular Mycoses. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0008619. [PMID: 36448782 PMCID: PMC9769674 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00086-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarticular mycoses are chronic debilitating infections that require extended courses of antifungal therapy and may warrant expert surgical intervention. As there has been no comprehensive review of these diseases, the International Consortium for Osteoarticular Mycoses prepared a definitive treatise for this important class of infections. Among the etiologies of osteoarticular mycoses are Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., Mucorales, dematiaceous fungi, non-Aspergillus hyaline molds, and endemic mycoses, including those caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Coccidioides species. This review analyzes the history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, inflammatory biomarkers, diagnostic imaging modalities, treatments, and outcomes of osteomyelitis and septic arthritis caused by these organisms. Candida osteomyelitis and Candida arthritis are associated with greater events of hematogenous dissemination than those of most other osteoarticular mycoses. Traumatic inoculation is more commonly associated with osteoarticular mycoses caused by Aspergillus and non-Aspergillus molds. Synovial fluid cultures are highly sensitive in the detection of Candida and Aspergillus arthritis. Relapsed infection, particularly in Candida arthritis, may develop in relation to an inadequate duration of therapy. Overall mortality reflects survival from disseminated infection and underlying host factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria N. Gamaletsou
- Laiko General Hospital of Athens and Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Blandine Rammaert
- Université de Poitiers, Faculté de médecine, CHU de Poitiers, INSERM U1070, Poitiers, France
| | - Barry Brause
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marimelle A. Bueno
- Far Eastern University-Dr. Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation, Manilla, Philippines
| | | | - Michael W. Henry
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aspasia Katragkou
- Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Matthew W. McCarthy
- Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
- New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andy O. Miller
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Zoi Dorothea Pana
- Hippokration General Hospital, Aristotle University School of Health Sciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University School of Health Sciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ruta Petraitiene
- Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Emmanuel Roilides
- Hippokration General Hospital, Aristotle University School of Health Sciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University School of Health Sciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Maria Simitsopoulou
- Hippokration General Hospital, Aristotle University School of Health Sciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University School of Health Sciences, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos V. Sipsas
- Laiko General Hospital of Athens and Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Valérie Zeller
- Groupe Hospitalier Diaconesses-Croix Saint-Simon, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lortholary
- Université de Paris, Faculté de Médecine, APHP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Mycologie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 2000, Paris, France
| | - Thomas J. Walsh
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
- New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Innovative Therapeutics and Diagnostics, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Correlation of clinical characteristics, by calculation of SCIO index, with the laboratory diagnosis of onychomycosis. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:221-229. [PMID: 35000126 PMCID: PMC8882508 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00676-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Onychomycosis is a chronic fungal infection with increasing incidence and the global prevalence is estimated to be 5.5%. The aim of our study was to perceive objectively severity of onychomycosis by calculating Scoring Clinical Index for Onychomycosis and to correlate this index with accurate laboratory diagnosis in our patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study population comprised of 417 patients with laboratory confirmed onychomycosis. For each patient, we recorded basic demographic information, site of infection, the most affected nail with onychomycosis, clinical presentation, and type of onychomycosis. The evaluation of the disease severity was based on Scoring Clinical Index for Onychomycosis which was calculated for every patient separately. Mycological identification was done by microscopy and fungal culture. RESULTS The majority of patients had distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis (95.44%) that was localized on big toe (62.59%), with female to male ratio 1.24:1. Male patients had significantly more nails affected with onychomycosis compared with female patients (p = 0.011), while female had significantly more often onychomycosis on fingernails 2-5 (p < 0.05), and they reported significantly more often pain (p < 0.05) and esthetic problems (p < 0.05). Mean Scoring Clinical Index for Onychomycosis was 16.76. Dermatophytes were most frequently isolated (91.85%). In patients with onychomycosis caused by dermatophytes, Scoring Clinical Index for Onychomycosis had significantly higher values (p = 0.032). CONCLUSION Comprehensive understanding of disease characteristics will allow introduction of individualized treatment plan for each patient, based on proper fungal identification and standardized method of evaluating disease severity, which could help the patient achieve a complete cure.
Collapse
|
4
|
Diongue K, Diallo MA, Seck MC, Ndiaye M, Badiane AS, Ndiaye D. The evidence for unavailability of systemic antifungals in Senegal. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2021; 8:20499361211036594. [PMID: 34394929 PMCID: PMC8361555 DOI: 10.1177/20499361211036594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Khadim Diongue
- Service of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of
Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Cheikh Anta
Diop Avenue, Dakar, BO 3005, Senegal
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology,
Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mamadou Alpha Diallo
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology,
Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mame Cheikh Seck
- Service of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of
Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar,
Senegal
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology,
Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mouhamadou Ndiaye
- Service of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of
Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar,
Senegal
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology,
Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Aida Sadikh Badiane
- Service of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of
Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar,
Senegal
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology,
Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Daouda Ndiaye
- Service of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of
Medicine, Pharmacy and Odontology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar,
Senegal
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology,
Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital, Dakar, Senegal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Diongue K, Diallo MA, Ndiaye M, Seck MC, Badiane AS, Ndiaye D. [Interdigital tinea pedis resulting from Fusarium spp. in Dakar, Senegal]. J Mycol Med 2017; 28:227-231. [PMID: 29132795 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fungal interdigital tinea pedis (ITP) is a common pathology mainly due to dermatophytes and yeasts. Fusarium sp. is rarely incriminated in the genesis of intertrigo. In Dakar, a recent study conducted in 2016 on fungal ITP showed that Fusarium were more involved in the etiology of ITP than dermatophytes, coming just after yeasts dominated by Candida. Following this, we wanted to draw attention to the increasing incidence of ITP resulting from Fusarium spp., in Dakar, Senegal, and to analyze the epidemiological and mycological particularities of these ITP due to Fusarium spp. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective study including all patients received at the laboratory for suspicion of ITP between January 1st, 2014 and June 30th, 2017 was conducted. Diagnosis was based on mycological examination, including direct examination and culture. Mycological analysis was considered positive when direct examination and culture were positive after at least one repeat. RESULTS Twenty-nine cases of Fusarium ITP accounting for 44.6% of all ITP in the study period were diagnosed in 15 men and 14 women. The mean age of the patients was 48.4 years. Fusarium ITP were diagnosed in immunocompetent patients except in two diabetics. The mean duration of the lesions was 6.83 years. The most frequent species isolated belonged to the Fusarium solani complex with 19 cases. CONCLUSION Fusarium ITP in a healthy subject requires regular monitoring because any subsequent decrease in immune defenses could lead to fatal hematogenous spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Diongue
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Aristide-Le-Dantec, BP 16477, Dakar, Sénégal; Service de parasitologie-mycologie, faculté de médecine, de pharmacie et d'odontologie, université Cheikh-Anta-Diop, BP 5005, Dakar, Sénégal.
| | - M A Diallo
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Aristide-Le-Dantec, BP 16477, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - M Ndiaye
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Aristide-Le-Dantec, BP 16477, Dakar, Sénégal; Service de parasitologie-mycologie, faculté de médecine, de pharmacie et d'odontologie, université Cheikh-Anta-Diop, BP 5005, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - M C Seck
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Aristide-Le-Dantec, BP 16477, Dakar, Sénégal; Service de parasitologie-mycologie, faculté de médecine, de pharmacie et d'odontologie, université Cheikh-Anta-Diop, BP 5005, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - A S Badiane
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Aristide-Le-Dantec, BP 16477, Dakar, Sénégal; Service de parasitologie-mycologie, faculté de médecine, de pharmacie et d'odontologie, université Cheikh-Anta-Diop, BP 5005, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - D Ndiaye
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Aristide-Le-Dantec, BP 16477, Dakar, Sénégal; Service de parasitologie-mycologie, faculté de médecine, de pharmacie et d'odontologie, université Cheikh-Anta-Diop, BP 5005, Dakar, Sénégal
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Histoplasmosis by Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii Observed at the Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy of Lomé in Togo. J Pathog 2017; 2017:2323412. [PMID: 28804654 PMCID: PMC5539941 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2323412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and diagnostic aspects of African histoplasmosis in Togo through a descriptive and cross-sectional study on histological diagnosed African histoplasmosis in Pathology Department of Lomé from 2002 to 2016 (15 years). A total of 17 cases of African histoplasmosis were diagnosed. The sex ratio (M/F) was 1.8. The annual incidence was 1.1 cases. The mean age of the patients was 27.2 ± 0.4 years. All our patients were of social categories with a low socioeconomic level. HIV infection was known in 3 patients and one patient contracted tuberculosis. The clinical manifestations were cutaneous in 7 cases, cutaneous and mucous in 3 cases, cutaneous and lymph node in 3 cases, cutaneous and bone in 2 cases, and disseminated in 2 cases. The samples examined consisted of 14 cutaneous biopsies measuring 2-3 cm and 3 ganglionic biopsies each measuring 4 cm of major axis. Histologically, all cases were of chronic form made of granulomatous reaction with ovoid yeasts measuring between 1 and 2 microns. Despite the low frequency of this disease in our country, it should be kept constantly in mind before any granulomatous lesions, especially in the context of the HIV pandemic.
Collapse
|
7
|
Diongue K, Ndiaye M, Diallo MA, Seck MC, Badiane AS, Diop A, Ndiaye YD, Déme A, Ndiaye T, Ndir O, Ndiaye D. Fungal interdigital tinea pedis in Dakar (Senegal). J Mycol Med 2016; 26:312-316. [PMID: 27184614 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fungal interdigital tinea pedis (FITP) is the most frequent dermatomycosis in industrial countries. In African tropics, it's a rare motive of consultation and is discovered while complicated. The aims of this article were: to determine the frequency of interdigital tinea pedis among overall mycological analysis in our laboratory; to study epidemiological, clinical and mycological aspects of FITP in outpatients attending the Le Dantec mycology laboratory in Dakar. A total of 62 males (60%) and 42 females (40%), mean age: 43.15 years (range: 11-81 years), were received from January 2011 to December 2015 for suspicion of FITP. Skin specimens were taken from all patients for microscopy and fungal culture. The frequency of ITP represents 5.6% (104/1851) among our overall mycological analysis. FITP was confirmed in 68 patients (SPI=65.38%), mainly located between the 4th and 5th toes and 71 fungal species were isolated (CPI=68.27%). Among patients with confirmed FITP, there were 38 males (56%) and 30 females (44%). The prevalence was highest in patients between 44 and 54 years (26%). Candida albicans, Fusarium solani and Trichophyton interdigitale were shown to be the most common pathogens respectively for yeasts (39%), non-dermatophytic filamentous fungi (NDFF; 21%) and dermatophytes (11%). So FITP isn't a common reason for consultation in Dakar but its simple parasitic index (SPI) is still very high and dermatophytes formerly the main causative agents are being relegated to third place behind yeasts and NDFF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Diongue
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Aristide le Dantec, BP 5005, Dakar, Senegal.
| | - M Ndiaye
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Aristide le Dantec, BP 5005, Dakar, Senegal; Service de parasitologie-mycologie, faculté de médecine, de pharmacie et d'odontologie, université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, BP 16477, Dakar, Senegal
| | - M A Diallo
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Aristide le Dantec, BP 5005, Dakar, Senegal
| | - M C Seck
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Aristide le Dantec, BP 5005, Dakar, Senegal; Service de parasitologie-mycologie, faculté de médecine, de pharmacie et d'odontologie, université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, BP 16477, Dakar, Senegal
| | - A S Badiane
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Aristide le Dantec, BP 5005, Dakar, Senegal; Service de parasitologie-mycologie, faculté de médecine, de pharmacie et d'odontologie, université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, BP 16477, Dakar, Senegal
| | - A Diop
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Aristide le Dantec, BP 5005, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Y D Ndiaye
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Aristide le Dantec, BP 5005, Dakar, Senegal
| | - A Déme
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Aristide le Dantec, BP 5005, Dakar, Senegal
| | - T Ndiaye
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Aristide le Dantec, BP 5005, Dakar, Senegal
| | - O Ndir
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Aristide le Dantec, BP 5005, Dakar, Senegal; Service de parasitologie-mycologie, faculté de médecine, de pharmacie et d'odontologie, université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, BP 16477, Dakar, Senegal
| | - D Ndiaye
- Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Aristide le Dantec, BP 5005, Dakar, Senegal; Service de parasitologie-mycologie, faculté de médecine, de pharmacie et d'odontologie, université Cheikh Anta DIOP de Dakar, BP 16477, Dakar, Senegal
| |
Collapse
|