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Aboutalebianaraki N, Zeblisky P, Sarker MD, Jeyaranjan A, Sakthivel TS, Fu Y, Lucchi J, Baudelet M, Seal S, Kean TJ, Razavi M. An osteogenic magnesium alloy with improved corrosion resistance, antibacterial, and mechanical properties for orthopedic applications. J Biomed Mater Res A 2023; 111:556-574. [PMID: 36494895 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a novel biodegradable magnesium (Mg) alloy for bone implant applications. We used scandium (Sc; 2 wt %) and strontium (Sr; 2 wt %) as alloying elements due to their high biocompatibility, antibacterial efficacy, osteogenesis, and protective effects against corrosion. In the present work, we also examined the effect of a heat treatment process on the properties of the Mg-Sc-Sr alloy. Alloys were manufactured using a metal casting process followed by heat treatment. The microstructure, corrosion, mechanical properties, antibacterial activity, and osteogenic activity of the alloy were assessed in vitro. The results showed that the incorporation of Sc and Sr elements controlled the corrosion, reduced the hydrogen generation, and enhanced mechanical properties. Furthermore, alloying with Sc and Sr demonstrated a significantly enhanced antibacterial activity and decreased biofilm formation compared to control Mg. Also, culturing Mg-Sc-Sr alloy with human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells showed a high degree of biocompatibility (>90% live cells) and a significant increase in osteoblastic differentiation in vitro shown by Alizarin red staining and alkaline phosphatase activity. Based on these results, the Mg-Sc-Sr alloy heat-treated at 400°C displayed optimal mechanical properties, corrosion rate, antibacterial efficacy, and osteoinductivity. These characteristics make the Mg-Sc-Sr alloy a promising candidate for biodegradable orthopedic implants in the fixation of bone fractures such as bone plate-screws or intramedullary nails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Aboutalebianaraki
- Biionix™ (Bionic Materials, Implants & Interfaces) Cluster, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Peter Zeblisky
- Biionix™ (Bionic Materials, Implants & Interfaces) Cluster, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - M D Sarker
- Biionix™ (Bionic Materials, Implants & Interfaces) Cluster, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Aadithya Jeyaranjan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.,Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Nanoscience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Tamil S Sakthivel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.,Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Nanoscience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Yifei Fu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.,Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Nanoscience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - John Lucchi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.,National Center for Forensic Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Matthieu Baudelet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.,National Center for Forensic Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.,CREOL - The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Sudipta Seal
- Biionix™ (Bionic Materials, Implants & Interfaces) Cluster, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.,Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Nanoscience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Thomas J Kean
- Biionix™ (Bionic Materials, Implants & Interfaces) Cluster, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Mehdi Razavi
- Biionix™ (Bionic Materials, Implants & Interfaces) Cluster, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
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Medeiros MP, Lopes DR, Kawasaki M, Langdon TG, Figueiredo RB. An Overview on the Effect of Severe Plastic Deformation on the Performance of Magnesium for Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2401. [PMID: 36984281 PMCID: PMC10057438 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
There has been a great interest in evaluating the potential of severe plastic deformation (SPD) to improve the performance of magnesium for biological applications. However, different properties and trends, including some contradictions, have been reported. The present study critically reviews the structural features, mechanical properties, corrosion behavior and biological response of magnesium and its alloys processed by SPD, with an emphasis on equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) and high-pressure torsion (HPT). The unique mechanism of grain refinement in magnesium processed via ECAP causes a large scatter in the final structure, and these microstructural differences can affect the properties and produce difficulties in establishing trends. However, the recent advances in ECAP processing and the increased availability of data from samples produced via HPT clarify that grain refinement can indeed improve the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance without compromising the biological response. It is shown that processing via SPD has great potential for improving the performance of magnesium for biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P. Medeiros
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Debora R. Lopes
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Megumi Kawasaki
- School of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Terence G. Langdon
- Materials Research Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Roberto B. Figueiredo
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
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Nafikov RK, Kulyasova OB, Khudododova GD, Enikeev NA. Microstructural Assessment, Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of a Mg-Sr Alloy Processed by Combined Severe Plastic Deformation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2279. [PMID: 36984159 PMCID: PMC10056233 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of high-performance biodegradable alloys with controllable corrosion rates to be used for manufacturing advanced implants is a hot topic of modern materials science and biomedicine. This work features the changes in microstructure, corrosion behavior and mechanical properties of the Mg-2 wt.%Sr alloy progressively induced by equal-channel angular pressing, high-pressure torsion and annealing. We show that such processing leads to significant microstructure refinement including diminishing grain size, defect accumulation and fragmentation of the initial eutectics. We demonstrate that the application of severe plastic deformation and heat treatment is capable of considerably enhancing the mechanical and corrosion performance of a biodegradable alloy of the Mg-Sr system. The best trade-off between strength, plasticity and the corrosion resistance has been achieved by annealing of the Mg-Sr alloy subjected to combined severe plastic deformation processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan K. Nafikov
- Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32 Zaki Validi Str., 450076 Ufa, Russia
- Laboratory of Metals and Alloys Under Extreme Impacts, Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32 Zaki Validi Str., 450076 Ufa, Russia
| | - Olga B. Kulyasova
- Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32 Zaki Validi Str., 450076 Ufa, Russia
- Laboratory of Multifunctional Materials, Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32 Zaki Validi Str., 450076 Ufa, Russia
| | - Ganjina D. Khudododova
- Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32 Zaki Validi Str., 450076 Ufa, Russia
- Laboratory of Multifunctional Materials, Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32 Zaki Validi Str., 450076 Ufa, Russia
| | - Nariman A. Enikeev
- Laboratory of Metals and Alloys Under Extreme Impacts, Ufa University of Science and Technology, 32 Zaki Validi Str., 450076 Ufa, Russia
- Laboratory for Dynamics and Extreme Performance of Promising Nanostructured Materials, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Sahu MR, Sampath Kumar TS, Chakkingal U, Dewangan VK, Doble M. Influence of fine‐grained structure produced by groove pressing on the properties of pure Mg and commercial
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alloy. J Biomed Mater Res A 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manas Ranjan Sahu
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai India
| | - T. S. Sampath Kumar
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai India
| | - Uday Chakkingal
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai India
| | - Vimal Kumar Dewangan
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai India
- Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai India
| | - Mukesh Doble
- Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai India
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Biodegradable Mg-Sc-Sr Alloy Improves Osteogenesis and Angiogenesis to Accelerate Bone Defect Restoration. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13040261. [PMID: 36547521 PMCID: PMC9787880 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13040261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys are considered to be biodegradable metallic biomaterials for potential orthopedic implants. While the osteogenic properties of Mg alloys have been widely studied, few reports focused on developing a bifunctional Mg implant with osteogenic and angiogenic properties. Herein, a Mg-Sc-Sr alloy was developed, and this alloy's angiogenesis and osteogenesis effects were evaluated in vitro for the first time. X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and metallography images were used to evaluate the microstructure of the developed Mg-Sc-Sr alloy. Human umbilical vein/vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to evaluate the angiogenic character of the prepared Mg-Sc-Sr alloy. A mix of human bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBM-MSCs) and HUVEC cell cultures were used to assess the osteogenesis-stimulating effect of Mg-Sc-Sr alloy through alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Von Kossa staining. Higher ALP activity and the number of calcified nodules (27% increase) were obtained for the Mg-Sc-Sr-treated groups compared to Mg-treated groups. In addition, higher VEGF expression (45.5% increase), tube length (80.8% increase), and number of meshes (37.9% increase) were observed. The Mg-Sc-Sr alloy showed significantly higher angiogenesis and osteogenic differentiation than pure Mg and the control group, suggesting such a composition as a promising candidate in bone implants.
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Systems, Properties, Surface Modification and Applications of Biodegradable Magnesium-Based Alloys: A Review. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15145031. [PMID: 35888498 PMCID: PMC9316815 DOI: 10.3390/ma15145031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, biodegradable magnesium (Mg) alloys have attracted the attention of many researchers due to their mechanical properties, excellent biocompatibility and unique biodegradability. Many Mg alloy implants have been successfully applied in clinical medicine, and they are considered to be promising biological materials. In this article, we review the latest research progress in biodegradable Mg alloys, including research on high-performance Mg alloys, bioactive coatings and actual or potential clinical applications of Mg alloys. Finally, we review the research and development direction of biodegradable Mg alloys. This article has a guiding significance for future development and application of high-performance biodegradable Mg alloys, promoting the future advancement of the magnesium alloy research field, especially in biomedicine.
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Effects of Different Rare Earth Elements on the Degradation and Mechanical Properties of the ECAP Extruded Mg Alloys. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15020627. [PMID: 35057344 PMCID: PMC8780846 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Effects of different rare earth elements on the degradation and mechanical properties of the ECAP (equal channel angular pressing) extruded Mg alloys were investigated in this work. Microstructural characterization, thermodynamic calculation, a tensile test, an electrochemical test, an immersion test, a hydrogen evolution test and a cytotoxicity test were carried out. The results showed that yttrium addition was beneficial to the improvement of the alloy's strength, and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and yield strength (YS) values of the ECAPed Mg-2Zn-0.5Y-0.5Zr alloy reached 315 MPa and 295 MPa, respectively. In addition, Nd was beneficial to the corrosion resistance, for which, the corrosion rate of the ECAPed Mg-2Zn-0.5Nd-0.5Zr alloy was observed to be 0.42 ± 0.04 mm/year in Hank's solution after 14 days of immersion. Gd was moderate in improving both the corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. Moreover, after co-culturing with murine calvarial preosteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) cells, the ECAPed Mg-2Zn-0.5RE (Nd, Gd, Y)-0.5Zr alloys exhibited good cytocompatibility with a grade 1 cytotoxicity. Consequently, the ECAPed Mg-2Zn-0.5Nd-0.5Zr alloy showed the best application prospect in the field of orthopedics.
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Development of a high-strength Zn-Mn-Mg alloy for ligament reconstruction fixation. Acta Biomater 2021; 119:485-498. [PMID: 33130305 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although various biodegradable materials have been investigated for ligament reconstruction fixation in the past decades, only few of them possess a combination of high mechanical properties, appropriate degradation rate, good biocompatibility, and osteogenic effect, thus limiting their clinical applications. A high-strength Zn-0.8Mn-0.4Mg alloy (i.e., Zn08Mn04Mg) with yield strength of 317 MPa was developed to address this issue. The alloy showed good biocompatibility and promising osteogenic effect in vitro. The degradation effects of Zn08Mn04Mg interference screws on the interface between soft tissue and bone were investigated in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in rabbits. Compared to Ti6Al4V, the Zn alloy screws significantly accelerated the formation of new bone and further induced partial tendon mineralization, which promoted tendon-bone integration. The newly developed screws are believed to facilitate early joint function recovery and rehabilitation training and also avoid screw breakage during insertion, thereby contributing to an extensive clinical prospect.
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Antoniac I, Adam R, Biță A, Miculescu M, Trante O, Petrescu IM, Pogărășteanu M. Comparative Assessment of In Vitro and In Vivo Biodegradation of Mg-1Ca Magnesium Alloys for Orthopedic Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 14:E84. [PMID: 33375385 PMCID: PMC7795943 DOI: 10.3390/ma14010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Use of magnesium implants is a new trend in orthopedic research because it has several important properties that recommend it as an excellent resorbable biomaterial for implants. In this study, the corrosion rate and behavior of magnesium alloys during the biodegradation process were determined by in vitro assays, evolution of hydrogen release, and weight loss, and further by in vivo assays (implantation in rabbits' bone and muscle tissue). In these tests, we also used imaging assessments and histological examination of different tissue types near explants. In our study, we analyzed the Mg-1Ca alloy and all the hypotheses regarding the toxic effects found in in vitro studies from the literature and those from this in vitro study were rejected by the data obtained by the in vivo study. Thus, the Mg-1Ca alloy represents a promising solution for orthopedic surgery at the present time, being able to find applicability in the small bones: hand or foot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulian Antoniac
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (I.A.); (A.B.); (O.T.); (I.M.P.)
| | - Răzvan Adam
- Orthopedic Department, Clinical University Emergency Hospital Elias, 17 Mărăști Blvd., 011461 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Biță
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (I.A.); (A.B.); (O.T.); (I.M.P.)
| | - Marian Miculescu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (I.A.); (A.B.); (O.T.); (I.M.P.)
| | - Octavian Trante
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (I.A.); (A.B.); (O.T.); (I.M.P.)
| | - Ionuț Mircea Petrescu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (I.A.); (A.B.); (O.T.); (I.M.P.)
| | - Mark Pogărășteanu
- Orthopedics-Traumatology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, 3-7 Dionisie Lupu Str., 020022 Bucharest, Romania;
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The Effect of Equal-Channel Angular Pressing on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Biodegradation Behavior of Magnesium Alloyed with Silver and Gadolinium. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10100918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) on the microstructure, texture, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of the alloys Mg-6.0%Ag and Mg-10.0%Gd was studied. It was shown that ECAP leads to grain refinement of the alloys down to the average grain size of 2–3 μm and 1–2 μm, respectively. In addition, in both alloys the precipitation of fine particles of phases Mg54Ag17 and Mg5Gd with sizes of ~500–600 and ~400–500 nm and a volume fraction of ~9% and ~8.6%, respectively, was observed. In the case of the alloy Mg-6.0%Ag, despite a significant grain refinement, a drop in the strength characteristics and a nearly twofold increase in ductility (up to ~30%) was found. This behavior is associated with the formation of a sharp inclined basal texture. For alloy Mg-10.0%Gd, both ductility and strength were enhanced, which can be associated with the combined effect of significant grain refinement and an increased probability of prismatic and basal glide. ECAP was also shown to cause a substantial rise of the biodegradation rate of both alloys and an increase in pitting corrosion. The latter effect is attributed to an increase in the dislocation density induced by ECAP and the occurrence of micro-galvanic corrosion at the matrix/particle interfaces.
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Huang X. Editorial for a special issue on nanostructured metals and alloys. NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Li W, Liu X, Zheng Y, Wang W, Qiao W, Yeung KWK, Cheung KMC, Guan S, Kulyasova OB, Valiev RZ. In vitro and in vivo studies on ultrafine-grained biodegradable pure Mg, Mg–Ca alloy and Mg–Sr alloy processed by high-pressure torsion. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:5071-5087. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00805b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
High-pressure torsion processing is an effective way to significantly refine the microstructure and consequently modify the mechanical properties, biodegradable behaviors and biocompatibility of pure Mg, Mg–1Ca and Mg–2Sr alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- College of Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- College of Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- College of Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Wenhao Wang
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology
- The University of Hong Kong
- Pokfulam
- China
| | - Wei Qiao
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology
- The University of Hong Kong
- Pokfulam
- China
| | - Kelvin W. K. Yeung
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology
- The University of Hong Kong
- Pokfulam
- China
| | - Kenneth M. C. Cheung
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology
- The University of Hong Kong
- Pokfulam
- China
| | - Shaokang Guan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
| | | | - R. Z. Valiev
- Ufa State Aviation Technical University
- Ufa 450008
- Russia
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