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Ali BH, Khoee S, Mafakheri F, Sadri E, Mahabadi VP, Karimi MR, Shirvalilou S, Khoei S. Active targeted delivery of theranostic thermo/pH dual-responsive magnetic Janus nanoparticles functionalized with folic acid/fluorescein ligands for enhanced DOX combination therapy of rat glioblastoma. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:5957-5973. [PMID: 38808630 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02429f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX), a chemotherapy drug, has demonstrated limited efficacy against glioblastoma, an aggressive brain tumor with resistance attributed to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This study aims to overcome this challenge by proposing the targeted delivery of magnetic Janus nanoparticles (MJNPs) functionalized with folic acid ligands, fluorescent dye, and doxorubicin (DOX/MJNPs-FLA). The properties of these nanoparticles were comprehensively evaluated using bio-physiochemical techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential analysis, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), fluorescence microscopy, MTT assay, hemolysis assay, and liver enzyme level evaluation. Dual-controlled DOX release was investigated under different pH and temperature conditions. Additionally, the impact of DOX/MJNPs-FLA on apoptosis induction in tumor cells, body weight, and survival time of cancerous animals was assessed. The targeted delivery system was assessed using C6 and OLN-93 cell lines as representatives of cancerous and healthy cell lines, respectively, alongside Wistar rat tumor-bearing models. Results from Prussian blue staining and confocal microscopy tests demonstrated the effective targeted internalization of MJNPs-FLA by glioblastoma cells. Additionally, we investigated the biodistribution of the nanoparticles utilizing fluorescence imaging techniques. This enabled us to track the distribution pattern of MJNPs-FLA in vivo, shedding light on their movement and accumulation within the biological system. Furthermore, the combination of chemotherapy and magnetic hyperthermia exhibited enhanced efficacy in inducing apoptosis, as evidenced by the increase of the pro-apoptotic Bax gene and a decrease in the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 gene. Remarkably, this combination treatment did not cause any hepatotoxicity. This study highlights the potential of DOX/MJNPs-FLA as carriers for therapeutic and diagnostic agents in the context of theranostic applications for the treatment of brain malignancies. Additionally, it demonstrates the promising performance of DOX/MJNPs-FLA in combination treatment through passive and active targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Haji Ali
- Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sepideh Khoee
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Mafakheri
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Sadri
- Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Karimi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sakine Shirvalilou
- Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Samideh Khoei
- Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Salatin S, Farhoudi M, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Mahmoudi J. Magnetic hybrid nanovesicles for the precise diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system disorders. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:521-535. [PMID: 38555483 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2336496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Central nervous system (CNS)-related disorders are increasingly being recognized as a global health challenge worldwide. There are significant challenges for effective diagnosis and treatment due to the presence of the CNS barriers which impede the management of neurological diseases. Combination of nanovesicles (NVs) and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), referred to as magnetic nanovesicles (MNVs), is now well suggested as a potential theranostic option for improving the management of neurological disorders with increased targeting efficiency and minimized side effects. AREAS COVERED This review provides a summary of major CNS disorders and the physical barriers limiting the access of imaging/therapeutic agents to the CNS environment. A special focus on the unique features of MNPs and NV is discussed which make them attractive candidates for neuro-nanomedicine. Furthermore, a deeper understanding of MNVs as a promising combined strategy for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes in neurological disorders is provided. EXPERT OPINION The multifunctionality of MNVs offers the ability to overcome the CNS barriers and can be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment. The insights provided will guide future research toward better outcomes and facilitate the development of next-generation, innovative treatments for CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Salatin
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Farhoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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3
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Bala VM, Lampropoulou DI, Grammatikaki S, Kouloulias V, Lagopati N, Aravantinos G, Gazouli M. Nanoparticle-Mediated Hyperthermia and Cytotoxicity Mechanisms in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:296. [PMID: 38203467 PMCID: PMC10779099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperthermia has the potential to damage cancerous tissue by increasing the body temperature. However, targeting cancer cells whilst protecting the surrounding tissues is often challenging, especially when implemented in clinical practice. In this direction, there are data showing that the combination of nanotechnology and hyperthermia offers more successful penetration of nanoparticles in the tumor environment, thus allowing targeted hyperthermia in the region of interest. At the same time, unlike radiotherapy, the use of non-ionizing radiation makes hyperthermia an attractive therapeutic option. This review summarizes the existing literature regarding the use of hyperthermia and nanoparticles in cancer, with a focus on nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stamatiki Grammatikaki
- Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.G.); (N.L.)
| | - Vassilios Kouloulias
- Radiation Oncology Unit, 2nd Department of Radiology, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Nefeli Lagopati
- Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.G.); (N.L.)
| | | | - Maria Gazouli
- Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.G.); (N.L.)
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4
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Shirvalilou S, Tavangari Z, Parsaei MH, Sargazi S, Sheervalilou R, Shirvaliloo M, Ghaznavi H, Khoei S. The future opportunities and remaining challenges in the application of nanoparticle-mediated hyperthermia combined with chemo-radiotherapy in cancer. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:e1922. [PMID: 37778031 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
A pivotal cause of death in the modern world, cancer is an insidious pathology that should be diagnosed at an early stage for successful treatment. Development of therapeutic interventions with minimal invasiveness and high efficacy that can discriminate between tumor and normal cells is of particular interest to the clinical science, as they can enhance patient survival. Nanoparticles are an invaluable asset that can be adopted for development of such diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, since they come in very small sizes with modifiable surface, are highly safe and stable, and can be synthesized in a controlled fashion. To date, different nanoparticles have been incorporated into numerous modalities such as tumor-targeted therapy, thermal therapy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. This review article seeks to deliver a brief account of recent advances in research and application of nanoparticles in hyperthermia-based cancer therapies. The most recent investigations are summarized to highlight the latest advances in the development of combined thermo-chemo-radiotherapy, along with the challenges associated with the application of nanoparticles in cancer therapy. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakine Shirvalilou
- Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahed Tavangari
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Parsaei
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | | | - Milad Shirvaliloo
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Habib Ghaznavi
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Samideh Khoei
- Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Shakila PB, Hirad AH, Alarfaj AA, Hussein-Al-Ali SH, Mulugeta B. Precise Construction of Dual-Promising Anticancer Drugs Associated with Gold Nanomaterials on Glioma Cancer Cells. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2023; 2023:8892099. [PMID: 37920234 PMCID: PMC10620031 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8892099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple chemodrugs with nanotechnology have proven to be an effective cancer treatment technique. When taken combined, cabazitaxel (CTX) and cisplatin (PT) have more excellent cytotoxic effects than drugs used alone in the chemotherapy of several different cancers. However, several severe side effects are associated with using these chemotherapy drugs in cancer patients. Gold nanomaterials (AuNMs) are promising as drug carriers because of their small diameter, easy surface modifications, good biocompatibility, and strong cell penetration. This work aimed to determine the CTX and PT encapsulated with AuNMs against human glioma U87 cancer cells. The fabrication of the AuNMs achieved a negative surface charge, polydispersity index, and the mean sizes. The combined cytotoxic effect of CTX and PT bound to AuNMs was greater than that of either drug alone when tested on U87 cells. The half inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for free PT were 54.7 μg/mL (at 24 h) and 4.8 g μg/mL (at 72 h). Results acquired from the MTT assay show cell growth decreases time- and concentration-dependent AuNMs, free CTX, free PT, and AuNMs@CTX/PT-induced cytotoxicity and, ultimately, the cell death of U87 cells via apoptosis. The biochemical apoptosis staining techniques investigated the cells' morphological changes of the cells (acridine orange and ethidium bromide (AO-EB) and nuclear staining (DAPI) techniques). The AO-EB and nuclear staining results reveal that the NPs effectively killed cancer cells. Furthermore, the flow cytometry analysis examined the mode of cell death. Therefore, AuNMs@CTX/PT has excellent potential in the cancer therapy of different cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Baby Shakila
- Department of Biochemistry, Vivekananda College of Arts and Sciences for Women, Tiruchengode 637205, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abdurahman Hajinur Hirad
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A. Alarfaj
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Beza Mulugeta
- Department of Food Science and Postharvest Technology, Haramaya Institute of Technology, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, P.O. Box 128, Ethiopia
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6
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Malehmir S, Esmaili MA, Khaksary Mahabady M, Sobhani-Nasab A, Atapour A, Ganjali MR, Ghasemi A, Moradi Hasan-Abad A. A review: hemocompatibility of magnetic nanoparticles and their regenerative medicine, cancer therapy, drug delivery, and bioimaging applications. Front Chem 2023; 11:1249134. [PMID: 37711315 PMCID: PMC10499493 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1249134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles have demonstrated noteworthy advancements in the management of various complex medical conditions, particularly cancer. In any case, these particles still harbor the potential to improve medicate conveyance to challenging, hard-to-reach loci. The interactions that occur between nanoparticles and red blood cells during their journey throughout the human body, despite exposure to blood, are still not fully understood. Assessment of the ability of nanoparticles to integrate with blood, characterized as nanoparticle compatibility, has been consistently overlooked and undervalued in its import. This review article investigates the effect of nanoparticles on red blood cells, while examining the compatibility of nanoparticles through the angle of hemolysis. This article discusses the main roles of erythrocytes and also provides an informed interpretation of several mechanisms involved in the interaction of nanoparticles and erythrocytes. Throughout the review, significant emphasis is attributed to the investigation of hemocompatibility studies concerning newly designed nanoparticles to promote their successful translation into clinical application. This review article examines the compatibility of magnetic nanoparticles in various fields, including regenerative medicine, cancer therapy, bioimaging, and drug delivery. Our results show that the chemical composition of the nanoparticle surface is a determining factor in hemocompatibility performance and interaction with blood cells. The surface properties of nanoparticles, namely surface charge, geometry, porosity, and surface functionalities of polymers or specific functional groups, represent key determinants of hemocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Malehmir
- Karaj Branch, Molecular Biology Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Esmaili
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
| | - M. Khaksary Mahabady
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ali Sobhani-Nasab
- Physiology Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Amir Atapour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ganjali
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ghasemi
- Department of Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Amin Moradi Hasan-Abad
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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7
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Mineiro R, Albuquerque T, Neves AR, Santos CRA, Costa D, Quintela T. The Role of Biological Rhythms in New Drug Formulations to Cross the Brain Barriers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12541. [PMID: 37628722 PMCID: PMC10454916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
For brain protection, the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier limit the traffic of molecules between blood and brain tissue and between blood and cerebrospinal fluid, respectively. Besides their protective function, brain barriers also limit the passage of therapeutic drugs to the brain, which constitutes a great challenge for the development of therapeutic strategies for brain disorders. This problem has led to the emergence of novel strategies to treat neurological disorders, like the development of nanoformulations to deliver therapeutic agents to the brain. Recently, functional molecular clocks have been identified in the blood-brain barrier and in the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. In fact, circadian rhythms in physiological functions related to drug disposition were also described in brain barriers. This opens the possibility for chronobiological approaches that aim to use time to improve drug efficacy and safety. The conjugation of nanoformulations with chronobiology for neurological disorders is still unexplored. Facing this, here, we reviewed the circadian rhythms in brain barriers, the nanoformulations studied to deliver drugs to the brain, and the nanoformulations with the potential to be conjugated with a chronobiological approach to therapeutic strategies for the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Mineiro
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tânia Albuquerque
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana Raquel Neves
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cecília R. A. Santos
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Diana Costa
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Telma Quintela
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- UDI-IPG—Unidade de Investigação para o Desenvolvimento do Interior, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
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8
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Xu M, Han X, Xiong H, Gao Y, Xu B, Zhu G, Li J. Cancer Nanomedicine: Emerging Strategies and Therapeutic Potentials. Molecules 2023; 28:5145. [PMID: 37446806 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer continues to pose a severe threat to global health, making pursuing effective treatments more critical than ever. Traditional therapies, although pivotal in managing cancer, encounter considerable challenges, including drug resistance, poor drug solubility, and difficulties targeting tumors, specifically limiting their overall efficacy. Nanomedicine's application in cancer therapy signals a new epoch, distinguished by the improvement of the specificity, efficacy, and tolerability of cancer treatments. This review explores the mechanisms and advantages of nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery, highlighting passive and active targeting strategies. Furthermore, it explores the transformative potential of nanomedicine in tumor therapeutics, delving into its applications across various treatment modalities, including surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, photodynamic and photothermal therapy, gene therapy, as well as tumor diagnosis and imaging. Meanwhile, the outlook of nanomedicine in tumor therapeutics is discussed, emphasizing the need for addressing toxicity concerns, improving drug delivery strategies, enhancing carrier stability and controlled release, simplifying nano-design, and exploring novel manufacturing technologies. Overall, integrating nanomedicine in cancer treatment holds immense potential for revolutionizing cancer therapeutics and improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Xu
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xinpu Han
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Hongtai Xiong
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yijie Gao
- Department of Integrative Medicine Cardiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bowen Xu
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Guanghui Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Oncology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100053, China
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9
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Zhou S, Zhao W, Hu J, Mao C, Zhou M. Application of Nanotechnology in Thrombus Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202578. [PMID: 36507827 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A thrombus is a blood clot that forms in the lumen of an artery or vein, restricting blood flow and causing clinical symptoms. Thrombosis is associated with many life-threatening cardiovascular diseases. However, current clinical therapeutic technologies still have many problems in targeting, enrichment, penetration, and safety to meet the thrombosis treatment needs. Therefore, researchers devote themselves to developing nanosystems loaded with antithrombotic drugs to address this paradox in recent years. Herein, the existing thrombosis treatment technologies are first reviewed; and then, their advantages and disadvantages are outlined based on a brief discussion of thrombosis's definition and formation mechanism. Furthermore, the need and application cases for introducing nanotechnology are discussed, focusing on thrombus-specific targeted ligand modification technology and microenvironment-triggered responsive drug release technology. Then, nanomaterials that can be used to design antithrombotic nanotherapeutic systems are summarized. Moreover, a variety of drug delivery technologies driven by nanomotors in thrombosis therapy is also introduced. Last of all, a prospective discussion on the future development of nanotechnology for thrombosis therapy is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyin Zhou
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Wenbo Zhao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jinglei Hu
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chun Mao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
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10
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Yang J, Xu Y, Fu Z, Chen J, Fan W, Wu X. Progress in research and development of temozolomide brain-targeted preparations: a review. J Drug Target 2023; 31:119-133. [PMID: 36039767 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2022.2119243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas are a heterogeneous group of brain tumours with high malignancy, for which surgical resection remains the mainstay of treatment at present. However, the overall prognosis of gliomas remains poor because of their aggressiveness and high recurrence. Temozolomide (TMZ) has anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects and is indicated for glioblastoma multiforme and recurrent mesenchymal astrocytoma. However, TMZ is disadvantaged by low efficacy and drug resistance, and therefore it is necessary to enhance the brain drug concentration of TMZ to improve its effectiveness and reduce the toxic and adverse effects from systemic administration. There have been many nano-formulations developed for the delivery of TMZ to gliomas that overcome the limitations of TMZ penetration to tumours and increase brain targeting. In this paper, we review the research progress of TMZ nano-formulations, and also discuss challenges and opportunities in the research and development of drug delivery systems, hoping that the data and information summarised herein could provide assistance for the clinical treatment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefen Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Youfa Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Wei Er Biopharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqin Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Wei Er Biopharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Wei Er Biopharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
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11
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Allami P, Heidari A, Rezaei N. The role of cell membrane-coated nanoparticles as a novel treatment approach in glioblastoma. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 9:1083645. [PMID: 36660431 PMCID: PMC9846545 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1083645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is the most prevalent and deadliest primary brain malignancy in adults, whose median survival rate does not exceed 15 months after diagnosis. The conventional treatment of GBM, including maximal safe surgery followed by chemotherapy and radiotherapy, usually cannot lead to notable improvements in the disease prognosis and the tumor always recurs. Many GBM characteristics make its treatment challenging. The most important ones are the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), preventing chemotherapeutic drugs from reaching in adequate amounts to the tumor site, intratumoral heterogeneity, and roles of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). To overcome these barriers, the recently-developed drug-carrying approach using nanoparticles (NPs) may play a significant role. NPs are tiny particles, usually less than 100 nm showing various diagnostic and therapeutic medical applications. In this regard, cell membrane (CM)-coated NPs demonstrated several promising effects in GBM in pre-clinical studies. They benefit from fewer adverse effects due to their specific targeting of tumor cells, biocompatibility because of their CM surfaces, prolonged half-life, easy penetrating of the BBB, and escaping from the immune reaction, making them an attractive option for GBM treatment. To date, CM-coated NPs have been applied to enhance the effectiveness of major therapeutic approaches in GBM treatment, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and photo-based therapies. Despite the promising results in pre-clinical studies regarding the effectiveness of CM-coated NPs in GBM, significant barriers like high expenses, complex preparation processes, and unknown long-term effects still hinder its mass production for the clinic. In this regard, the current study aims to provide an overview of different characteristics of CM-coated NPs and comprehensively investigate their application as a novel treatment approach in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantea Allami
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Heidari
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Students’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,*Correspondence: Nima Rezaei,
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12
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Hannon G, Prina-Mello A. Testing the Effects of Magnetic Hyperthermia in 2D Cell Culture. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2645:251-261. [PMID: 37202625 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3056-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic hyperthermia is an innovative thermal therapy for the treatment of solid malignancies. This treatment approach utilizes magnetic nanoparticles that are stimulated by alternating magnetic fields to induce temperature elevations in tumor tissue, resulting in cell death. Magnetic hyperthermia is clinically approved for treating glioblastoma in Europe and is undergoing clinical evaluation for prostate cancer in the United States. Numerous studies have also demonstrated efficacy in other cancers, however, and its potential utility extends far beyond its current clinical indications. Despite this great promise, assessing the initial efficacy of magnetic hyperthermia in vitro is a complicated endeavor, with multiple hurdles worth considering, such as accurate thermal monitoring, accounting for nanoparticle interference, and a myriad of treatment controls that make robust experimental planning essential to evaluate treatment outcome. Presented here is an optimized magnetic hyperthermia treatment protocol to test the primary mechanism of cell death in vitro. This protocol can be applied to any cell line and ensures accurate temperature measurements, minimal nanoparticle interference, and controls for multiple factors that can influence experimental outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Hannon
- Laboratory of Biological Characterization of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Adriele Prina-Mello
- Laboratory of Biological Characterization of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, CRANN Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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13
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Aram E, Moeni M, Abedizadeh R, Sabour D, Sadeghi-Abandansari H, Gardy J, Hassanpour A. Smart and Multi-Functional Magnetic Nanoparticles for Cancer Treatment Applications: Clinical Challenges and Future Prospects. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12203567. [PMID: 36296756 PMCID: PMC9611246 DOI: 10.3390/nano12203567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticle (IONPs) have become a subject of interest in various biomedical fields due to their magnetism and biocompatibility. They can be utilized as heat mediators in magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) or as contrast media in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound (US). In addition, their high drug-loading capacity enabled them to be therapeutic agent transporters for malignancy treatment. Hence, smartening them allows for an intelligent controlled drug release (CDR) and targeted drug delivery (TDD). Smart magnetic nanoparticles (SMNPs) can overcome the impediments faced by classical chemo-treatment strategies, since they can be navigated and release drug via external or internal stimuli. Recently, they have been synchronized with other modalities, e.g., MRI, MHT, US, and for dual/multimodal theranostic applications in a single platform. Herein, we provide an overview of the attributes of MNPs for cancer theranostic application, fabrication procedures, surface coatings, targeting approaches, and recent advancement of SMNPs. Even though MNPs feature numerous privileges over chemotherapy agents, obstacles remain in clinical usage. This review in particular covers the clinical predicaments faced by SMNPs and future research scopes in the field of SMNPs for cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Aram
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Babol 47138-18981, Iran
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Golestan University, Gorgan 49188-88369, Iran
| | - Masome Moeni
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Roya Abedizadeh
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Babol 47138-18981, Iran
| | - Davood Sabour
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Babol 47138-18981, Iran
| | - Hamid Sadeghi-Abandansari
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Babol 47138-18981, Iran
- Department of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran 16635-148, Iran
| | - Jabbar Gardy
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (A.H.)
| | - Ali Hassanpour
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (A.H.)
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Intracranial In Situ Thermosensitive Hydrogel Delivery of Temozolomide Accomplished by PLGA–PEG–PLGA Triblock Copolymer Blending for GBM Treatment. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163368. [PMID: 36015626 PMCID: PMC9413267 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) recurrence after surgical excision has grown to be a formidable obstacle to conquer. In this research, biodegradable thermosensitive triblock copolymer, poly(D, L–lactic acid–co–glycolic acid)–b–poly(ethylene glycol)–b–poly(D, L–lactic acid–co–glycolic acid (PLGA–PEG–PLGA) was utilized as the drug delivery system, loading with micronized temozolomide(micro-TMZ) to form an in situ drug–gel depot inside the resection cavity. The rheology studies revealed the viscoelastic profile of hydrogel under various conditions. To examine the molecular characteristics that affect gelation temperature, 1H–NMR, inverse gated decoupling 13C–NMR, and GPC were utilized. Cryo-SEM and XRD were intended to disclose the appearance of the hydrogel and the micro-TMZ existence state. We worked out how to blend polymers to modify the gelation point (Tgel) and fit the correlation between Tgel and other dependent variables using linear regression. To simulate hydrogel dissolution in cerebrospinal fluid, a membraneless dissolution approach was used. In vitro, micro-TMZ@PLGA–PEG–PLGA hydrogel exhibited Korsmeyer–Peppas and zero–order release kinetics in response to varying drug loading, and in vivo, it suppressed GBM recurrence at an astoundingly high rate. Micro-TMZ@PLGA–PEG–PLGA demonstrates a safer and more effective form of chemotherapy than intraperitoneal TMZ injection, resulting in a spectacular survival rate (40%, n = 10) that is much more than intraperitoneal TMZ injection (22%, n = 9). By proving the viability and efficacy of micro-TMZ@PLGA–PEG–PLGA hydrogel, our research established a novel chemotherapeutic strategy for treating GBM recurrence.
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Gawel AM, Singh R, Debinski W. Metal-Based Nanostructured Therapeutic Strategies for Glioblastoma Treatment-An Update. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1598. [PMID: 35884903 PMCID: PMC9312866 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most commonly diagnosed and most lethal primary malignant brain tumor in adults. Standard treatments are ineffective, and despite promising results obtained in early phases of experimental clinical trials, the prognosis of GBM remains unfavorable. Therefore, there is need for exploration and development of innovative methods that aim to establish new therapies or increase the effectiveness of existing therapies. One of the most exciting new strategies enabling combinatory treatment is the usage of nanocarriers loaded with chemotherapeutics and/or other anticancer compounds. Nanocarriers exhibit unique properties in antitumor therapy, as they allow highly efficient drug transport into cells and sustained intracellular accumulation of the delivered cargo. They can be infused into and are retained by GBM tumors, and potentially can bypass the blood-brain barrier. One of the most promising and extensively studied groups of nanostructured therapeutics are metal-based nanoparticles. These theranostic nanocarriers demonstrate relatively low toxicity, thus they might be applied for both diagnosis and therapy. In this article, we provide an update on metal-based nanostructured constructs in the treatment of GBM. We focus on the interaction of metal nanoparticles with various forms of electromagnetic radiation for use in photothermal, photodynamic, magnetic hyperthermia and ionizing radiation sensitization applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata M. Gawel
- Histology and Embryology Students’ Science Association, Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ravi Singh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
| | - Waldemar Debinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
- Brain Tumor Center of Excellence, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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16
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Recent advances in the therapeutic strategies of glioblastoma multiforme. Neuroscience 2022; 491:240-270. [PMID: 35395355 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most common, most formidable, and deadliest malignant types of primary astrocytoma with a poor prognosis. At present, the standard of care includes surgical tumor resection, followed by radiation therapy concomitant with chemotherapy and temozolomide. New developments and significant advances in the treatment of GBM have been achieved in recent decades. However, despite the advances, recurrence is often inevitable, and the survival of patients remains low. Various factors contribute to the difficulty in identifying an effective therapeutic option, among which are tumor complexity, the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and the presence of GBM cancer stem cells, prompting the need for improving existing treatment approaches and investigating new treatment alternatives for ameliorating the treatment strategies of GBM. In this review, we outline some of the most recent literature on the various available treatment options such as surgery, radiotherapy, cytotoxic chemotherapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, phototherapy, nanotherapy, and tumor treating fields in the treatment of GBM, and we list some of the potential future directions of GBM. The reviewed studies confirm that GBM is a sophisticated disease with several challenges for scientists to address. Hence, more studies and a multimodal therapeutic approach are crucial to yield an effective cure and prolong the survival of GBM patients.
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Kwizera EA, Stewart S, Mahmud MM, He X. Magnetic Nanoparticle-Mediated Heating for Biomedical Applications. JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER 2022; 144:030801. [PMID: 35125512 PMCID: PMC8813031 DOI: 10.1115/1.4053007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles, especially superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPIONs), have attracted tremendous attention for various biomedical applications. Facile synthesis and functionalization together with easy control of the size and shape of SPIONS to customize their unique properties, have made it possible to develop different types of SPIONs tailored for diverse functions/applications. More recently, considerable attention has been paid to the thermal effect of SPIONs for the treatment of diseases like cancer and for nanowarming of cryopreserved/banked cells, tissues, and organs. In this mini-review, recent advances on the magnetic heating effect of SPIONs for magnetothermal therapy and enhancement of cryopreservation of cells, tissues, and organs, are discussed, together with the non-magnetic heating effect (i.e., high Intensity focused ultrasound or HIFU-activated heating) of SPIONs for cancer therapy. Furthermore, challenges facing the use of magnetic nanoparticles in these biomedical applications are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyahb Allie Kwizera
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Samantha Stewart
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Md Musavvir Mahmud
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Xiaoming He
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD 20742; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
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18
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Dhar D, Ghosh S, Das S, Chatterjee J. A review of recent advances in magnetic nanoparticle-based theranostics of glioblastoma. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:107-132. [PMID: 35000429 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid vascular growth, infiltrative cells and high tumor heterogenicity are some glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) characteristics, making it the most lethal form of brain cancer. Low efficacy of the conventional treatment modalities leads to rampant disease progression and a median survival of 15 months. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), due to their unique physical features/inherent abilities, have emerged as a suitable theranostic platform for targeted GBM treatment. Thus, new strategies are being designed to enhance the efficiency of existing therapeutic techniques such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and so on, using MNPs. Herein, the limitations of the current therapeutic strategies, the role of MNPs in mitigating those inadequacies, recent advances in the MNP-based theranostics of GBM and possible future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruba Dhar
- School of Medical Sciences & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Swachhatoa Ghosh
- School of Medical Sciences & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumen Das
- School of Medical Sciences & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Jyotirmoy Chatterjee
- School of Medical Sciences & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
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19
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Hashemi B, Akram FA, Amirazad H, Dadashpour M, Sheervalilou M, Nasrabadi D, Ahmadi M, Sheervalilou R, Ameri Shah Reza M, Ghazi F, Roshangar L. Emerging importance of nanotechnology-based approaches to control the COVID-19 pandemic; focus on nanomedicine iterance in diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 patients. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022; 67:102967. [PMID: 34777586 PMCID: PMC8576597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing outbreak of the newly emerged coronavirus disease 2019, which has tremendously concerned global health safety, is the result of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome of coronavirus 2 with high morbidity and mortality. Because of the coronavirus has no specific treatment, so it is necessary to early detection and produce antiviral agents and efficacious vaccines in order to prevent the contagion of coronavirus. Due to the unique properties of nanomaterials, nanotechnology appears to be a highly relevant discipline in this global emergency, providing expansive chemical functionalization to develop advanced biomedical tools. Fascinatingly, nanomedicine as a hopeful approach for the treatment and diagnosis of diseases, could efficiently help success the fight among coronavirus and host cells. In this review, we will critically discuss how nanomedicine can play an indispensable role in creating useful treatments and diagnostics for coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Hashemi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Firouzi-Amandi Akram
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Halimeh Amirazad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Dadashpour
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Milad Sheervalilou
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Davood Nasrabadi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Majid Ahmadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Farhood Ghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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20
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Jahangiri S, Khoei S, Khoee S, Safa M, Shirvalilou S, Pirhajati Mahabadi V. Potential anti-tumor activity of 13.56 MHz alternating magnetic hyperthermia and chemotherapy on the induction of apoptosis in human colon cancer cell lines HT29 and HCT116 by up-regulation of Bax, cleaved caspase 3&9, and cleaved PARP proteins. Cancer Nanotechnol 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s12645-021-00108-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of chemo-magnetic hyperthermia (MH), a combination of alternating magnetic field (AMF) and superparamagnetic nanoparticles (SPIONs) coated with Polyethylene glycol-Poly(butyl acrylate)-Polyethylene glycol (PEG-PBA-PEG) carrying 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu), at inducing apoptosis in the human cancer cell lines HT29 and HCT116. This process can be mediated by alterations in the expression of apoptotic effector proteins, including Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase 3&9, and cleaved PARP, which are involved in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. For this purpose, the cells were cultured as monolayers. Then both cell lines were treated with 5-Fu/magnetic nanoparticles and magnetic hyperthermia. Finally, the effect of treatment on cancer cells was determined by Western blot analysis and flow cytometry.
Results
Our results showed that combined chemo-magnetic thermotherapy significantly increased the apoptosis in colon cancer cells compared to chemotherapy or hyperthermia alone (P < 0.05). Up-regulation of Bax, cleaved caspase 3&9, and cleaved PARP proteins was indicative of apoptosis induction in cancer cells, which are involved in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis.
Conclusions
This study demonstrates that localized hyperthermia was able to significantly trigger the 5-Fu release and inhibit cell viability, which, due to the synchronization of hyperthermia and chemotherapy, exacerbated the damage of cancer cells.
Graphical Abstract
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21
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Er S, Laraib U, Arshad R, Sargazi S, Rahdar A, Pandey S, Thakur VK, Díez-Pascual AM. Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins: Implications for Nanotechnological Applications in Biosensing and Drug/Gene Delivery. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:3002. [PMID: 34835766 PMCID: PMC8622868 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over various scientific fields in biochemistry, amino acids have been highlighted in research works. Protein, peptide- and amino acid-based drug delivery systems have proficiently transformed nanotechnology via immense flexibility in their features for attaching various drug molecules and biodegradable polymers. In this regard, novel nanostructures including carbon nanotubes, electrospun carbon nanofibers, gold nanoislands, and metal-based nanoparticles have been introduced as nanosensors for accurate detection of these organic compounds. These nanostructures can bind the biological receptor to the sensor surface and increase the surface area of the working electrode, significantly enhancing the biosensor performance. Interestingly, protein-based nanocarriers have also emerged as useful drug and gene delivery platforms. This is important since, despite recent advancements, there are still biological barriers and other obstacles limiting gene and drug delivery efficacy. Currently available strategies for gene therapy are not cost-effective, and they do not deliver the genetic cargo effectively to target sites. With rapid advancements in nanotechnology, novel gene delivery systems are introduced as nonviral vectors such as protein, peptide, and amino acid-based nanostructures. These nano-based delivery platforms can be tailored into functional transformation using proteins and peptides ligands based nanocarriers, usually overexpressed in the specified diseases. The purpose of this review is to shed light on traditional and nanotechnology-based methods to detect amino acids, peptides, and proteins. Furthermore, new insights into the potential of amino protein-based nanoassemblies for targeted drug delivery or gene transfer are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simge Er
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova-Izmir 35100, Turkey;
| | - Ushna Laraib
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan;
| | - Rabia Arshad
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;
| | - Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 9816743463, Iran;
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, Zabol 538-98615, Iran
| | - Sadanand Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Centre, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK;
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ana M. Díez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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22
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Nehra M, Uthappa UT, Kumar V, Kumar R, Dixit C, Dilbaghi N, Mishra YK, Kumar S, Kaushik A. Nanobiotechnology-assisted therapies to manage brain cancer in personalized manner. J Control Release 2021; 338:224-243. [PMID: 34418523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous investigated factors that limit brain cancer treatment efficacy such as ability of prescribed therapy to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), tumor specific delivery of a therapeutics, transport within brain interstitium, and resistance of tumor cells against therapies. Recent breakthroughs in the field of nano-biotechnology associated with developing multifunctional nano-theranostic emerged as an effective way to manage brain cancer in terms of higher efficacy and least possible adverse effects. Keeping challenges and state-of-art accomplishments into consideration, this review proposes a comprehensive, careful, and critical discussion focused on efficient nano-enabled platforms including nanocarriers for drug delivery across the BBB and nano-assisted therapies (e.g., nano-immunotherapy, nano-stem cell therapy, and nano-gene therapy) investigated for brain cancer treatment. Besides therapeutic efficacy point-of-view, efforts are being made to explore ways projected to tune such developed nano-therapeutic for treating patients in personalized manner via controlling size, drug loading, delivery, and retention. Personalized brain tumor management based on advanced nano-therapies can potentially lead to excellent therapeutic benefits based on unique genetic signatures in patients and their individual disease profile. Moreover, applicability of nano-systems as stimulants to manage the brain cancer growth factors has also been discussed in photodynamic therapy and radiotherapy. Overall, this review offers a comprehensive information on emerging opportunities in nanotechnology for advancing the brain cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Nehra
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - U T Uthappa
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bengaluru 562112, Karnataka, India
| | - Virendra Kumar
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Chandra Dixit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Neeraj Dilbaghi
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India
| | - Yogendra Kumar Mishra
- Smart Materials, NanoSYD, Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, 6400, Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Bio and Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India.
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Health Systems Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL 33805-8531, United States.
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Magnetoliposomes Based on Shape Anisotropic Calcium/Magnesium Ferrite Nanoparticles as Nanocarriers for Doxorubicin. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081248. [PMID: 34452210 PMCID: PMC8401618 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional lipid nanocarriers are a promising therapeutic approach for controlled drug release in cancer therapy. Combining the widely used liposome structure with magnetic nanoparticles in magnetoliposomes allies, the advantages of using liposomes include the possibility to magnetically guide, selectively accumulate, and magnetically control the release of drugs on target. The effectiveness of these nanosystems is intrinsically related to the individual characteristics of the two main components—lipid formulation and magnetic nanoparticles—and their physicochemical combination. Herein, shape-anisotropic calcium-substituted magnesium ferrite nanoparticles (Ca0.25Mg0.75Fe2O4) were prepared for the first time, improving the magnetic properties of spherical counterparts. The nanoparticles revealed a superparamagnetic behavior, high saturation magnetization (50.07 emu/g at 300 K), and a large heating capacity. Furthermore, a new method for the synthesis of solid magnetoliposomes (SMLs) was developed to enhance their magnetic response. The manufacturing technicalities were optimized with different lipid compositions (DPPC, DPPC/Ch, and DPPC/DSPE-PEG) originating nanosystems with optimal sizes for biomedical applications (around or below 150 nm) and low polydispersity index. The high encapsulation efficiency of doxorubicin in these magnetoliposomes was proven, as well as the ability of the drug-loaded nanosystems to interact with cell membrane models and release DOX by fusion. SMLs revealed to reduce doxorubicin interaction with human serum albumin, contributing to a prolonged bioavailability of the drug upon systemic administration. Finally, the drug release kinetic assays revealed a preferable DOX release at hyperthermia temperatures (42 °C) and acidic conditions (pH = 5.5), indicating them as promising controlled release nanocarriers by either internal (pH) and external (alternate magnetic field) stimuli in cancer therapy.
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24
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Fernández-Álvarez F, García-García G, Arias JL. A Tri-Stimuli Responsive (Maghemite/PLGA)/Chitosan Nanostructure with Promising Applications in Lung Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1232. [PMID: 34452193 PMCID: PMC8401782 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A (core/shell)/shell nanostructure (production performance ≈ 50%, mean diameter ≈ 330 nm) was built using maghemite, PLGA, and chitosan. An extensive characterization proved the complete inclusion of the maghemite nuclei into the PLGA matrix (by nanoprecipitation solvent evaporation) and the disposition of the chitosan shell onto the nanocomposite (by coacervation). Short-term stability and the adequate magnetism of the nanocomposites were demonstrated by size and electrokinetic determinations, and by defining the first magnetization curve and the responsiveness of the colloid to a permanent magnet, respectively. Safety of the nanoparticles was postulated when considering the results from blood compatibility studies, and toxicity assays against human colonic CCD-18 fibroblasts and colon carcinoma T-84 cells. Cisplatin incorporation to the PLGA matrix generated appropriate loading values (≈15%), and a dual pH- and heat (hyperthermia)-responsive drug release behaviour (≈4.7-fold faster release at pH 5.0 and 45 °C compared to pH 7.4 and 37 °C). The half maximal inhibitory concentration of the cisplatin-loaded nanoparticles against human lung adenocarcinoma A-549 cells was ≈1.6-fold less than that of the free chemotherapeutic. Such a biocompatible and tri-stimuli responsive (maghemite/PLGA)/chitosan nanostructure may found a promising use for the effective treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Fernández-Álvarez
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Gracia García-García
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
| | - José L. Arias
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Institute of Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine (IBIMER), Center of Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Andalusian Health Service (SAS), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Kiamohammadi L, Asadi L, Shirvalilou S, Khoei S, Khoee S, Soleymani M, Minaei SE. Physical and Biological Properties of 5-Fluorouracil Polymer-Coated Magnetite Nanographene Oxide as a New Thermosensitizer for Alternative Magnetic Hyperthermia and a Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent: In Vitro and In Vivo Study. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:20192-20204. [PMID: 34395970 PMCID: PMC8358959 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This study reports a new procedure for utilizing 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu)-loaded polycaprolactone (PCL)/chitosan-covered magnetite nanographene oxide (5-Fu/SPION/NGO@PCL-LMWC) as a platform for synergistic thermo-chemotherapy. In fact, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles/nanographene oxide (SPION/NGO) nanoparticles can be coated with copolymers PCL/chitosan to attain better colloidal stability in the biological environment. Nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized for their size, surface charge, X-ray patterns, polymer content, and in vitro heat-triggered release. In vitro cytotoxic effects of nanoparticles on CT-26 cells were assessed with an MTT assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction. In vivo tumor growth inhibition was evaluated on an allograft mouse model of CT-26 cells. Tumor-bearing mice were injected with 5-Fu-loaded nanoparticles intravenously, and then, the targeted delivery was amplified using a magnetic field and finally exposed to an alternating magnetic field (AMF) (40 A/m, 13.56 MHz), during which the tumor site temperature increased to 43 °C. By using an infrared camera, we managed to heat the nanoparticles up to a constant temperature between 42.5 and 43.5 °C, with a tolerance ±0.03 °C. Finally, in vitro results showed that 5-Fu-loaded nanoparticles combined with AMF hyperthermia significantly reduced the plating efficiency of the cells (P < 0.01) and increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio (1.42 times, P < 0.01) compared with those achieved with each one alone. Furthermore, in vivo results demonstrated that the treatment of 5-Fu-loaded nanoparticles combined with the AMF diminished the growth of CT-26 tumor cells and increased the life span of the tumor-bearing mice (P < 0.001) by thermal energy deposition compared to that of the free 5-Fu drug. Also, the high level of accumulation of the nanoparticles within the tumor site was easily monitored with magnetic resonance imaging. It was concluded that the multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles could be used as a promising nanocarrier platform for achieving concurrent goals, drug delivery, magnetic targeting, thermal-sensitizing, cell death induction, and real-time monitoring of response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Kiamohammadi
- Department
of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Leili Asadi
- Department
of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Sakine Shirvalilou
- Finetech
in Medicine Research Centre, Iran University
of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Samideh Khoei
- Finetech
in Medicine Research Centre, Iran University
of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
- Department
of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
- , . Phone: (0098) 21 88622647. Fax: (0098) 21 88622647
| | - Sepideh Khoee
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155 6455, Iran
| | - Maryam Soleymani
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155 6455, Iran
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Enhancement of Radio-Thermo-Sensitivity of 5-Iodo-2-Deoxyuridine-Loaded Polymeric-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles Triggers Apoptosis in U87MG Human Glioblastoma Cancer Cell Line. Cell Mol Bioeng 2021; 14:365-377. [PMID: 34295445 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-021-00675-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction With an emphasis on the radioresistant nature of glioblastoma cells, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the radio-thermo-sensitizing effects of PCL-PEG-coated Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) as a carrier of 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine (IUdR) in monolayer culture of U87MG human glioma cell line. Methods Following monolayer culture of U87MG cells, nanoparticle uptake was assessed using Prussian blue staining and ICP-OES method. The U87MG cells were treated with an appropriate concentration of free IUdR and PCL-PEG-coated SPIONs (MNPs) loaded with IUdR (IUdR/MNPs) for 24 h, subjected to hyperthermia (water bath and alternating magnetic field (AMF)) at 43 °C, and exposed to X-ray (2 Gy, 6 MV). The combined effects of hyperthermia with or without magnetic nanoparticles on radiosensitivity of the U87MG cells were evaluated using colony formation assay (CFA) and Flowcytometry. Results Prussian blue staining and ICP-OES showed that the nanoparticles were able to enter the cells. The results also indicated that IUdR/MNPs combined with X-ray radiation and hyperthermia significantly decreased the colony formation ability of monolayer cells (1.11, 1.41 fold) and increased the percentage of apoptotic (2.47, 4.1 fold) and necrotic cells (12.28, 29.34 fold), when compared to IUdR combined with X-ray and hyperthermia or IUdR/MNPs + X-ray. MTT results revealed that the presence of IUdR/MNPs significantly increased the toxicity of AMF hyperthermia compared to the water bath method. Conclusions Our study showed that SPIONs/PCL-PEG, as a carrier of IUdR, can enhance the cytotoxic effects of radiotherapy and hyperthermia and act as a radio-thermo-sensitizing agent. Graphic Abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-021-00675-y.
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Recent advances in iron oxide nanoparticles for brain cancer theranostics: from in vitro to clinical applications. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:949-977. [PMID: 33567919 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1888926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Today, the development of multifunctional nanoplatforms is more seriously considered in the field of cancer theranostics.Areas covered: In this respect, nanoparticles provide several advantages over the routine, conventional diagnostic methods, and treatments. Due to the expedient properties of iron oxide nanoparticles, such as being readily modified, great payload potential, intrinsic magnetic qualification, considerable biocompatibility, and overwhelming response to targeting strategies, these nanoparticles can be considered good candidates for application as diagnostic contrast agents and drug/gene delivery vehicles, while also being incorporated into hyperthermia-based approaches. Interestingly, these agents are detectable with routine imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging.Expert opinion: Therefore, combining the traditional diagnostics and therapies with nanotechnological approaches may leave a positive impact on the survival rate of patients with cancer. This review summarizes the application of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in both in vitro and in vivo models of brain tumors.
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Magnetic Hyperthermia as an adjuvant cancer therapy in combination with radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for recurrent/progressive glioblastoma: a systematic review. J Neurooncol 2021; 152:419-428. [PMID: 33713248 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-021-03729-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hyperthermia therapy (HT) is a recognized treatment modality, that can sensitize tumors to the effects of radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy by heating up tumor cells to 40-45 °C. The advantages of noninvasive inductive magnetic hyperthermia (MH) over RT or chemotherapy in the treatment of recurrent/progressive glioma have been confirmed by several clinical trials. Thus, here we have conducted a systematic review to provide a concise, albeit brief, account of the currently available literature regarding this topic. METHODS Five databases, PubMed/Medline, Embace, Ovid, WOS, and Scopus, were investigated to identify clinical studies comparing overall survival (OS) following RT/chemotherapy versus RT/chemotherapy + MH. RESULTS Eleven articles were selected for this systematic review, including reports on 227 glioma patients who met the study inclusion criteria. The papers included in this review comprised nine pilot clinical trials, one non-randomized clinical trial, and one retrospective investigation. As the clinical trials suggested, MH improved OS in primary glioblastoma (GBM), however, in the case of recurrent glioblastoma, no significant change in OS was reported. All 11 studies ascertained that no major side effects were observed during MH therapy. CONCLUSION Our systematic review indicates that MH therapy as an adjuvant for RT could result in improved survival, compared to the therapeutic outcomes achieved with RT alone in GBM, especially by intratumoral injection of magnetic nanoparticles. However, heterogeneity in the methodology of the most well-known studies, and differences in the study design may significantly limit the extent to which conclusions can be drawn. Thus, further investigations are required to shed more light on the efficacy of MH therapy as an adjuvant treatment modality in GBM.
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