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Wen YH, Lin YX, Zhou L, Lin C, Zhang L. The immune landscape in apical periodontitis: From mechanism to therapy. Int Endod J 2024; 57:1526-1545. [PMID: 39087849 DOI: 10.1111/iej.14125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Apical periodontitis (AP) is featured by a persistent inflammatory response and alveolar bone resorption initiated by microorganisms, posing risks to both dental and systemic health. Nonsurgical endodontic treatment is the recommended treatment plan for AP with a high success rate, but in some cases, periapical lesions may persist despite standard endodontic treatment. Better comprehension of the AP inflammatory microenvironment can help develop adjunct therapies to improve the outcome of endodontic treatment. This review presents an overview of the immune landscape in AP, elucidating how microbial invasion triggers host immune activation and shapes the inflammatory microenvironment, ultimately impacting bone homeostasis. The destructive effect of excessive immune activation on periapical tissues is emphasized. This review aimed to systematically discuss the immunological basis of AP, the inflammatory bone resorption and the immune cell network in AP, thereby providing insights into potential immunotherapeutic strategies such as targeted therapy, antioxidant therapy, adoptive cell therapy and cytokine therapy to mitigate AP-associated tissue destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Xiu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Lin
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Rajeshwari HRS, Bishop E, Ali A, Kishen A. Deciphering 3D periodontal fibroblast-macrophage crosstalk in bioactive nanoparticle-guided immunomodulation for treating traumatic dental avulsion. Bioact Mater 2024; 41:400-412. [PMID: 39184829 PMCID: PMC11342124 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Prolonged extra-oral period in dental avulsion is often associated with loss of viability of Periodontal fibroblasts (PDLF) and increased risk of ankylosis. Root surface treatment with bioactive agents to reduce the risk of ankylosis can be a potential strategy. The objective of the study was to investigate the impact of an engineered chitosan nanoparticles (CSNP), photosensitizer Rose Bengal (RB) functionalized CSNP (CSRB) and sustained dexamethasone (CSDEX) releasing CSNP for application in management of delayed replantation of avulsed teeth. The 3D PDLF-macrophage (Mϕ) collagen model was developed and exposed to LPS, MCSF, RANKL with and without CSDEX/CSNP. Immunofluorescence and cytokine analysis was done at 2 and 7 days to assess cellular interactions. Maxillary right incisors in male Wistar rats were extracted, exposed to extraoral dry or LPS for 1 h and treated with or without CSDEX/CSRB for 1 min before replantation. Rats were euthanized after 21 days for micro-CT, TRAP, and immunofluorescence analysis. CSDEX/CSNP treatment in 3D model significantly reduced CD80, NFATc1, STAT6 and increased CD206 and periostin expression (p < 0.05). TNFα, MMP9 was downregulated and IL10, TGFβ1, MMP2 upregulated with CSDEX/CSNP (p < 0.05). CSDEX/CSRB in animal study significantly reduced resorption, ankylosis, TRAP activity and osteocalcin expression and increased periostin (p<0.05). CSDEX demonstrated higher anti-inflammatory activity by downregulating TNFα, while CSNP upregulated TGFβ1, periostin, and downregulated MMP9. The combination of matrix stabilization with CSRB with periostin upregulation and sustained releasing CSDEX showed potential for hampering root resorption and ankylosis in dental avulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Bishop
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Aiman Ali
- Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Anil Kishen
- The Kishen Lab, Dental Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1G6, Canada
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1G6, Canada
- Department of Dentistry, Mount Sinai Health System, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
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3
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Quigley RM, Kearney M, Kennedy OD, Duncan HF. Tissue engineering approaches for dental pulp regeneration: The development of novel bioactive materials using pharmacological epigenetic inhibitors. Bioact Mater 2024; 40:182-211. [PMID: 38966600 PMCID: PMC11223092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The drive for minimally invasive endodontic treatment strategies has shifted focus from technically complex and destructive root canal treatments towards more conservative vital pulp treatment. However, novel approaches to maintaining dental pulp vitality after disease or trauma will require the development of innovative, biologically-driven regenerative medicine strategies. For example, cell-homing and cell-based therapies have recently been developed in vitro and trialled in preclinical models to study dental pulp regeneration. These approaches utilise natural and synthetic scaffolds that can deliver a range of bioactive pharmacological epigenetic modulators (HDACis, DNMTis, and ncRNAs), which are cost-effective and easily applied to stimulate pulp tissue regrowth. Unfortunately, many biological factors hinder the clinical development of regenerative therapies, including a lack of blood supply and poor infection control in the necrotic root canal system. Additional challenges include a need for clinically relevant models and manufacturing challenges such as scalability, cost concerns, and regulatory issues. This review will describe the current state of bioactive-biomaterial/scaffold-based engineering strategies to stimulate dentine-pulp regeneration, explicitly focusing on epigenetic modulators and therapeutic pharmacological inhibition. It will highlight the components of dental pulp regenerative approaches, describe their current limitations, and offer suggestions for the effective translation of novel epigenetic-laden bioactive materials for innovative therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross M. Quigley
- Division of Restorative Dentistry & Periodontology, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), University of Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michaela Kearney
- Division of Restorative Dentistry & Periodontology, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), University of Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oran D. Kennedy
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- The Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering (TCBE) and the Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) and Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Henry F. Duncan
- Division of Restorative Dentistry & Periodontology, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), University of Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin, Ireland
- The Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering (TCBE) and the Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI) and Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
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Shamszadeh S, Shirvani A, Asgary S. The Role of Growth Factor Delivery Systems on Cellular Activities of Dental Stem Cells: A Systematic Review (Part II). Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 19:587-610. [PMID: 35692144 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x17666220609093939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current systematic review aims to provide the available ex vivo evidence evaluating the biological interactions of dental stem cells (DSCs) and growth factor delivery systems. METHODS Following the Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, systematic search was conducted in the electronic databases (PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) up to January 2022. Studies evaluating the biological interactions of DSCs and growth factor delivery systems were included. The outcome measures were cell cytocompatibility, mineralization, and differentiation. RESULTS Sixteen studies were selected for the qualitative synthesis. The following growth factor delivery systems exhibit adequate cytocompatibility, enhanced mineralization, and osteo/odontoblast differentiation potential of DSCs: 1) Fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2)-loaded-microsphere and silk fibroin, 2) Bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2)-loaded-microsphere and mesoporous calcium silicate scaffold, 3) Transforming growth factor Beta 1 (TGF-ß1)-loaded-microsphere, glass ionomer cement (GIC), Bio-GIC and liposome, 4) TGF-ß1-loaded-nanoparticles/scaffold, 5) Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-loaded-fiber and hydrogel, 6) TGF-ß1/VEGF-loaded-nanocrystalline calcium sulfate/hydroxyapatite/calcium sulfate, 7) Epidermal growth factor-loaded- nanosphere, 8) Stem cell factor/DSCs-loaded-hydrogel and Silk fibroin, 9) VEGF/BMP-2/DSCs-loaded-Three-dimensional matrix, 10) VEGF/DSCs-loaded-microsphere/hydrogel, and 11) BMP-2/DSCs and VEGF/DSCs-loaded-Collagen matrices. The included delivery systems showed viability, except for Bio-GIC on day 3. The choice of specific growth factors and delivery systems (i.e., BMP-2-loaded-microsphere and VEGF-loaded-hydrogel) resulted in a greater gene expression. CONCLUSIONS This study, with low-level evidence obtained from ex vivo studies, suggests that growth factor delivery systems induce cell proliferation, mineralization, and differentiation toward a therapeutic potential in regenerative endodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayna Shamszadeh
- Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Shirvani
- Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Asgary
- Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sayyar Z, Mahdavinia GR, Khataee A. Dual-drug (Curcumin/Ciprofloxacin) loading and release from chitosan-based hydrogels embedded with magnetic Montmorillonite/Hyaluronic acid for enhancing wound healing. J Biol Eng 2023; 17:66. [PMID: 37907952 PMCID: PMC10619246 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-023-00385-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Montmorillonite (MMt) is extensively applied as an efficient drug-carrier in designing drug delivery systems (DDS) due to its high specific surface area to load drugs. Modification of MMt via iron (Fe) blending can thus be a desirable method to improve its biocompatibility. Herein, magnetic nano-carriers involving the magnetic MMt (mMMt) core surrounded by chitosan (Chito) as a biopolymer and hyaluronic acid (HA) were prepared. To coat the mMMt fabricated through the coprecipitation of the Fe3+/Fe2+ ions in the presence of MMt, the acquired mMMt as the core was then treated with the Chito/HA solution to induce the cross-linked Chito/HA as the shell (namely, the Chito/HA-mMMt). The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results accordingly revealed the existence of the mMMt inside the Chito/HA solution. Curcumin (CUR) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) were further employed as two model drugs. The CUR and CIP release from the Chito/HA-mMMt subsequently occurred in a sustained manner and pH-dependently. Additionally, an upsurge in the CUR and CIP release by applying an external magnetic field was observed. Thus, the prepared Chito/HA-mMMt hydrogels promise an outstanding potential performance in terms of expanding novel pH-dependent DDS with a sustained release behavior. The scratch assay of the given hydrogels also confirms their applications for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sayyar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bonab, Bonab, 55513-95133, Iran.
| | - Gholam Reza Mahdavinia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Polymer Research Laboratory, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, 55181-83111, Iran
| | - Alireza Khataee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, 51666-16471, Iran
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, 41400, Turkey
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Duncan HF, Kobayashi Y, Kearney M, Shimizu E. Epigenetic therapeutics in dental pulp treatment: Hopes, challenges and concerns for the development of next-generation biomaterials. Bioact Mater 2023; 27:574-593. [PMID: 37213443 PMCID: PMC10199232 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This opinion-led review paper highlights the need for novel translational research in vital-pulp-treatment (VPT), but also discusses the challenges in translating evidence to clinics. Traditional dentistry is expensive, invasive and relies on an outmoded mechanical understanding of dental disease, rather than employing a biological perspective that harnesses cell activity and the regenerative-capacity. Recent research has focussed on developing minimally-invasive biologically-based 'fillings' that preserve the dental pulp; research that is shifting the paradigm from expensive high-technology dentistry, with high failure rates, to smart restorations targeted at biological processes. Current VPTs promote repair by recruiting odontoblast-like cells in a material-dependent process. Therefore, exciting opportunities exist for development of next-generation biomaterials targeted at regenerative processes in the dentin-pulp complex. This article analyses recent research using pharmacological-inhibitors to therapeutically-target histone-deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes in dental-pulp-cells (DPCs) that stimulate pro-regenerative effects with limited loss of viability. Consequently, HDAC-inhibitors have the potential to enhance biomaterial-driven tissue responses at low concentration by influencing the cellular processes with minimal side-effects, providing an opportunity to develop a topically-placed, inexpensive bio-inductive pulp-capping material. Despite positive results, clinical translation of these innovations requires enterprise to counteract regulatory obstacles, dental-industry priorities and to develop strong academic/industry partnerships. The aim of this opinion-led review paper is to discuss the potential role of therapeutically-targeting epigenetic modifications as part of a topical VPT strategy in the treatment of the damaged dental pulp, while considering the next steps, material considerations, challenges and future for the clinical development of epigenetic therapeutics or other 'smart' restorations in VPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry F. Duncan
- Division of Restorative Dentistry & Periodontology, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yoshifumi Kobayashi
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Michaela Kearney
- Division of Restorative Dentistry & Periodontology, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Lincoln Place, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emi Shimizu
- Department of Oral Biology, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, USA
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Shamszadeh S, Akrami M, Asgary S. Size-dependent bioactivity of electrosprayed core-shell chitosan-alginate particles for protein delivery. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20097. [PMID: 36418917 PMCID: PMC9684514 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24389-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nano-bio interactions are size-dependent. The present study investigates whether core-shell chitosan-alginate particle size governs biological activities as well as protein release profile. A coaxial electrospraying was used to fabricate bovine serum albumin (BSA)-loaded core-shell micro/nanoparticles and were fully characterized. The bio/hemocompatibility of the particles was assessed using MTT and hemolytic assays, respectively, followed by the uptake assessment using flow cytometry. Finally, protein absorption was investigated using SDS-PAGE. The SEM size of the microparticles, the hydrodynamic, and the actual sizes of the nanoparticles were 1.2 μm, 90.49 nm, and 50 nm, respectively. Interactions among two polymers and BSA were observed using DSC analysis. BET analysis showed a more surface area for nanoparticles. A sustained release trend of BSA was observed after 14- and 10-day for microparticles and nanoparticles, respectively. Microparticles exhibited excellent hemocompatibility (< 5% hemolysis) and cell viability (at least > 70%) in all concentrations. However, acceptable hemolytic activity and cell viability were observed for nanoparticles in concentrations below 250 μg/mL. Furthermore, nanoparticles showed greater cellular uptake (~ 4 folds) and protein absorption (~ 1.61 folds) than microparticles. Overall, the developed core-shell chitosan-alginate particles in the micro/nanoscale can be promising candidates for biomedical application and regenerative medicine regarding their effects on above mentioned biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayna Shamszadeh
- grid.411600.2Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1983963113 Iran
| | - Mohammad Akrami
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417614411 Iran ,grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Institute of Biomaterials, University of Tehran and Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IBUTUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Asgary
- grid.411600.2Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1983963113 Iran
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Uskoković V, Pejčić A, Koliqi R, Anđelković Z. Polymeric Nanotechnologies for the Treatment of Periodontitis: A Chronological Review. Int J Pharm 2022; 625:122065. [PMID: 35932930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic infectious and inflammatory disease of periodontal tissues estimated to affect 70 - 80 % of all adults. At the same time, periodontium, the site of periodontal pathologies, is an extraordinarily complex plexus of soft and hard tissues, the regeneration of which using even the most advanced forms of tissue engineering continues to be a challenge. Nanotechnologies, meanwhile, have provided exquisite tools for producing biomaterials and pharmaceutical formulations capable of elevating the efficacies of standard pharmacotherapies and surgical approaches to whole new levels. A bibliographic analysis provided here demonstrates a continuously increasing research output of studies on the use of nanotechnologies in the management of periodontal disease, even when they are normalized to the total output of studies on periodontitis. The great majority of biomaterials used to tackle periodontitis, including those that pioneered this interesting field, have been polymeric. In this article, a chronological review of polymeric nanotechnologies for the treatment of periodontitis is provided, focusing on the major conceptual innovations since the late 1990s, when the first nanostructures for the treatment of periodontal diseases were fabricated. In the opening sections, the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontitis and the anatomical and histological characteristics of the periodontium are being described, along with the general clinical manifestations of the disease and the standard means of its therapy. The most prospective chemistries in the design of polymers for these applications are also elaborated. It is concluded that the amount of innovation in this field is on the rise, despite the fact that most studies are focused on the refinement of already established paradigms in tissue engineering rather than on the development of revolutionary new concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuk Uskoković
- TardigradeNano LLC; Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University.
| | - Ana Pejčić
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Clinic of Dental Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Niš.
| | - Rozafa Koliqi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina".
| | - Zlatibor Anđelković
- Institute for Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Priština/Kosovska Mitrovica.
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Zhang Y, Jiang R, Lei L, Yang Y, Hu T. Drug delivery systems for oral disease applications. J Appl Oral Sci 2022; 30:e20210349. [PMID: 35262595 PMCID: PMC8908861 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2021-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There are many restrictions on topical medications for the oral cavity. Various factors affect the topical application of drugs in the oral cavity, an open and complex environment. The complex physical and chemical environment of the oral cavity, such as saliva and food, will influence the effect of free drugs. Therefore, drug delivery systems have served as supporting structures or as carriers loading active ingredients, such as antimicrobial agents and growth factors (GFs), to promote antibacterial properties, tissue regeneration, and engineering for drug diffusion. These drug delivery systems are considered in the prevention and treatment of dental caries, periodontal disease, periapical disease, the delivery of anesthetic drugs, etc. These carrier materials are designed in different ways for clinical application, including nanoparticles, hydrogels, nanofibers, films, and scaffolds. This review aimed to summarize the advantages and disadvantages of different carrier materials. We discuss synthesis methods and their application scope to provide new perspectives for the development and preparation of more favorable and effective local oral drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Preventive Dentistry, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruining Jiang
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Preventive Dentistry, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Preventive Dentistry, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingming Yang
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Preventive Dentistry, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Sichuan University, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Department of Preventive Dentistry, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chengdu, China
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RATIONALE FOR CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS THERAPY USING PHOSPHATE BUFFER NANOCRYSTALS. WORLD OF MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.26724/2079-8334-2022-1-79-99-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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The Application of Chitosan Nanostructures in Stomatology. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206315. [PMID: 34684896 PMCID: PMC8541323 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan (CS) is a natural polymer with a positive charge, a deacetylated derivative of chitin. Chitosan nanostructures (nano-CS) have received increasing interest due to their potential applications and remarkable properties. They offer advantages in stomatology due to their excellent biocompatibility, their antibacterial properties, and their biodegradability. Nano-CSs can be applied as drug carriers for soft tissue diseases, bone tissue engineering and dental hard tissue remineralization; furthermore, they have been used in endodontics due to their antibacterial properties; and, finally, nano-CS can improve the adhesion and mechanical properties of dental-restorative materials due to their physical blend and chemical combinations. In this review, recent developments in the application of nano-CS for stomatology are summarized, with an emphasis on nano-CS’s performance characteristics in different application fields. Moreover, the challenges posed by and the future trends in its application are assessed.
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12
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Srisuwan T, Wattanapakkavong K. Direct effect of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) on human apical papilla cell proliferation and mineralisation. AUST ENDOD J 2021; 48:322-330. [PMID: 34596309 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Firstly, this study investigated the direct effect of Transforming Growth Factor-beta 1 at 10, 5, 2.5 and 1.25 ng mL-1 on human apical papilla cell proliferation and mineralisation. Cell proliferation was examined at 0, 2, 4, 6, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h using Alamar BlueTM assay. Cell mineralisation was examined at day 21 with a quantitative Alizarin Red S staining. Secondly, the study aimed to estimate the amount of Transforming Growth Factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) released from the dentin after root canal irrigation. The solution collected from a root canal after rinsing with various protocols (normal saline solution, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or chlorhexidine) was analysed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were statistically analysed using a one-way analysis of variance. The results, from the first part, revealed cell proliferation reduction in all experimental groups presented with TGF-β1. The higher concentration generated more deteriorating effects. Cell mineralisation was highest in a group with TGF-β1 at 1.25 ng mL-1 (P < 0.05). For the growth factor released from dentin, the highest amount was detected only when ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was associated with the irrigation (P < 0.05). In summary, the direct effects of TGF-β1 on cell proliferation and differentiation were diverse, depending on concentration. The release of TGF-β1 from root dentin can be achieved after rinsing with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanida Srisuwan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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13
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Baranov N, Popa M, Atanase LI, Ichim DL. Polysaccharide-Based Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Periodontitis. Molecules 2021; 26:2735. [PMID: 34066568 PMCID: PMC8125343 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases are worldwide health problems that negatively affect the lifestyle of many people. The long-term effect of the classical treatments, including the mechanical removal of bacterial plaque, is not effective enough, causing the scientific world to find other alternatives. Polymer-drug systems, which have different forms of presentation, chosen depending on the nature of the disease, the mode of administration, the type of polymer used, etc., have become very promising. Hydrogels, for example (in the form of films, micro-/nanoparticles, implants, inserts, etc.), contain the drug included, encapsulated, or adsorbed on the surface. Biologically active compounds can also be associated directly with the polymer chains by covalent or ionic binding (polymer-drug conjugates). Not just any polymer can be used as a support for drug combination due to the constraints imposed by the fact that the system works inside the body. Biopolymers, especially polysaccharides and their derivatives and to a lesser extent proteins, are preferred for this purpose. This paper aims to review in detail the biopolymer-drug systems that have emerged in the last decade as alternatives to the classical treatment of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolae Baranov
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Protection of the Environment, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University, 700050 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Marcel Popa
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Protection of the Environment, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University, 700050 Iasi, Romania;
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 50085 Bucharest, Romania
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bioactive molecule carrier systems (BACS) are biomaterial-based substrates that facilitate the delivery of active signaling molecules for different biologically based therapeutic applications, which include regenerative endodontic procedures. Tissue regeneration or organized repair in regenerative endodontic procedures is governed by the dynamic orchestration of interactions between stem/progenitor cells, bioactive molecules, and extracellular matrix. BACS aid in mimicking some of the complex physiological processes, overcoming some of the challenges faced in the clinical translation of regenerative endodontic procedures. AREAS COVERED This narrative review addresses the role of BACS in stem/progenitor cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation with the application for dentin-pulp tissue engineering both in vitro and in vivo. BACS shield the bioactivity of the immobilized molecules against environmental factors, while its design allows the pre-programmed release of bioactive molecules in a spatial and temporal-controlled manner. The polymeric and non-polymeric materials used to synthesize micro and nanoscale-based BACS are reviewed. EXPERT OPINION Comprehensive characterization of well-designed and customized BACS is necessary to be able to deliver multiple bioactive molecules in spatiotemporally controlled manner and to address the release kinetics required for potential in vivo application. This warrants further laboratory-based experiments and rigorous clinical investigations to enable their clinical translation for regenerative endodontic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kishen
- The Kishen Lab, Dental Research Institute, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada.,School of Graduate Studies, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Dentistry, Mount Sinai Health System, Mount Sinai Hospital , Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hebatullah Hussein
- The Kishen Lab, Dental Research Institute, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON, Canada
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