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Biocompatibility of Materials for Biomedical Engineering. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1250:125-140. [PMID: 32601942 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3262-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
In the tissue engineering research field, nanobiomaterials highlight the impact of novel bioactive materials in both current applications and their potentials in future progress for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Tissue engineering is a well-investigated and challenging biomedical field, with promising perspectives to improve and support quality of life for the patient. To assess the response of those extracellular matrices (ECMs), induced by biomedical materials, this review will focus on cell response to natural biomaterials for biocompatibility.
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Rana M, Jain A, Rani V, Chowdhury P. Glutathione capped core/shell CdSeS/ZnS quantum dots as a medical imaging tool for cancer cells. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2019.107723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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3
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Zhang Y, Zhou Q, Jia S, Lin K, Fan G, Yuan J, Yu S, Shi J. Specific Modification with TPGS and Drug Loading of Cyclodextrin Polyrotaxanes and the Enhanced Antitumor Activity Study in Vitro and in Vivo. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:46427-46436. [PMID: 31762252 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A kind of specific cyclodextrin polyrotaxanes (PRs) drug delivery system was developed for an effective drug delivery and enhancing antitumor effect. In this work, we prepared the PR by using α-CD derivatives and dicarboxyl-PEG (Mn = 4200) self-assembling and end-capping with β-CD derivatives. Then, we chose d-a-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) with an antitumor effect to modify the PR. The modified PRs have a certain anticancer effect and can assist the anticancer drug to treat cancer. The 10-hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) was combined to the specific PRs by covalent bonds to prepare drug-loaded specificity PRs (PR-TPGS-HCPT). The enhanced antitumor activities of PR-TPGS-HCPT were studied by in vitro and in vivo experiments, and the experiment results proved that the TPGS could effectively assist the drug to treat cancer and prolong the lifetime of the tumor-bearing mice. Therefore, this research provides a promising drug-loaded material for the cancer treatment and the specific water-soluble PRs will have potential applications in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jintao Yuan
- College of Public Health , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , People's Republic of China
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4
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Fathi M, Majidi S, Zangabad PS, Barar J, Erfan-Niya H, Omidi Y. Chitosan-based multifunctional nanomedicines and theranostics for targeted therapy of cancer. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:2110-2136. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marziyeh Fathi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Sima Majidi
- Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering; University of Tabriz; Tabriz Iran
| | - Parham Sahandi Zangabad
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Hamid Erfan-Niya
- Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering; University of Tabriz; Tabriz Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
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Becton M, Averett R, Wang X. Artificial biomembrane morphology: a dissipative particle dynamics study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:2976-2987. [PMID: 28853329 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1373705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Artificial membranes mimicking biological structures are rapidly breaking new ground in the areas of medicine and soft-matter physics. In this endeavor, we use dissipative particle dynamics simulation to investigate the morphology and behavior of lipid-based biomembranes under conditions of varied lipid density and self-interaction. Our results show that a less-than-normal initial lipid density does not create the traditional membrane; but instead results in the formation of a 'net', or at very low densities, a series of disparate 'clumps' similar to the micelles formed by lipids in nature. When the initial lipid density is high, a membrane forms, but due to the large number of lipids, the naturally formed membrane would be larger than the simulation box, leading to 'rippling' behavior as the excess repulsive force of the membrane interior overcomes the bending energy of the membrane. Once the density reaches a certain point however, 'bubbles' appear inside the membrane, reducing the rippling behavior and eventually generating a relatively flat, but thick, structure with micelles of water inside the membrane itself. Our simulations also demonstrate that the interaction parameter between individual lipids plays a significant role in the formation and behavior of lipid membrane assemblies, creating similar structures as the initial lipid density distribution. This work provides a comprehensive approach to the intricacies of lipid membranes, and offers a guideline to design biological or polymeric membranes through self-assembly processes as well as develop novel cellular manipulation and destruction techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Becton
- a College of Engineering , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Rodney Averett
- a College of Engineering , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Xianqiao Wang
- a College of Engineering , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
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Dadkhah Tehrani A, Parsamanesh M. Preparation, characterization and drug delivery study of a novel nanobiopolymeric multidrug delivery system. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 73:516-524. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.12.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Nosrati S, Shanehsazzadeh S, Yousefnia H, Gholami A, Grüttner C, Jalilian AR, Hosseini RH, Lahooti A. Biodistribution evaluation of 166Ho–DTPA–SPION in normal rats. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4251-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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8
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Abstract
Primary/secondary covalent/non-covalent interactions between dendritic polymers and nanomaterials can change the physicochemical properties, such as shape, of the obtained hybrid nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Soleyman
- Polymer Science and Technology Division
- Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI)
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - M. Adeli
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Lorestan University
- Khorramabad
- Iran
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Shu C, Ding L, Zhong W. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer between ZnSe ZnS quantum dots and bovine serum albumin in bioaffinity assays of anticancer drugs. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 131:195-202. [PMID: 24835726 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the current work, using ZnSe ZnS quantum dots (QDs) as representative nanoparticles, the affinities of seven anticancer drugs for bovine serum albumin (BSA) were studied using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The FRET efficiency of BSA-QD conjugates can reach as high as 24.87% by electrostatic interaction. The higher binding constant (3.63×10(7)Lmol(-1)) and number of binding sites (1.75) between ZnSe ZnS QDs and BSA demonstrated that the QDs could easily associate to plasma proteins and enhance the transport efficacy of drugs. The magnitude of binding constants (10(3)-10(6)Lmol(-1)), in the presence of QDs, was between drugs-BSA and drugs-QDs in agreement with common affinities of drugs for serum albumins (10(4)-10(6)Lmol(-1)) in vivo. ZnSe ZnS QDs significantly increased the affinities for BSA of Vorinostat (SAHA), Docetaxel (DOC), Carmustine (BCNU), Doxorubicin (Dox) and 10-Hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT). However, they slightly reduced the affinities of Vincristine (VCR) and Methotrexate (MTX) for BSA. The recent work will not only provide useful information for appropriately understanding the binding affinity and binding mechanism at the molecular level, but also illustrate the ZnSe ZnS QDs are perfect candidates for nanoscal drug delivery system (DDS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Shu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Li Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Wenying Zhong
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Chegeni BK, Kakanejadifard A, Abedi F, Kabiri R, Daneshnia F, Adeli M. pH-sensitive supramolecular copolydendrimers, new anticancer drug delivery system. Colloid Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-014-3398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Huang H, Cao D, Qin L, Tian S, Liang Y, Pan S, Feng M. Dilution-stable PAMAM G1-grafted polyrotaxane supermolecules deliver gene into cells through a caveolae-dependent pathway. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2323-33. [PMID: 24957192 DOI: 10.1021/mp5002608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Numerous preclinical studies have demonstrated that polycation mediated gene delivery systems successfully achieved efficient gene transfer into cells and animal models. However, results of their clinical trials to date have been disappointing. That self-assembled gene and polycation systems should be stable undergoing dilution in the body is one of the prerequisites to ensuring efficiency of gene transfer in clinical trials, but it was neglected in most preclinical studies. In this account, we developed the dilution-stable PAMAM G1-grafted polyrotaxane (PPG1) supermolecules in which PAMAM G1-grafted α-cyclodextrins are threaded onto a PEG chain capped with hydrophobic adamantanamine. The PPG1/pDNA polyplex (approximate 100 nm in diameter) was very stable and kept its initial particle size and a uniform size distribution at ultrahigh dilution, whereas DNA/PEI 25K polyplex was above three times bigger at a 16-fold dilution than the initial size and their particle size distribution indicated multiple peaks mainly due to forming loose and noncompacted aggregates. PPG1 supermolecules showed significantly superior transfection efficiencies compared to either PEI 25K or Lipofectamine 2000 in most cell lines tested including normal cells (HEK293A) and cancer cells (Bel7402, HepG2, and HeLa). Furthermore, we found that the PPG1 supermolecules delivered DNA into HEK293A through a caveolae-dependent pathway but not a clathrin-dependent pathway as PEI 25K did. These findings raised the intriguing possibility that the caveolae-dependent pathway of PPG1 supermolecule/pDNA polyplex avoiding lysosomal degradation was attributed to their high transfection efficiency. The dilution-stable PPG1 supermolecule polyplex facilitating caveolae-dependent internalization has potential applications to surmount the challenges of high dilutions in the body and lysosomal degradation faced by most gene therapy clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China
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Zarrabi A, Shokrgozar MA, Vossoughi M, Farokhi M. In vitro biocompatibility evaluations of hyperbranched polyglycerol hybrid nanostructure as a candidate for nanomedicine applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2014; 25:499-506. [PMID: 24293238 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-013-5094-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a detailed biocompatibility testing of a novel class of hybrid nanostructure based on hyperbranched polyglycerol and β-cyclodextrin is conducted. This highly water soluble nanostructure with size of less than 10 nm, polydispersity of less than 1.3, chemical tenability and highly branched architecture with the control over branching structure could be potentially used as a carrier in drug delivery systems. To this end, extensive studies in vitro and in vivo conditions have to be demonstrated. The in vitro studies include in vitro cytotoxicity tests; MTT and Neutral Red assay as an indicator of mitochondrial and lysosomal function, and blood biocompatibility tests such as effects on coagulation cascade, and complement activation. The results show that these hybrid nanostructures, which can be prepared in a simple reaction, are considerably biocompatible. The in vivo studies showed that the hybrid nanostructure is well tolerated by rats even in high doses of 10 mg ml(-1). After autopsy, the normal structure of liver tissue was observed; which divulges high biocompatibility and their potential applications as drug delivery and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran,
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Adeli M, Kakanejadifard A, Khani M, Bani F, Kabiri R, Sadeghizad M. A polyglycerol–polycaprolactone–polycitric acid copolymer and its self-assembly to produce medium-responsive nanoparticles. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:3589-3596. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00201f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lim EK, Jang E, Lee K, Haam S, Huh YM. Delivery of cancer therapeutics using nanotechnology. Pharmaceutics 2013; 5:294-317. [PMID: 24300452 PMCID: PMC3834952 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics5020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles have been investigated as drug carriers, because they provide a great opportunity due to their advantageous features: (i) various formulations using organic/inorganic materials, (ii) easy modification of targeting molecules, drugs or other molecules on them, (iii) effective delivery to target sites, resulting in high therapeutic efficacy and (iv) controlling drug release by external/internal stimuli. Because of these features, therapeutic efficacy can be improved and unwanted side effects can be reduced. Theranostic nanoparticles have been developed by incorporating imaging agents in drug carriers as all-in-one system, which makes it possible to diagnose and treat cancer by monitoring drug delivery behavior simultaneously. Recently, stimuli-responsive, activatable nanomaterials are being applied that are capable of producing chemical or physical changes by external stimuli. By using these nanoparticles, multiple tasks can be carried out simultaneously, e.g., early and accurate diagnosis, efficient cataloguing of patient groups of personalized therapy and real-time monitoring of disease progress. In this paper, we describe various types of nanoparticles for drug delivery systems, as well as theranostic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyung Lim
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
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Shu C, Huang B, Chen X, Wang Y, Li X, Ding L, Zhong W. Facile synthesis and characterization of water soluble ZnSe/ZnS quantum dots for cellar imaging. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 104:143-149. [PMID: 23266687 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.11.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Strong fluorescence and low cytotoxicity ZnSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized by a facile aqueous phase route. It overcame the defects such as instability and low quantum yield of the quantum dots synthesized by early aqueous phase route. L-Glutathione (GSH) and 3-mercaptopropaonic acid (MPA) were used as mixture stabilizers to synthesize high quality ZnSe/ZnS QDs. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) and their optical properties were investigated by using UV-vis spectrophotometer, fluorescence spectrophotometer (FL), IR spectrophotometer and confocal laser scanning microscope. The synthesized ZnSe/ZnS QDs illuminated blue fluorescence under ultraviolet lamp. Its water-soluble property is excellent and the fluorescence intensity of ZnSe/ZnS QDs almost did not change after 4 months at room temperature. The average diameter of ZnSe/ZnS nanocrystals is about 3 nm and quantum yield (QY) could reach to 70.6% after repeat determination. Low cytotoxicity was ensured by investigated SCG7901 and RAW264.7 cells. In comparison with cadmium based nanocrystals, ZnSe/ZnS QDs posed low cytotoxicity. The cells viability remained 96.7% when the QDs concentration was increased to 10 μmol/L. The results in vitro indicate that ZnSe/ZnS QDs-based probes have good stability, low toxicity and biocompatibility for fluorescence imaging in cancer model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Shu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, NanJing 210009, PR China
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Tumor-targeted drug delivery systems based on supramolecular interactions between iron oxide–carbon nanotubes PAMAM–PEG–PAMAM linear-dendritic copolymers. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-012-0203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Hosseini F, Panahifar A, Adeli M, Amiri H, Lascialfari A, Orsini F, Doschak MR, Mahmoudi M. Synthesis of pseudopolyrotaxanes-coated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as new MRI contrast agent. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012. [PMID: 23199519 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) were synthesized and coated with pseudopolyrotaxanes (PPRs) and proposed as a novel hybrid nanostructure for medical imaging and drug delivery. PPRs were prepared by addition of α-cyclodextrin rings to functionalized polyethylene glycol (PEG) chain with hydrophobic triazine end-groups. Non-covalent interactions between SPIONs and PPRs led to the assembly of SPIONs@PRs hybrid nanomaterials. Measurements of the (1)H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxation times T(1) and T(2) allowed us to determine the NMR dispersion profiles. Comparison between our SPIONs@PRs hybrid nano-compound and the commercial SPION compound, Endorem, showed a higher transverse relaxivity for SPIONs@PRs. In vitro MRI experiments showed that our SPIONs@PRs produces better negative contrast compared to Endorem and can be considered as a novel MRI contrast agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forouzan Hosseini
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, PO Box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
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Wu C, Shi L, Li Q, Jiang H, Selke M, Yan H, Wang X. New strategy of efficient inhibition of cancer cells by carborane carboxylic acid–CdTe nanocomposites. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 8:860-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sharifi S, Behzadi S, Laurent S, Forrest ML, Stroeve P, Mahmoudi M. Toxicity of nanomaterials. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 41:2323-43. [PMID: 22170510 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15188f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 808] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscience has matured significantly during the last decade as it has transitioned from bench top science to applied technology. Presently, nanomaterials are used in a wide variety of commercial products such as electronic components, sports equipment, sun creams and biomedical applications. There are few studies of the long-term consequences of nanoparticles on human health, but governmental agencies, including the United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and Japan's Ministry of Health, have recently raised the question of whether seemingly innocuous materials such as carbon-based nanotubes should be treated with the same caution afforded known carcinogens such as asbestos. Since nanomaterials are increasing a part of everyday consumer products, manufacturing processes, and medical products, it is imperative that both workers and end-users be protected from inhalation of potentially toxic NPs. It also suggests that NPs may need to be sequestered into products so that the NPs are not released into the atmosphere during the product's life or during recycling. Further, non-inhalation routes of NP absorption, including dermal and medical injectables, must be studied in order to understand possible toxic effects. Fewer studies to date have addressed whether the body can eventually eliminate nanomaterials to prevent particle build-up in tissues or organs. This critical review discusses the biophysicochemical properties of various nanomaterials with emphasis on currently available toxicology data and methodologies for evaluating nanoparticle toxicity (286 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Sharifi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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