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Moradi A, Austerlitz T, Dahlin P, Robert CA, Maurer C, Steinauer K, van Doan C, Himmighofen PA, Wieczorek K, Künzler M, Mauch F. Marasmius oreades agglutinin enhances resistance of Arabidopsis against plant-parasitic nematodes and a herbivorous insect. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:402. [PMID: 34470613 PMCID: PMC8408931 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-parasitic nematodes and herbivorous insects have a significant negative impact on global crop production. A successful approach to protect crops from these pests is the in planta expression of nematotoxic or entomotoxic proteins such as crystal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) or plant lectins. However, the efficacy of this approach is threatened by emergence of resistance in nematode and insect populations to these proteins. To solve this problem, novel nematotoxic and entomotoxic proteins are needed. During the last two decades, several cytoplasmic lectins from mushrooms with nematicidal and insecticidal activity have been characterized. In this study, we tested the potential of Marasmius oreades agglutinin (MOA) to furnish Arabidopsis plants with resistance towards three economically important crop pests: the two plant-parasitic nematodes Heterodera schachtii and Meloidogyne incognita and the herbivorous diamondback moth Plutella xylostella. RESULTS The expression of MOA does not affect plant growth under axenic conditions which is an essential parameter in the engineering of genetically modified crops. The transgenic Arabidopsis lines showed nearly complete resistance to H. schachtii, in that the number of female and male nematodes per cm root was reduced by 86-91 % and 43-93 % compared to WT, respectively. M. incognita proved to be less susceptible to the MOA protein in that 18-25 % and 26-35 % less galls and nematode egg masses, respectively, were observed in the transgenic lines. Larvae of the herbivorous P. xylostella foraging on MOA-expression lines showed a lower relative mass gain (22-38 %) and survival rate (15-24 %) than those feeding on WT plants. CONCLUSIONS The results of our in planta experiments reveal a robust nematicidal and insecticidal activity of the fungal lectin MOA against important agricultural pests which may be exploited for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboubakr Moradi
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Tina Austerlitz
- Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Dahlin
- Agroscope, Research Division, Plant Protection, Phytopathology and Zoology in Fruit and Vegetable Production, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Am Robert
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Oeschger Center for Climate Change Research, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Corina Maurer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katja Steinauer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cong van Doan
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Krzysztof Wieczorek
- Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Felix Mauch
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Berestetskiy A, Hu Q. The Chemical Ecology Approach to Reveal Fungal Metabolites for Arthropod Pest Management. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1379. [PMID: 34202923 PMCID: PMC8307166 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biorational insecticides (for instance, avermectins, spinosins, azadirachtin, and afidopyropen) of natural origin are increasingly being used in agriculture. The review considers the chemical ecology approach for the search for new compounds with insecticidal properties (entomotoxic, antifeedant, and hormonal) produced by fungi of various ecological groups (entomopathogens, soil saprotrophs, endophytes, phytopathogens, and mushrooms). The literature survey revealed that insecticidal metabolites of entomopathogenic fungi have not been sufficiently studied, and most of the well-characterized compounds show moderate insecticidal activity. The greatest number of substances with insecticidal properties was found to be produced by soil fungi, mainly from the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. Metabolites with insecticidal and antifeedant properties were also found in endophytic and phytopathogenic fungi. It was noted that insect pests of stored products are mostly low sensitive to mycotoxins. Mushrooms were found to be promising producers of antifeedant compounds as well as insecticidal proteins. The expansion of the number of substances with insecticidal properties detected in prospective fungal species is possible by mining fungal genomes for secondary metabolite gene clusters and secreted proteins with their subsequent activation by various methods. The efficacy of these studies can be increased with high-throughput techniques of extraction of fungal metabolites and their analysis by various methods of chromatography and mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiongbo Hu
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
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Scheys F, Van Damme EJM, Pauwels J, Staes A, Gevaert K, Smagghe G. N-glycosylation Site Analysis Reveals Sex-related Differences in Protein N-glycosylation in the Rice Brown Planthopper ( Nilaparvata lugens). Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:529-539. [PMID: 31924694 PMCID: PMC7050106 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a common modification of proteins and critical for a wide range of biological processes. Differences in protein glycosylation between sexes have already been observed in humans, nematodes and trematodes, and have recently also been reported in the rice pest insect Nilaparvata lugens Although protein N-glycosylation in insects is nowadays of high interest because of its potential for exploitation in pest control strategies, the functionality of differential N-glycosylation between sexes is yet unknown. In this study, therefore, the occurrence and role of sex-related protein N-glycosylation in insects were examined. A comprehensive investigation of the N-glycosylation sites from the adult stages of N. lugens was conducted, allowing a qualitative and quantitative comparison between sexes at the glycopeptide level. N-glycopeptide enrichment via lectin capturing using the high mannose/paucimannose-binding lectin Concanavalin A, or the Rhizoctonia solani agglutinin which interacts with complex N-glycans, resulted in the identification of over 1300 N-glycosylation sites derived from over 600 glycoproteins. Comparison of these N-glycopeptides revealed striking differences in protein N-glycosylation between sexes. Male- and female-specific N-glycosylation sites were identified, and some of these sex-specific N-glycosylation sites were shown to be derived from proteins with a putative role in insect reproduction. In addition, differential glycan composition between males and females was observed for proteins shared across sexes. Both lectin blotting experiments as well as transcript expression analyses with complete insects and insect tissues confirmed the observed differences in N-glycosylation of proteins between sexes. In conclusion, this study provides further evidence for protein N-glycosylation to be sex-related in insects. Furthermore, original data on N-glycosylation sites of N. lugens adults are presented, providing novel insights into planthopper's biology and information for future biological pest control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freja Scheys
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jarne Pauwels
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - An Staes
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Khan F, Kurre D, Suguna K. Crystal structures of a β-trefoil lectin from Entamoeba histolytica in monomeric and a novel disulfide bond-mediated dimeric forms. Glycobiology 2020; 30:474-488. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstractβ-Trefoil lectins are galactose/N-acetyl galactosamine specific lectins, which are widely distributed across all kingdoms of life and are known to perform several important functions. However, there is no report available on the characterization of these lectins from protozoans. We have performed structural and biophysical studies on a β-trefoil lectin from Entamoeba histolytica (EntTref), which exists as a mixture of monomers and dimers in solution. Further, we have determined the affinities of EntTref for rhamnose, galactose and different galactose-linked sugars. We obtained the crystal structure of EntTref in a sugar-free form (EntTref_apo) and a rhamnose-bound form (EntTref_rham). A novel Cys residue-mediated dimerization was revealed in the crystal structure of EntTref_apo while the structure of EntTref_rham provided the structural basis for the recognition of rhamnose by a β-trefoil lectin for the first time. To the best of our knowledge, this is the only report of the structural, functional and biophysical characterization of a β-trefoil lectin from a protozoan source and the first report of Cys-mediated dimerization in this class of lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farha Khan
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, CV Raman Rd, 560012, India
| | - Devanshu Kurre
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, CV Raman Rd, 560012, India
| | - K Suguna
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, CV Raman Rd, 560012, India
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Vanti GL, Katageri IS, Inamdar SR, Hiremathada V, Swamy BM. Potent insect gut binding lectin from Sclerotium rolfsii impart resistance to sucking and chewing type insects in cotton. J Biotechnol 2018; 278:20-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Rahimi V, Hajizadeh J, Zibaee A, Sendi JJ. Effect of Polygonum persicaria (Polygonales: Polygonaceae) Extracted Agglutinin on Life Table and Antioxidant Responses in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:662-671. [PMID: 29385554 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant lectins could reduce insect populations by imposing imbalances in biology and physiology. Here, an agglutinin was extracted from Polygonum persicaria L. (PPA; Polygonales: Polygonaceae) and its effects were investigated on life table parameters and antioxidant system of Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). PPA significantly changed demographic parameters showing adverse effects on age-stage survival rate (Sxj), age-specific survival rate (lx), age-specific fecundity rate (mx), age stage specific fecundity (fxj), and life expectancy (exj). Also, life table parameters including net reproduction rate (R0) (Offspring/female), intrinsic rate of population increase (rm) (days-1), finite rate of increase (λ) (days-1), gross reproduction rate (GRR) (Offspring/female) significantly decreased in the PPA-treated H. armigera compared to control except for mean generation time (T) (days). Activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CA), peroxidase (POX), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) increased statistically in the PPA-treated larvae compared to control while no significant difference was observed in the activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APOX) activity. Moreover, ratio of RSSR/RSH and concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) were found to be statistically higher in PPA-treated larvae than control. The current results clearly showed that PPA not only had a negative impact on demography of H. armigera but also induced antioxidant raise by releasing free radicals. These released radicals, together with impaired digestion and absorption observed in our previous report, could be considered as a reason for reducing biological fitness of H. armigera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Rahimi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Jalil Hajizadeh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Arash Zibaee
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Jalal Jalali Sendi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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Benelli G, Govindarajan M, AlSalhi MS, Devanesan S, Maggi F. High toxicity of camphene and γ-elemene from Wedelia prostrata essential oil against larvae of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:10383-10391. [PMID: 28634795 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The development of eco-friendly biopesticides in the fight against agricultural pests is an important challenge nowadays. The essential oil of Wedelia prostrata Hemsl. is known for its multipurpose biological activities in Chinese folk medicine. However, limited efforts attempted to understand the potential insecticidal activity of its main individual constituents and related mechanism of action. In this research, we investigated the insecticidal activity of W. prostrata against the crop pest Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Toxicity on 4th instar larvae was assessed after 24 h of exposure. The LC50 and LC90 of the W. prostrata essential oil were 167.46 and 322.12 μg/ml, respectively. GC-MS analyses were carried out to shed light on the oil chemical composition. Main constituents were the monoterpene camphene (9.6%) and the sesquiterpenes γ-elemene (7.6%), α-humulene (6.9%), and (E,E)-α-farnesene (7.3%). The pure constituents were evaluated for their insecticidal activity on S. litura 4th instar larvae. The most toxic molecule was camphene (LC50 = 6.28 μg/ml), followed by γ-elemene, (LC50 = 10.64 μg/ml), α-humulene (LC50 = 12.89 μg/ml), and (E,E)-α-farnesene (LC50 = 16.77 μg/ml). Overall, our experiments highlighted the promising potential of camphene and γ-elemene from W. prostrata essential oil against larvae of S. litura, allowing us to propose these two compounds for the development of newer pesticides in the fight against crop pests. Further studies aimed at evaluating the potential synergy between these two molecules, as well as their stability in field conditions are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Marimuthu Govindarajan
- Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, 608 002, India.
| | - Mohamad S AlSalhi
- Research Chair in Laser Diagnosis of Cancer, Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sandhanasamy Devanesan
- Research Chair in Laser Diagnosis of Cancer, Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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Walski T, De Schutter K, Cappelle K, Van Damme EJM, Smagghe G. Distribution of Glycan Motifs at the Surface of Midgut Cells in the Cotton Leafworm ( Spodoptera littoralis) Demonstrated by Lectin Binding. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1020. [PMID: 29276491 PMCID: PMC5727093 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycans are involved in many biological phenomena, including signal transduction, cell adhesion, immune response or differentiation. Although a few papers have reported on the role of glycans in the development and proper functioning of the insect midgut, no data are available regarding the localization of the glycan structures on the surface of the cells in the gut of insects. In this paper, we analyzed the spatial distribution of glycans present on the surface of the midgut cells in larvae of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis, an important agricultural pest insect worldwide. For this purpose, we established primary midgut cell cultures, probed these individual cells that are freely suspended in liquid medium with a selection of seven fluorescently labeled lectins covering a range of different carbohydrate binding specificities [mannose oligomers (GNA and HHA), GalNAc/Gal (RSA and SSA), GlcNAc (WGA and Nictaba) and Neu5Ac(α-2,6)Gal/GalNAc (SNA-I)], and visualized the interaction of these lectins with the different zones of the midgut cells using confocal microscopy. Our analysis focused on the typical differentiated columnar cells with a microvillar brush border at their apical side, which are dominantly present in the Lepidopteran midgut and function in food digestion and absorption, and as well as on the undifferentiated stem cells that are important for midgut development and repair. Confocal microscopy analyses showed that the GalNAc/Gal-binding lectins SSA and RSA and the terminal GlcNAc-recognizing WGA bound preferentially to the apical microvillar zone of the differentiated columnar cells as compared to the basolateral pole. The reverse result was observed for the mannose-binding lectins GNA and HHA, as well as Nictaba that binds preferentially to GlcNAc oligomers. Furthermore, differences in lectin binding to the basal and lateral zones of the cell membranes of the columnar cells were apparent. In the midgut stem cells, GNA and Nictaba bound more strongly to the membrane of these undifferentiated cells compared to the microvillar pole of the columnar cells, while SSA, HHA, WGA, and SNA-I showed stronger binding to the microvilli. Our results indicated that polarization of the midgut cells is also reflected by a specific distribution of glycans, especially between the basal and microvillar pole. The data are discussed in relation to the functioning and development of the insect midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Walski
- Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Kaat Cappelle
- Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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de Oliveira CFR, de Moura MC, Napoleão TH, Paiva PMG, Coelho LCBB, Macedo MLR. A chitin-binding lectin from Moringa oleifera seeds (WSMoL) impairs the digestive physiology of the Mediterranean flour larvae, Anagasta kuehniella. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 142:67-76. [PMID: 29107249 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biotechnological techniques allow the investigation of alternatives to outdated chemical insecticides for crop protection; some investigations have focused on the identification of molecules tailored from nature for this purpose. We, herein, describe the negative effects of water-soluble lectin from Moringa oleifera seeds (WSMoL) on Anagasta kuehniella development. The chitin-binding lectin, WSMoL, impaired the larval weight gain by 50% and affected the activity of the pest's major digestive enzymes. The commitment of the digestive process became evident after controlled digestion studies, where the capacity of protein digestion was compromised by >90%. Upon acute exposure, the lectin was not resistant to digestion; however, chronic ingestion of WSMoL was able to reverse this feature. Thus, we show that resistance to digestion may not be a prerequisite for a lectin's ability to exert negative effects on larval physiology. The mechanism of action of WSMoL involves binding to chitin with possible disruption to the peritrophic membrane, causing disorder between the endo- and ectoperitrophic spaces. Additionally, results suggest that WSMoL may trigger apoptosis in gut cells, leading to the lower enzymatic activity observed in WSMoL-fed larvae. Although assays employing an artificial diet did not demonstrate effects of WSMoL on A. kuehniella mortality, this lectin may hold potential for exerting insecticide effects on other pest insects, as well for use in other experimental approaches, such as WSMoL-expressing plants. Moreover, the use of WSMoL with other biotechnological tools, such as 'pyramid' crops, may represent a strategy for delaying the evolution of pest resistance to transgenic crops, since its multiple site targets could act in synergism with other insecticide compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Fernando Ramalho de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e suas Funções Biológicas-LPPFB, Unidade de Tecnologia de Alimentos e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maiara Celine de Moura
- Departmento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Thiago Henrique Napoleão
- Departmento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Lígia Rodrigues Macedo
- Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e suas Funções Biológicas-LPPFB, Unidade de Tecnologia de Alimentos e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
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Copley TR, Duggavathi R, Jabaji S. The transcriptional landscape of Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA during infection of soybean as defined by RNA-seq. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184095. [PMID: 28877263 PMCID: PMC5587340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani Kühn infects most plant families and can cause significant agricultural yield losses worldwide; however, plant resistance to this disease is rare and short-lived, and therefore poorly understood, resulting in the use of chemical pesticides for its control. Understanding the functional responses of this pathogen during host infection can help elucidate the molecular mechanisms that are necessary for successful host invasion. Using the pathosystem model soybean-R. solani anastomosis group AG1-IA, we examined the global transcriptional responses of R. solani during early and late infection stages of soybean by applying an RNA-seq approach. Approximately, 148 million clean paired-end reads, representing 93% of R. solani AG1-IA genes, were obtained from the sequenced libraries. Analysis of R. solani AG1-IA transcripts during soybean invasion revealed that most genes were similarly expressed during early and late infection stages, and only 11% and 15% of the expressed genes were differentially expressed during early and late infection stages, respectively. Analyses of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed shifts in molecular pathways involved in antibiotics biosynthesis, amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as pathways involved in antioxidant production. Furthermore, several KEGG pathways were unique to each time point, particularly the up-regulation of genes related to toxin degradation (e.g., nicotinate and nicotinamid metabolism) at onset of necrosis, and those linked to synthesis of anti-microbial compounds and pyridoxine (vitamin B6) biosynthesis 24 h.p.o. of necrosis. These results suggest that particular genes or pathways are required for either invasion or disease development. Overall, this study provides the first insights into R. solani AG1-IA transcriptome responses to soybean invasion providing beneficial information for future targeted control methods of this successful pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya R. Copley
- Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Raj Duggavathi
- Animal Science Department, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Suha Jabaji
- Plant Science Department, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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Toxicity, membrane binding and uptake of the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum agglutinin (SSA) in different insect cell lines. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2017; 53:691-698. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-017-0176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Verwaaijen B, Wibberg D, Kröber M, Winkler A, Zrenner R, Bednarz H, Niehaus K, Grosch R, Pühler A, Schlüter A. The Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IB (isolate 7/3/14) transcriptome during interaction with the host plant lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177278. [PMID: 28486484 PMCID: PMC5423683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The necrotrophic pathogen Rhizoctonia solani is one of the most economically important soil-borne pathogens of crop plants. Isolates of R. solani AG1-IB are the major pathogens responsible for bottom-rot of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and are also responsible for diseases in other plant species. Currently, there is lack of information regarding the molecular responses in R. solani during the pathogenic interaction between the necrotrophic soil-borne pathogen and its host plant. The genome of R. solani AG1-IB (isolate 7/3/14) was recently established to obtain insights into its putative pathogenicity determinants. In this study, the transcriptional activity of R. solani AG1-IB was followed during the course of its pathogenic interaction with the host plant lettuce under controlled conditions. Based on visual observations, three distinct pathogen-host interaction zones on lettuce leaves were defined which covered different phases of disease progression on tissue inoculated with the AG1-IB (isolate 7/3/14). The zones were defined as: Zone 1-symptomless, Zone 2-light brown discoloration, and Zone 3-dark brown, necrotic lesions. Differences in R. solani hyphae structure in these three zones were investigated by microscopic observation. Transcriptional activity within these three interaction zones was used to represent the course of R. solani disease progression applying high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis of samples collected from each Zone. The resulting three transcriptome data sets were analyzed for their highest expressed genes and for differentially transcribed genes between the respective interaction zones. Among the highest expressed genes was a group of not previously described genes which were transcribed exclusively during early stages of interaction, in Zones 1 and 2. Previously described importance of up-regulation in R. solani agglutinin genes during disease progression could be further confirmed; here, the corresponding genes exhibited extremely high transcription levels. Most differentially higher expressed transcripts were found within Zone 2. In Zone 3, the zone with the strongest degree of interaction, gene transcripts indicative of apoptotic activity were highly abundant. The transcriptome data presented in this work support previous models of the disease and interaction cycle of R. solani and lettuce and may influence effective techniques for control of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Verwaaijen
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Daniel Wibberg
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Magdalena Kröber
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anika Winkler
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rita Zrenner
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Hanna Bednarz
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Karsten Niehaus
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rita Grosch
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Alfred Pühler
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlüter
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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Alborzi Z, Zibaee A, Sendi JJ, Ramzi S. Effects of the Agglutinins Extracted From Rhizoctonia solani (Cantharellales: Ceratobasidiaceae) on Pieris brassicae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:1132-1140. [PMID: 27034115 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lectins are widespread proteins found in plants, fungi, bacteria, and vertebrates, and they play the critical roles in many physiological functions. Two lectin molecules (namely, RSAI and RSAII) were extracted from Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn and their effects on Pieris brassicae L. larvae were determined by larval survival rate, body mass, nutritional indices, digestive enzyme activities, and caspase-3 gene expression. The highest mortality caused by RSA treatment was recorded up to 80%, the larval weight decreased to 0.05 g and Similarly, RSAs significantly decreased nutritional indices including conversion efficiency of ingested food (ECI), conversion efficiency of digested food (ECD), approximate digestibility (AD), relative consumption rate (RCR), and relative growth rate (RGR) in a dose-dependent manner. Activities of α-amylase and α- and β-glucosidases significantly decreased in the larvae fed with RSA-treated diets. Also, activities of TAG-lipase and proteases significantly reduced after feeding with different concentrations of RSAs. Gene expression analysis of caspase-3 in control and treated larvae revealed significant increment of its expression in the larvae fed with RSAI and RSAII, respectively, 9.52- and 1.47-fold compared to control. These results clearly demonstrated insecticidal effects of R. solani lectins on P. brassicae via several physiological pathways, thus rendering RSA as a good target for furthering our knowledge and suggesting new strategies to overcome pesticide side effects.
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Entomotoxic and nematotoxic lectins and protease inhibitors from fungal fruiting bodies. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:91-111. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Hitting the sweet spot-glycans as targets of fungal defense effector proteins. Molecules 2015; 20:8144-67. [PMID: 25955890 PMCID: PMC6272156 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20058144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms which rely solely on innate defense systems must combat a large number of antagonists with a comparably low number of defense effector molecules. As one solution of this problem, these organisms have evolved effector molecules targeting epitopes that are conserved between different antagonists of a specific taxon or, if possible, even of different taxa. In order to restrict the activity of the defense effector molecules to physiologically relevant taxa, these target epitopes should, on the other hand, be taxon-specific and easily accessible. Glycans fulfill all these requirements and are therefore a preferred target of defense effector molecules, in particular defense proteins. Here, we review this defense strategy using the example of the defense system of multicellular (filamentous) fungi against microbial competitors and animal predators.
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Walski T, Van Damme EJM, Smagghe G. Penetration through the peritrophic matrix is a key to lectin toxicity against Tribolium castaneum. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 70:94-101. [PMID: 25240534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades lectins have received a lot of attention as potential tools in pest control. Despite substantial progress in the field not all the factors determining insecticidal potency and selectivity of these proteins have been described. Recently, three lectins, RSA (Rhizoctonia solani agglutinin), SNA-I and SNA-II (Sambucus nigra agglutinin I and II) have been shown to be toxic to aphids and caterpillars. In this project we investigated if these lectins are also toxic against larvae and a cell line of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, a model organism and important pest of stored products. Furthermore, we analyzed the stability of the lectins in the larval gut and used confocal microscopy to compare their efficiency in passing through the peritrophic matrix (PM). We observed that all three lectins were toxic against the T. castaneum cell line and their effectiveness in vitro was in decreasing order SNA-II>SNA-I>RSA with the respective EC50 being 0.1, 0.5 and 3.6 μg/ml. Larvae feeding for 16 day on diets containing 2% RSA, 2% SNA-II and 2% SNA-I weighed 0.14 ± 0.07 mg, 0.67 ± 0.44 mg and 1.89 ± 0.38 mg, corresponding to approximately 7%, 36% and 80% of control larvae, respectively. As a consequence, RSA increased the time to adult emergence by over 3-fold, SNA-II by 1.9-fold and SNA-I by 1.2-fold. RSA and SNA-II were stable in the larval gut, while SNA-I was digested and excreted with the feces. Finally, confocal microscopy confirmed that RSA passed through the PM more efficiently than SNA-II. In conclusion, our data suggest that the lectin ability to pass through the PM, governed by molecule dimensions, charge and size of PM pores, is one of the features that determine the toxicity of these insecticidal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Walski
- Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els J M Van Damme
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium; NB-Photonics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, Belgium.
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Sclerotium rolfsii lectin exerts insecticidal activity on Spodoptera litura larvae by binding to membrane proteins of midgut epithelial cells and triggering caspase-3-dependent apoptosis. Toxicon 2014; 78:47-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Skamnaki VT, Peumans WJ, Kantsadi AL, Cubeta MA, Plas K, Pakala S, Zographos SE, Smagghe G, Nierman WC, Van Damme EJM, Leonidas DD. Structural analysis of theRhizoctonia solaniagglutinin reveals a domain-swapping dimeric assembly. FEBS J 2013; 280:1750-63. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki T. Skamnaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; University of Thessaly; Larissa; Greece
| | - Willy J. Peumans
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology; Ghent University; Belgium
| | | | - Marc A. Cubeta
- Department of Plant Pathology; North Carolina State University; Raleigh; NC; USA
| | - Kirsten Plas
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - Suman Pakala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; J. Craig Venter Institute; Rockville; MD; USA
| | - Spyridon E. Zographos
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology; National Hellenic Research Foundation; Athens; Greece
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Crop Protection; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - William C. Nierman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; J. Craig Venter Institute; Rockville; MD; USA
| | | | - Demetres D. Leonidas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; University of Thessaly; Larissa; Greece
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Hamshou M, Van Damme EJM, Caccia S, Cappelle K, Vandenborre G, Ghesquière B, Gevaert K, Smagghe G. High entomotoxicity and mechanism of the fungal GalNAc/Gal-specific Rhizoctonia solani lectin in pest insects. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 59:295-305. [PMID: 23291362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Whole insect assays where Rhizoctonia solani agglutinin (RSA) was fed to larval stages of the cotton leaf-worm Spodoptera littoralis and the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum demonstrated a high concentration-dependent entomotoxicity, suggesting that this GalNAc/Gal-specific fungal lectin might be a good control agent for different pest insects. RSA at 10 mg/g in the solid diet of 2nd-instar caterpillars caused 84% weight reduction after 8 days with none of the caterpillars reaching the 4th-instar stage. In sucking aphids, 50% mortality was achieved after 3 days with 9 μM of RSA in the liquid diet. Feeding of FITC-labeled RSA to both insect pest species revealed strong lectin binding at the apical/luminal side of the midgut epithelium with the brush border zone, suggesting the insect midgut as a primary insecticide target tissue for RSA. This was also confirmed with cell cultures in vitro, where there was high fluorescence binding at the microvillar zone with primary cultures of larval midgut columnar cells of S. littoralis, and also at the surface with the insect midgut CF-203 cell line without lectin uptake in the midgut cells. In vitro assays using insect midgut CF-203 cells, revealed that RSA was highly toxic with an EC50 of 0.3 μM. Preincubation with GalNAc and saponin indicated that this action of RSA was carbohydrate-binding dependent and happened at the surface of the cells. Intoxicated CF-203 cells showed symptoms of apoptosis as nuclear condensation and DNA fragmentation, and this concurred with an increase of caspase-3/7, -8 and -9 activities. Finally, RSA affinity chromatography of membrane extracts of CF-203 cells followed by LC-MS/MS allowed the identification of 5747 unique peptides, among which four putatively glycosylated membrane proteins that are associated with apoptosis induction, namely Fas-associated factor, Apoptosis-linked gene-2, Neuroglian and CG2076, as potential binding targets for RSA. These data are discussed in relation to the physiological effects of RSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hamshou
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Schubert M, Bleuler-Martinez S, Butschi A, Wälti MA, Egloff P, Stutz K, Yan S, Wilson IBH, Hengartner MO, Aebi M, Allain FHT, Künzler M. Plasticity of the β-trefoil protein fold in the recognition and control of invertebrate predators and parasites by a fungal defence system. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002706. [PMID: 22615566 PMCID: PMC3355094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Discrimination between self and non-self is a prerequisite for any defence mechanism; in innate defence, this discrimination is often mediated by lectins recognizing non-self carbohydrate structures and so relies on an arsenal of host lectins with different specificities towards target organism carbohydrate structures. Recently, cytoplasmic lectins isolated from fungal fruiting bodies have been shown to play a role in the defence of multicellular fungi against predators and parasites. Here, we present a novel fruiting body lectin, CCL2, from the ink cap mushroom Coprinopsis cinerea. We demonstrate the toxicity of the lectin towards Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster and present its NMR solution structure in complex with the trisaccharide, GlcNAcβ1,4[Fucα1,3]GlcNAc, to which it binds with high specificity and affinity in vitro. The structure reveals that the monomeric CCL2 adopts a β-trefoil fold and recognizes the trisaccharide by a single, topologically novel carbohydrate-binding site. Site-directed mutagenesis of CCL2 and identification of C. elegans mutants resistant to this lectin show that its nematotoxicity is mediated by binding to α1,3-fucosylated N-glycan core structures of nematode glycoproteins; feeding with fluorescently labeled CCL2 demonstrates that these target glycoproteins localize to the C. elegans intestine. Since the identified glycoepitope is characteristic for invertebrates but absent from fungi, our data show that the defence function of fruiting body lectins is based on the specific recognition of non-self carbohydrate structures. The trisaccharide specifically recognized by CCL2 is a key carbohydrate determinant of pollen and insect venom allergens implying this particular glycoepitope is targeted by both fungal defence and mammalian immune systems. In summary, our results demonstrate how the plasticity of a common protein fold can contribute to the recognition and control of antagonists by an innate defence mechanism, whereby the monovalency of the lectin for its ligand implies a novel mechanism of lectin-mediated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Schubert
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Alex Butschi
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Pascal Egloff
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Stutz
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Shi Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Iain B. H. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Markus Aebi
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Markus Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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21
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Mestre P, Piron MC, Merdinoglu D. Identification of effector genes from the phytopathogenic Oomycete Plasmopara viticola through the analysis of gene expression in germinated zoospores. Fungal Biol 2012; 116:825-35. [PMID: 22749169 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Grapevine downy mildew caused by the Oomycete Plasmopara viticola is one of the most important diseases affecting Vitis spp. The current strategy of control relies on chemical fungicides. An alternative to the use of fungicides is using downy mildew resistant varieties, which is cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Knowledge about the genetic basis of the resistance to P. viticola has progressed in the recent years, but little data are available about P. viticola genetics, in particular concerning the nature of its avirulence genes. Identifying pathogen effectors as putative avirulence genes is a necessary step in order to understand the biology of the interaction. It is also important in order to select the most efficient combination of resistance genes in a strategy of pyramiding. On the basis of knowledge from other Oomycetes, P. viticola effectors can be identified by using a candidate gene strategy based on data mining of genomic resources. In this paper we describe the development of Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) from P. viticola by creating a cDNA library from in vitro germinated zoospores and the sequencing of 1543 clones. We present 563 putative nuclear P. viticola unigenes. Sequence analysis reveals 54 ESTs from putative secreted hydrolytic enzymes and effectors, showing the suitability of this material for the analysis of the P. viticola secretome and identification of effector genes. Next generation sequencing of cDNA from in vitro germinated zoospores should result in the identification of numerous candidate avirulence genes in the grapevine/downy mildew interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Mestre
- INRA, UMR 1131 Santé de la Vigne et Qualité du Vin, F-68000 Colmar, France.
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22
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Hamshou M, Van Damme EJM, Vandenborre G, Ghesquière B, Trooskens G, Gevaert K, Smagghe G. GalNAc/Gal-binding Rhizoctonia solani agglutinin has antiproliferative activity in Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells via MAPK and JAK/STAT signaling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33680. [PMID: 22529896 PMCID: PMC3329507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani agglutinin, further referred to as RSA, is a lectin isolated from the plant pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani. Previously, we reported a high entomotoxic activity of RSA towards the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis. To better understand the mechanism of action of RSA, Drosophila melanogaster Schneider S2 cells were treated with different concentrations of the lectin and FITC-labeled RSA binding was examined using confocal fluorescence microscopy. RSA has antiproliferative activity with a median effect concentration (EC(50)) of 0.35 µM. In addition, the lectin was typically bound to the cell surface but not internalized. In contrast, the N-acetylglucosamine-binding lectin WGA and the galactose-binding lectin PNA, which were both also inhibitory for S2 cell proliferation, were internalized whereas the mannose-binding lectin GNA did not show any activity on these cells, although it was internalized. Extracted DNA and nuclei from S2 cells treated with RSA were not different from untreated cells, confirming inhibition of proliferation without apoptosis. Pre-incubation of RSA with N-acetylgalactosamine clearly inhibited the antiproliferative activity by RSA in S2 cells, demonstrating the importance of carbohydrate binding. Similarly, the use of MEK and JAK inhibitors reduced the activity of RSA. Finally, RSA affinity chromatography of membrane proteins from S2 cells allowed the identification of several cell surface receptors involved in both signaling transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hamshou
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els J. M. Van Damme
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gianni Vandenborre
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Ghesquière
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Trooskens
- Department of Mathematical Modelling, Statistics and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Abstract
Recent studies suggest that a specific class of fungal lectins, commonly referred to as fruiting body lectins, play a role as effector molecules in the defense of fungi against predators and parasites. Hallmarks of these fungal lectins are their specific expression in reproductive structures, fruiting bodies, and/or sclerotia and their synthesis on free ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Fruiting body lectins are released upon damage of the fungal cell and bind to specific carbohydrate structures of predators and parasites, which leads to deterrence, inhibition of growth, and development or even killing of these organisms. Here, we describe assays to assess the toxicity of such lectins and other cytoplasmic proteins toward three different model organisms: the insect Aedes aegypti, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, and the amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii. All three assays are based on heterologous expression of the examined proteins in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli and feeding of these recombinant bacteria to omnivorous and bacterivorous organisms.
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Hamshou M, Smagghe G, Shahidi-Noghabi S, De Geyter E, Lannoo N, Van Damme EJM. Insecticidal properties of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum agglutinin and its interaction with insect tissues and cells. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 40:883-890. [PMID: 20826211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This project studied in detail the insecticidal activity of a fungal lectin from the sclerotes of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, referred to as S. sclerotiorum agglutinin or SSA. Feeding assays with the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) on an artificial diet containing different concentrations of SSA demonstrated a high mortality caused by this fungal lectin with a median insect toxicity value (LC50) of 66 (49-88) μg/ml. In an attempt to unravel the mode of action of SSA the binding and interaction of the lectin with insect tissues and cells were investigated. Histofluorescence studies on sections from aphids fed on an artificial liquid diet containing FITC-labeled SSA, indicated the insect midgut with its brush border zone as the primary target for SSA. In addition, exposure of insect midgut CF-203 cells to 25 μg/ml SSA resulted in a total loss of cell viability, the median cell toxicity value (EC50) being 4.0 (2.4-6.7) μg/ml. Interestingly, cell death was accompanied with DNA fragmentation, but the effect was caspase-3 independent. Analyses using fluorescence confocal microscopy demonstrated that FITC-labeled SSA was not internalized in the insect midgut cells, but bound to the cell surface. Prior incubation of the cells with saponin to achieve a higher cell membrane permeation resulted in an increased internalization of SSA in the insect midgut cells, but no increase in cell toxicity. Furthermore, since the toxicity of SSA for CF-203 cells was significantly reduced when SSA was incubated with GalNAc and asialomucin prior to treatment of the cells, the data of this project provide strong evidence that SSA binds with specific carbohydrate moieties on the cell membrane proteins to start a signaling transduction cascade leading to death of the midgut epithelial cells, which in turn results in insect mortality. The potential use of SSA in insect control is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hamshou
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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