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Wang X, Zhang W. IRL790 modulated striatal D1 neurons synaptic plasticity ameliorating levodopa-induced dyskinesia in mouse. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1401991. [PMID: 38872625 PMCID: PMC11169859 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1401991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Levodopa (L-dopa) therapy is the principal pharmacological treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD). Nevertheless, prolonged use of this drug may result in different involuntary movement symptoms caused by the medication, referred to as levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). LID is associated with changes in synaptic plasticity of the D1 medium spiny neurons (MSNs) located in the dorsal striatum (dStr). Within the striatum, the amount of Dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) is notably increased in LID, demonstrating colocalization with D1R expression in neurons, and the level of D3R expression is directly related to the intensity of LID. IRL 790, as a D3R antagonist, can ameliorate LID. This study aims to explore if IRL 790 improves LID by regulating the synaptic plasticity of D1+ MSNs in dStr. Methods The electrophysiology and synaptic spine density of D1+ MSNs in dStr were recorded for sham mice, LID mice, and LID mice treated with IRL 790. The regulation of synaptic plasticity in LID D1+ MSNs by IRL 790 was analyzed. Behavioral tests were conducted to confirm the treatment effect of IRL 790 on LID. Results In LID D1+ MSNs, there was persistent abnormal LTP, absence of LTD, and an increase in spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs). IRL 790 treatment restored normal LTP, LTD, and sEPSCs. Treatment with IRL 790 also restored the reduced dendritic spine density in D1+ MSNs of LID mice. IRL790 improved dyskinetic manifestations in LID mice. Conclusion IRL790 ameliorates LID by regulating the synaptic structure and functional plasticity of striatal D1+ MSNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Wang
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wangming Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Fehér M, Márton Z, Szabó Á, Kocsa J, Kormos V, Hunyady Á, Kovács LÁ, Ujvári B, Berta G, Farkas J, Füredi N, Gaszner T, Pytel B, Reglődi D, Gaszner B. Downregulation of PACAP and the PAC1 Receptor in the Basal Ganglia, Substantia Nigra and Centrally Projecting Edinger-Westphal Nucleus in the Rotenone model of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11843. [PMID: 37511603 PMCID: PMC10380602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson's disease (PD) demonstrate that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) conveys its strong neuroprotective actions mainly via its specific PAC1 receptor (PAC1R) in models of PD. We recently described the decrease in PAC1R protein content in the basal ganglia of macaques in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of PD that was partially reversed by levodopa therapy. In this work, we tested whether these observations occur also in the rotenone model of PD in the rat. The rotarod test revealed motor skill deterioration upon rotenone administration, which was reversed by benserazide/levodopa (B/L) treatment. The sucrose preference test suggested increased depression level while the open field test showed increased anxiety in rats rendered parkinsonian, regardless of the received B/L therapy. Reduced dopaminergic cell count in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) diminished the dopaminergic fiber density in the caudate-putamen (CPu) and decreased the peptidergic cell count in the centrally projecting Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EWcp), supporting the efficacy of rotenone treatment. RNAscope in situ hybridization revealed decreased PACAP mRNA (Adcyap1) and PAC1R mRNA (Adcyap1r1) expression in the CPu, globus pallidus, dopaminergic SNpc and peptidergic EWcp of rotenone-treated rats, but no remarkable downregulation occurred in the insular cortex. In the entopeduncular nucleus, only the Adcyap1r1 mRNA was downregulated in parkinsonian animals. B/L therapy attenuated the downregulation of Adcyap1 in the CPu only. Our current results further support the evolutionarily conserved role of the PACAP/PAC1R system in neuroprotection and its recruitment in the development/progression of neurodegenerative states such as PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté Fehér
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaposi Mór Teaching Hospital, Tallián Gy. u. 20-32, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Zsombor Márton
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ákos Szabó
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - János Kocsa
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Viktória Kormos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Hunyady
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Ákos Kovács
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Ujvári
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gergely Berta
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscopic Laboratory, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - József Farkas
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Nóra Füredi
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Gaszner
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Bence Pytel
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dóra Reglődi
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- ELKH-PTE PACAP Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Gaszner
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Group for Mood Disorders, Centre for Neuroscience, University Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
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Ayuso P, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Gómez-Tabales J, Alonso-Navarro H, García-Martín E, Agúndez JAG. An update on the pharmacogenetic considerations when prescribing dopamine receptor agonists for Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2023; 19:447-460. [PMID: 37599424 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2023.2249404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Parkinson's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative multisystemic disorder that affects approximately 2% of the population over 65 years old. This disorder is characterized by motor symptoms which are frequently accompanied by non-motor symptoms such as cognitive disorders. Current drug therapies aim to reduce the symptoms and increase the patient's life expectancy. Nevertheless, there is heterogeneity in therapy response in terms of efficacy and adverse effects. This wide range in response may be linked to genetic variability. Thus, it has been suggested that pharmacogenomics may help to tailor and personalize drug therapy for Parkinson's disease. AREAS COVERED This review describes and updates the clinical impact of genetic factors associated with the efficacy and adverse drug reactions related to common medications used to treat Parkinson's disease. Additionally, we highlight current informative recommendations for the drug treatment of Parkinson's disease. EXPERT OPINION The pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and safety profiles of Parkinson's disease drugs do not favor the development of pharmacogenetic tests with a high probability of success. The chances of obtaining ground-breaking pharmacogenetics biomarkers for Parkinson's disease therapy are limited. Nevertheless, additional information on the metabolism of certain drugs, and an analysis of the potential of pharmacogenetics in novel drugs could be of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ayuso
- Universidad de Extremadura, University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Javier Gómez-Tabales
- Universidad de Extremadura, University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Elena García-Martín
- Universidad de Extremadura, University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Cáceres, Spain
| | - José A G Agúndez
- Universidad de Extremadura, University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Cáceres, Spain
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4
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A positive allosteric modulator of mGlu4 receptors restores striatal plasticity in an animal model of l-Dopa-induced dyskinesia. Neuropharmacology 2022; 218:109205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Stimulating at the right time to recover network states in a model of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic circuit. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009887. [PMID: 35245281 PMCID: PMC8939795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Synchronization of neural oscillations is thought to facilitate communication in the brain. Neurodegenerative pathologies such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) can result in synaptic reorganization of the motor circuit, leading to altered neuronal dynamics and impaired neural communication. Treatments for PD aim to restore network function via pharmacological means such as dopamine replacement, or by suppressing pathological oscillations with deep brain stimulation. We tested the hypothesis that brain stimulation can operate beyond a simple “reversible lesion” effect to augment network communication. Specifically, we examined the modulation of beta band (14–30 Hz) activity, a known biomarker of motor deficits and potential control signal for stimulation in Parkinson’s. To do this we setup a neural mass model of population activity within the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic (CBGT) circuit with parameters that were constrained to yield spectral features comparable to those in experimental Parkinsonism. We modulated the connectivity of two major pathways known to be disrupted in PD and constructed statistical summaries of the spectra and functional connectivity of the resulting spontaneous activity. These were then used to assess the network-wide outcomes of closed-loop stimulation delivered to motor cortex and phase locked to subthalamic beta activity. Our results demonstrate that the spatial pattern of beta synchrony is dependent upon the strength of inputs to the STN. Precisely timed stimulation has the capacity to recover network states, with stimulation phase inducing activity with distinct spectral and spatial properties. These results provide a theoretical basis for the design of the next-generation brain stimulators that aim to restore neural communication in disease. Diseases of the brain lead to a wide range of disabling symptoms for patients, by affecting their ability to move or think properly. These symptoms arise from disruption to both the organization of networks in the brain, but also the timing of neural activity that propagates around it. Treatments for disease with drugs can restore the organization of these networks to some extent, yet it is very difficult to deliver drugs with good spatial or temporal selectivity. Brain stimulation provides one way in which to improve the spatial specificity of treatment, yet understanding how to stimulate at the right time to achieve the best outcome for patients, remains an outstanding question. In this work we use simulations of an important circuit involved in Parkinson’s disease that has parameters chosen to reflect recordings made in animal models of the disease. Using this computer model, we show how brain rhythms can act as signatures of underlying changes in networks. Further, we simulate intervention with temporally precise stimulation to show how future approaches to brain stimulation can act to restore or even augment neural networks following their degeneration in disease.
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6
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Scarduzio M, Hess EJ, Standaert DG, Eskow Jaunarajs KL. Striatal synaptic dysfunction in dystonia and levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 166:105650. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Bove F, Calabresi P. Plasticity, genetics, and epigenetics in l-dopa-induced dyskinesias. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 184:167-184. [PMID: 35034732 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819410-2.00009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
l-Dopa-induced dyskinesias (LIDs) are a frequent complication in l-dopa-treated patients affected by Parkinson's disease (PD). In the last years, several progresses in the knowledge of LIDs mechanisms have led to the identification of several molecular and electrophysiologic events. A complex cascade of intracellular events underlies the pathophysiology of LIDs, and, among these, aberrant plasticity in the cortico-basal ganglia system, at striatal and cortical level, plays a key role. Furthermore, several recent studies have investigated genetic susceptibility and epigenetic modifications in LIDs pathophysiology that might have future relevance in clinical practice and pharmacologic research. These progresses might lead to the development of specific strategies not only to treat, but also to prevent or delay the development of LIDs in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bove
- UOC Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- UOC Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
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8
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Hutny M, Hofman J, Klimkowicz-Mrowiec A, Gorzkowska A. Current Knowledge on the Background, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia-Literature Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10194377. [PMID: 34640395 PMCID: PMC8509231 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10194377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Levodopa remains the primary drug for controlling motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease through the whole course, but over time, complications develop in the form of dyskinesias, which gradually become more frequent and severe. These abnormal, involuntary, hyperkinetic movements are mainly characteristic of the ON phase and are triggered by excess exogenous levodopa. They may also occur during the OFF phase, or in both phases. Over the past 10 years, the issue of levodopa-induced dyskinesia has been the subject of research into both the substrate of this pathology and potential remedial strategies. The purpose of the present study was to review the results of recent research on the background and treatment of dyskinesia. To this end, databases were reviewed using a search strategy that included both relevant keywords related to the topic and appropriate filters to limit results to English language literature published since 2010. Based on the selected papers, the current state of knowledge on the morphological, functional, genetic and clinical features of levodopa-induced dyskinesia, as well as pharmacological, genetic treatment and other therapies such as deep brain stimulation, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Hutny
- Students’ Scientific Society, Department of Neurorehabilitation, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jagoda Hofman
- Students’ Scientific Society, Department of Neurorehabilitation, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Klimkowicz-Mrowiec
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gerontology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Gorzkowska
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Faculty of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland;
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Mahendru D, Jain A, Bansal S, Malik D, Dhir N, Sharma AR, Sarma P, Prakash A, Nahar U, Bhatia A, Bhattacharyya S, Medhi B. Neuroprotective effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell secretome in 6-OHDA-induced Parkinson's disease. Regen Med 2021; 16:915-930. [PMID: 34553608 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2021-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of bone marrow stem cell secretome in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) model of Parkinson's disease. Materials & methods: Secretome prepared from mesenchymal stem cells of 3-month-old rats was injected daily for 7 days between days 7 and 14 after 6-OHDA administration. After 14 days, various neurobehavioral parameters were conducted. These behavioral parameters were further correlated with biochemical and molecular findings. Results & conclusion: Impaired neurobehavioral parameters and increased inflammatory, oxidative stress and apoptotic markers in the 6-OHDA group were significantly modulated by secretome-treated rats. In conclusion, mesenchymal stem cell-derived secretome could be further explored for the management of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv Mahendru
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Ashish Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Seema Bansal
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Deepti Malik
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.,Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur, 174001, India
| | - Neha Dhir
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Amit Raj Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Phulen Sarma
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Ajay Prakash
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Uma Nahar
- Department of Histopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Alka Bhatia
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Shalmoli Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biophysics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
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Yang K, Zhao X, Wang C, Zeng C, Luo Y, Sun T. Circuit Mechanisms of L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia (LID). Front Neurosci 2021; 15:614412. [PMID: 33776634 PMCID: PMC7988225 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.614412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
L-DOPA is the criterion standard of treatment for Parkinson disease. Although it alleviates some of the Parkinsonian symptoms, long-term treatment induces L-DOPA–induced dyskinesia (LID). Several theoretical models including the firing rate model, the firing pattern model, and the ensemble model are proposed to explain the mechanisms of LID. The “firing rate model” proposes that decreasing the mean firing rates of the output nuclei of basal ganglia (BG) including the globus pallidus internal segment and substantia nigra reticulata, along the BG pathways, induces dyskinesia. The “firing pattern model” claimed that abnormal firing pattern of a single unit activity and local field potentials may disturb the information processing in the BG, resulting in dyskinesia. The “ensemble model” described that dyskinesia symptoms might represent a distributed impairment involving many brain regions, but the number of activated neurons in the striatum correlated most strongly with dyskinesia severity. Extensive evidence for circuit mechanisms in driving LID symptoms has also been presented. LID is a multisystem disease that affects wide areas of the brain. Brain regions including the striatum, the pallidal–subthalamic network, the motor cortex, the thalamus, and the cerebellum are all involved in the pathophysiology of LID. In addition, although both amantadine and deep brain stimulation help reduce LID, these approaches have complications that limit their wide use, and a novel antidyskinetic drug is strongly needed; these require us to understand the circuit mechanism of LID more deeply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyue Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Changcai Wang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Zeng
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Taolei Sun
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
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Wang Y, Yao L, Gao S, Zhang G, Zhang Q, Liu W, Zhou Y, Sun Y, Feng J, Liu J. Inhibition of striatal dopamine D 5 receptor attenuates levodopa-induced dyskinesia in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2021; 1754:147266. [PMID: 33422541 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) is experienced by most patients of Parkinson's disease (PD) upon the long-term use of the dopamine precursor levodopa. Striatal dopaminergic signaling plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of LID through its interactions with dopamine receptors. The specific roles of striatal dopaminergic D5 receptors in the pathophysiological process of LID are still poorly established. In the study, we investigated the role of striatal dopamine D5 receptor in LID by using PD rats with or without dyskinetic symptoms after chronic levodopa administration. The experimental results showed that the expression level of D5 receptors in the sensorimotor striatum of dyskinetic rats is significantly higher than that of the non-dyskinetic controls. The administration of levodopa increased c-Fos expression in a subpopulation of sensorimotor striatum neurons of dyskinetic rats, but not in non-dyskinetic rats. The majority of the c-Fos+ neurons activated by levodopa in the striatum are positive for D5 receptor staining. Intrastriatal injection of D1-like (D1 and D5) dopamine receptor antagonist, SCH-23390, significantly inhibited dyskinetic behavior in dyskinetic rats after the injection of levodopa, meanwhile, intrastriatal administration of SKF-83959, a partial D5 receptor agonist, yielded significant dyskinetic movements in dyskinetic rats without levodopa. In contrast, intrastriatal perfusion of small interfering RNA directed against DRD5 downregulated D5 receptors expression and moderately inhibited dyskinetic behavior of dyskinetic animals. Our data suggested that the striatal dopamine D5 receptor might play a novel role in the pathophysiology of LID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Deptartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, PR China; Institute of Neuroscience, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, PR China.
| | - Lu Yao
- Deptartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, PR China; Institute of Neuroscience, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Shasha Gao
- Deptartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, PR China; Institute of Neuroscience, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Gejuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an No. 3 Hospital, Xi'an 710018, PR China
| | - Qiongchi Zhang
- Undergraduate School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Wanyuan Liu
- Undergraduate School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Yingqiong Zhou
- Undergraduate School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Yina Sun
- Deptartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Jie Feng
- Deptartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, PR China; Institute of Neuroscience, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Jian Liu
- Deptartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, PR China; Institute of Neuroscience, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, PR China.
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12
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Moreira CG, Morawska MM, Baumann A, Masneuf S, Linnebank M, Sommerauer M, Landolt HP, Noain D, Baumann CR. Improved functional and histochemical outcomes in l-DOPA plus tolcapone treated VMAT2-deficient mice. Neuropharmacology 2020; 181:108353. [PMID: 33038358 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease is typically treated with L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (or levodopa) co-prescribed with concentration stabilizers to prevent undesired motor fluctuations. However, the beneficial role of the chronic combined therapy on disease progression has not been thoroughly explored. We hypothesized that tolcapone, a catechol-O-methyl-transferase inhibitor, co-administered with levodopa may offer beneficial long-term disease-modifying effects through its dopamine stabilization actions. Here, we followed vesicular monoamine transporter 2-deficient and wild-type mice treated twice daily per os with vehicle, levodopa (20 mg/kg), tolcapone (15 mg/kg) or levodopa (12.5 mg/kg) + tolcapone (15 mg/kg) for 17 weeks. We assessed open field, bar test and rotarod performances at baseline and every 4th week thereafter, corresponding to OFF-medication weeks. Finally, we collected coronal sections from the frontal caudate-putamen and determined the reactivity level of dopamine transporter. Vesicular monoamine transporter 2-deficient mice responded positively to chronic levodopa + tolcapone intervention in the bar test during OFF-periods. Neither levodopa nor tolcapone interventions offered significant improvements on their own. Similarly, chronic levodopa + tolcapone intervention was associated with partially rescued dopamine transporter levels, whereas animals treated solely with levodopa or tolcapone did not present this effect. Interestingly, 4-month progression of bar test scores correlated significantly with dopamine-transporter-label density. Overall, we observed a moderate functional and histopathological improvement effect by chronic dopamine replacement when combined with tolcapone in vesicular monoamine transporter 2-deficient mice. Altogether, chronic stabilization of dopamine levels by catechol-O-methyl-transferase inhibition, besides its intended immediate actions, arises as a potential long-term beneficial approach during the progression of Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Moreira
- Neurology Department, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marta M Morawska
- Neurology Department, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aron Baumann
- Neurology Department, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Masneuf
- Neurology Department, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Linnebank
- Neurology Department, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Sommerauer
- Neurology Department, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Landolt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Irchel Campus Y17, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; University Center of Competence Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Noain
- Neurology Department, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Christian R Baumann
- Neurology Department, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland; University Center of Competence Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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13
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Lohse A, Meder D, Nielsen S, Lund AE, Herz DM, Løkkegaard A, Siebner HR. Low-frequency transcranial stimulation of pre-supplementary motor area alleviates levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease: a randomized cross-over trial. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa147. [PMID: 33225277 PMCID: PMC7667528 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Levodopa-induced dyskinesia gradually emerges during long-term dopamine therapy, causing major disability in patients with Parkinson disease. Using pharmacodynamic functional MRI, we have previously shown that the intake of levodopa triggers an excessive activation of the pre-supplementary motor area in Parkinson disease patients with peak-of-dose dyskinesia. In this pre-registered, interventional study, we tested whether the abnormal responsiveness of the pre-supplementary motor area to levodopa may constitute a ‘stimulation target’ for treating dyskinesia. A gender-balanced group of 17 Parkinson disease patients with peak-of-dose dyskinesia received 30 min of robot-assisted repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, after they had paused their anti-Parkinson medication. Real-repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation at 100% or sham-repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation at 30% of individual resting corticomotor threshold of left first dorsal interosseous muscle was applied on separate days in counterbalanced order. Following repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, patients took 200 mg of oral levodopa and underwent functional MRI to map brain activity, while they performed the same go/no-go task as in our previous study. Blinded video assessment revealed that real-repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation delayed the onset of dyskinesia and reduced its severity relative to sham-repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Individual improvement in dyskinesia severity scaled linearly with the modulatory effect of real-repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on task-related activation in the pre-supplementary motor area. Stimulation-induced delay in dyskinesia onset correlated positively with the induced electrical field strength in the pre-supplementary motor area. Our results provide converging evidence that the levodopa-triggered increase in pre-supplementary motor area activity plays a causal role in the pathophysiology of peak-of-dose dyskinesia and constitutes a promising cortical target for brain stimulation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Lohse
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre 2650, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark
| | - David Meder
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre 2650, Denmark
| | - Silas Nielsen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre 2650, Denmark
| | - Anders Elkjær Lund
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre 2650, Denmark
| | - Damian M Herz
- Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark
| | - Annemette Løkkegaard
- Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark
| | - Hartwig R Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre 2650, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen 2400, Denmark.,Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
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14
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Jones-Tabah J, Mohammad H, Hadj-Youssef S, Kim LEH, Martin RD, Benaliouad F, Tanny JC, Clarke PBS, Hébert TE. Dopamine D1 receptor signalling in dyskinetic Parkinsonian rats revealed by fiber photometry using FRET-based biosensors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14426. [PMID: 32879346 PMCID: PMC7468292 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71121-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As with many G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the signalling pathways regulated by the dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) are dynamic, cell type-specific, and can change in the face of disease or drug exposures. In striatal neurons, the D1R activates cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) signalling. However, in Parkinson's disease (PD), alterations in this pathway lead to functional upregulation of extracellular regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), contributing to L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). In order to detect D1R activation in vivo and to study the progressive dysregulation of D1R signalling in PD and LID, we developed ratiometric fiber-photometry with Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensors and optically detected PKA and ERK1/2 signalling in freely moving rats. We show that in Parkinsonian animals, D1R signalling through PKA and ERK1/2 is sensitized, but that following chronic treatment with L-DOPA, these pathways become partially desensitized while concurrently D1R activation leads to greater induction of dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jace Jones-Tabah
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Room 1325, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Hanan Mohammad
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Room 1325, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Shadi Hadj-Youssef
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Room 1325, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Lucy E H Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Room 1325, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Ryan D Martin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Room 1325, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Faïza Benaliouad
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Room 1325, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jason C Tanny
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Room 1325, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Paul B S Clarke
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Room 1325, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Terence E Hébert
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Room 1325, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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15
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Calabrese V, Di Maio A, Marino G, Cardinale A, Natale G, De Rosa A, Campanelli F, Mancini M, Napolitano F, Avallone L, Calabresi P, Usiello A, Ghiglieri V, Picconi B. Rapamycin, by Inhibiting mTORC1 Signaling, Prevents the Loss of Striatal Bidirectional Synaptic Plasticity in a Rat Model of L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:230. [PMID: 32848709 PMCID: PMC7431470 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Levodopa (L-DOPA) treatment is the main gold-standard therapy for Parkinson disease (PD). Besides good antiparkinsonian effects, prolonged use of this drug is associated to the development of involuntary movements known as L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia is linked to a sensitization of dopamine (DA) D1 receptors located on spiny projection neurons (SPNs) of the dorsal striatum. Several evidences have shown that the emergence of LID can be related to striatal D1/cAMP/PKA/DARPP-32 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) pathway overactivation associated to aberrant N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor function. In addition, within striatum, ERK1/2 is also able to modulate in a D1 receptor-dependent manner the activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway under DA depletion and L-DOPA therapy. Consistently, increased mTORC1 signaling appears during chronic administration of L-DOPA and shows a high correlation with the severity of dyskinesia. Furthermore, the abnormal activation of the D1/PKA/DARPP-32 cascade is paralleled by increased phosphorylation of the GluA1 subunit of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor at the PKA Ser845 site. The GluA1 promotes excitatory AMPA receptor-mediated transmission and may be implicated in the alterations found at the corticostriatal synapses of dyskinetic animals. In our study, we investigated the role of mTORC1 pathway activation in modulating bidirectional striatal synaptic plasticity in L-DOPA-treated parkinsonian rats. Inhibition of mTORC1 by coadministration of rapamycin to L-DOPA was able to limit the magnitude of LID expression, accounting for a therapeutic effect of this drug. In particular, behavioral data showed that, in L-DOPA-treated rats, rapamycin administration induced a selective decrease of distinct components of abnormal involuntary movements (i.e., axial and orolingual dyskinesia). Furthermore, ex vivo patch clamp and intracellular recordings of SPNs revealed that pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 also resulted associated with a physiological bidirectional plasticity, when compared to dyskinetic rats treated with L-DOPA alone. This study uncovers the important role of mTORC1 inhibition to prevent the loss of striatal bidirectional plasticity under chronic L-DOPA treatment in rodent models of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Calabrese
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurophysiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Gioia Marino
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Laboratory of Neurophysiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Cardinale
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurophysiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Natale
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Laboratory of Neurophysiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna De Rosa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Campanelli
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Laboratory of Neurophysiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Mancini
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Napolitano
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Avallone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Usiello
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy.,Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DISTABIF), University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Veronica Ghiglieri
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Laboratory of Neurophysiology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Picconi
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurophysiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.,Università Telematica San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
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16
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Sciaccaluga M, Mazzocchetti P, Bastioli G, Ghiglieri V, Cardinale A, Mosci P, Caccia C, Keywood C, Melloni E, Padoani G, Vailati S, Picconi B, Calabresi P, Tozzi A. Effects of safinamide on the glutamatergic striatal network in experimental Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology 2020; 170:108024. [PMID: 32142791 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate electrophysiological effects of safinamide on the intrinsic and synaptic properties of striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs) and to characterize the possible therapeutic antiparkinsonian effect of this drug in dopamine (DA) denervated rats before and during levodopa (l-DOPA) treatment. BACKGROUND Current therapeutic options in Parkinson's disease (PD) are primarily DA replacement strategies that usually cause progressive motor fluctuations and l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LIDs) as a consequence of SPNs glutamate-induced hyperactivity. As a reversible and use-dependent inhibitor of voltage-gated sodium channels, safinamide reduces the release of glutamate and possibly optimize the effect of l-DOPA therapy in PD. METHODS Electrophysiological effects of safinamide (1-100 μM) were investigated by patch-clamp recordings in striatal slices of naïve, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned DA-denervated rats and DA-denervated animals chronically treated with l-DOPA. LIDs were assessed in vivo with and without chronic safinamide treatment and measured by scoring the l-DOPA-induced abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs). Motor deficit was evaluated with the stepping test. RESULTS Safinamide reduced the SPNs firing rate and glutamatergic synaptic transmission in all groups, showing a dose-dependent effect with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values in the therapeutic range (3-5 μM). Chronic co-administration of safinamide plus l-DOPA in DA-denervated animals favored the recovery of corticostriatal long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP) and depotentiation of excitatory synaptic transmission also reducing motor deficits before the onset of LIDs. CONCLUSIONS Safinamide, at a clinically relevant dose, optimizes the effect of l-DOPA therapy in experimental PD reducing SPNs excitability and modulating synaptic transmission. Co-administration of safinamide and l-DOPA ameliorates motor deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Sciaccaluga
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, via Gambuli, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Petra Mazzocchetti
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, via Gambuli, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Guendalina Bastioli
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, via Gambuli, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Veronica Ghiglieri
- Department of Philosophy, Human, Social and Educational Sciences, University of Perugia, Piazza G. Ermini, 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy; Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Cardinale
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, via Gambuli, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy; Laboratory of Experimental Neurophysiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via Val Cannuta 247, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Mosci
- Department of Veterinary, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carla Caccia
- Open R&D Department, Zambon SpA, Via Lillo del Duca, 10, 20091, Bresso, Milan, Italy
| | - Charlotte Keywood
- Open R&D Department, Zambon SpA, Via Lillo del Duca, 10, 20091, Bresso, Milan, Italy
| | - Elsa Melloni
- Open R&D Department, Zambon SpA, Via Lillo del Duca, 10, 20091, Bresso, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Padoani
- Open R&D Department, Zambon SpA, Via Lillo del Duca, 10, 20091, Bresso, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Vailati
- Open R&D Department, Zambon SpA, Via Lillo del Duca, 10, 20091, Bresso, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Picconi
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurophysiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via Val Cannuta 247, 00166, Rome, Italy; University San Raffaele, Via Val Cannuta, 247, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 8, 00168, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tozzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Perugia, via Gambuli, 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy.
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17
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Teixeira FG, Vilaça-Faria H, Domingues AV, Campos J, Salgado AJ. Preclinical Comparison of Stem Cells Secretome and Levodopa Application in a 6-Hydroxydopamine Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020315. [PMID: 32012897 PMCID: PMC7072263 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is characterized by the massive loss of dopaminergic neurons, leading to the appearance of several motor impairments. Current pharmacological treatments, such as the use of levodopa, are yet unable to cure the disease. Therefore, there is a need for novel strategies, particularly those that can combine in an integrated manner neuroprotection and neuroregeneration properties. In vitro and in vivo models have recently revealed that the secretome of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) holds a promising potential for treating PD, given its effects on neural survival, proliferation, differentiation. In the present study, we aimed to access the impact of human bone marrow MSCs (hBM-MSCs) secretome in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) PD model when compared to levodopa administration, by addressing animals' motor performance, and substantia nigra (SN), and striatum (STR) histological parameters by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression. Results revealed that hBM-MSCs secretome per se appears to be a modulator of the dopaminergic system, enhancing TH-positive cells expression (e.g., dopaminergic neurons) and terminals both in the SN and STR when compared to the untreated group 6-OHDA. Such finding was positively correlated with a significant amelioration of the motor outcomes of 6-OHDA PD animals (assessed by the staircase test). Thus, the present findings support hBM-MSCs secretome administration as a potential therapeutic tool in treating PD, and although we suggest candidate molecules (Trx1, SEMA7A, UCHL1, PEDF, BDNF, Clusterin, SDF-1, CypA, CypB, Cys C, VEGF, DJ-1, Gal-1, GDNF, CDH2, IL-6, HSP27, PRDX1, UBE3A, MMP-2, and GDN) and possible mechanisms of hBM-MSCs secretome-mediated effects, further detailed studies are needed to carefully and clearly define which players may be responsible for its therapeutic actions. By doing so, it will be reasonable to presume that potential treatments that can, per se, or in combination modulate or slow PD may lead to a rational design of new therapeutic or adjuvant strategies for its functional modeling and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio G. Teixeira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (H.V.-F.); (J.C.)
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Correspondence: (F.G.T.); (A.J.S.); Tel.: +351-253-60-48-71 (F.G.T.); +351-253-60-49-47 (A.J.S.)
| | - Helena Vilaça-Faria
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (H.V.-F.); (J.C.)
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana V. Domingues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (H.V.-F.); (J.C.)
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jonas Campos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (H.V.-F.); (J.C.)
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António J. Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (H.V.-F.); (J.C.)
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Lab, PT Government Associated Lab, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Correspondence: (F.G.T.); (A.J.S.); Tel.: +351-253-60-48-71 (F.G.T.); +351-253-60-49-47 (A.J.S.)
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18
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Karthivashan G, Ganesan P, Park SY, Lee HW, Choi DK. Lipid-based nanodelivery approaches for dopamine-replacement therapies in Parkinson's disease: From preclinical to translational studies. Biomaterials 2019; 232:119704. [PMID: 31901690 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, has increased exponentially as the global population continues to age. Although the etiological factors contributing to PD remain uncertain, its average incidence rate is reported to be 1% of the global population older than 60 years. PD is primarily characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons and/or associated neuronal networks and the subsequent depletion of dopamine (DA) levels in the brain. Thus, DA or levodopa (l-dopa), a precursor of DA, represent cardinal targets for both idiopathic and symptomatic PD therapeutics. While several therapeutic strategies have been investigated over the past decade for their abilities to curb the progression of PD, an effective cure for PD is currently unavailable. Even DA replacement therapy, an effective PD therapeutic strategy that provides an exogenous supply of DA or l-dopa, has been hindered by severe challenges, such as a poor capacity to bypass the blood-brain barrier and inadequate bioavailability. Nevertheless, with recent advances in nanotechnology, several drug delivery systems have been developed to bypass the barriers associated with central nervous system therapeutics. In here, we sought to describe the adapted lipid-based nanodrug delivery systems used in the field of PD therapeutics and their recent advances, with a particular focus placed on DA replacement therapies. This work initially explores the background of PD; offers descriptions of the most recent molecular targets; currently available clinical medications/limitations; an overview of several lipid-based PD nanotherapeutics, functionalized nanoparticles, and technical aspects in brain delivery; and, finally, presents future perspectives to enhance the use of nanotherapeutics in PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindarajan Karthivashan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), College of Biomedical and Health Science and BK21plus Glocal Education Program of Nutraceuticals Development, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Palanivel Ganesan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Applied Life Science, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Young Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Won Lee
- Department of Neurology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine and Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41404, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), College of Biomedical and Health Science and BK21plus Glocal Education Program of Nutraceuticals Development, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Leta V, Jenner P, Chaudhuri KR, Antonini A. Can therapeutic strategies prevent and manage dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease? An update. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2019; 18:1203-1218. [DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2019.1681966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Leta
- King’s College London, Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
- Parkinson’s Foundation Centre of Excellence, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Peter Jenner
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - K. Ray Chaudhuri
- King’s College London, Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, UK
- Parkinson’s Foundation Centre of Excellence, King’s College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Angelo Antonini
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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20
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Jellinger KA. Neuropathology and pathogenesis of extrapyramidal movement disorders: a critical update-I. Hypokinetic-rigid movement disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:933-995. [PMID: 31214855 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extrapyramidal movement disorders include hypokinetic rigid and hyperkinetic or mixed forms, most of them originating from dysfunction of the basal ganglia (BG) and their information circuits. The functional anatomy of the BG, the cortico-BG-thalamocortical, and BG-cerebellar circuit connections are briefly reviewed. Pathophysiologic classification of extrapyramidal movement disorder mechanisms distinguish (1) parkinsonian syndromes, (2) chorea and related syndromes, (3) dystonias, (4) myoclonic syndromes, (5) ballism, (6) tics, and (7) tremor syndromes. Recent genetic and molecular-biologic classifications distinguish (1) synucleinopathies (Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease-dementia, and multiple system atrophy); (2) tauopathies (progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, FTLD-17; Guamian Parkinson-dementia; Pick's disease, and others); (3) polyglutamine disorders (Huntington's disease and related disorders); (4) pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration; (5) Wilson's disease; and (6) other hereditary neurodegenerations without hitherto detected genetic or specific markers. The diversity of phenotypes is related to the deposition of pathologic proteins in distinct cell populations, causing neurodegeneration due to genetic and environmental factors, but there is frequent overlap between various disorders. Their etiopathogenesis is still poorly understood, but is suggested to result from an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Multiple etiologies and noxious factors (protein mishandling, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, energy failure, and chronic neuroinflammation) are more likely than a single factor. Current clinical consensus criteria have increased the diagnostic accuracy of most neurodegenerative movement disorders, but for their definite diagnosis, histopathological confirmation is required. We present a timely overview of the neuropathology and pathogenesis of the major extrapyramidal movement disorders in two parts, the first one dedicated to hypokinetic-rigid forms and the second to hyperkinetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, 1150, Vienna, Austria.
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21
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Mineo D, Cacace F, Mancini M, Vannelli A, Campanelli F, Natale G, Marino G, Cardinale A, Calabresi P, Picconi B, Ghiglieri V. Dopamine drives binge-like consumption of a palatable food in experimental Parkinsonism. Mov Disord 2019; 34:821-831. [PMID: 31002748 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged dopaminergic replacement therapy in PD results in pulsatile dopamine receptors stimulation in both dorsal and ventral striatum causing wearing off, motor fluctuations, and nonmotor side effects such as behavioral addictions. Among impulse control disorders, binge eating can be easily modeled in laboratory animals. OBJECTIVES We hypothesize that manipulation of dopamine levels in a 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats, as a model of PD characterized by a different extent of dopamine denervation between dorsal and ventral striatum, would influence both synaptic plasticity of the nucleus accumbens and binge-like eating behavior. METHODS Food preference, food intake, and weight gain were monitored in sham-operated and unilaterally lesioned rats, subjected to a modified version of Corwin's limited access protocol, modelling binge eating disorder. Electrophysiological properties and long-term potentiation of GABAergic spiny projection neurons of the nucleus accumbens core were studied through ex vivo intracellular and patch-clamp recordings from corticostriatal slices of naïve and l-dopa-treated rats. RESULTS Sham-operated animals with intact nucleus accumbens core plasticity reliably developed food-addiction-like behavior when exposed to intermittent access to a highly palatable food. In contrast, parkinsonian rats were unresponsive to such restriction regimens, and also plasticity was lost in ventral spiny neurons. Chronic l-dopa reestablished long-term potentiation and compulsive eating, but with a different temporal dynamic that follows that of drug administration. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that endogenous and exogenous dopamine drive binge-like consumption of a palatable food in healthy and parkinsonian rats with distinct temporal dynamics, providing new insights into the complexity of l-dopa effects on the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Désirée Mineo
- Laboratorio di Neurofisiologia, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Cacace
- Laboratorio di Neurofisiologia, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Mancini
- Laboratorio di Neurofisiologia, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Vannelli
- Laboratorio di Neurofisiologia, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppina Natale
- Laboratorio di Neurofisiologia, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Gioia Marino
- Laboratorio di Neurofisiologia, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Cardinale
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Laboratorio di Neurofisiologia, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Barbara Picconi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana e Università San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Ghiglieri
- Laboratorio di Neurofisiologia, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Filosofia, scienze sociali, umane e della formazione, Università di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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22
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Modulation of inhibitory plasticity in basal ganglia output nuclei of patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 124:46-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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23
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Milosevic L, Kalia SK, Hodaie M, Lozano AM, Fasano A, Popovic MR, Hutchison WD. Neuronal inhibition and synaptic plasticity of basal ganglia neurons in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2019; 141:177-190. [PMID: 29236966 PMCID: PMC5917776 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is an effective treatment for Parkinson’s disease symptoms. The therapeutic benefits of deep brain stimulation are frequency-dependent, but the underlying physiological mechanisms remain unclear. To advance deep brain stimulation therapy an understanding of fundamental mechanisms is critical. The objectives of this study were to (i) compare the frequency-dependent effects on cell firing in subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra pars reticulata; (ii) quantify frequency-dependent effects on short-term plasticity in substantia nigra pars reticulata; and (iii) investigate effects of continuous long-train high frequency stimulation (comparable to conventional deep brain stimulation) on synaptic plasticity. Two closely spaced (600 µm) microelectrodes were advanced into the subthalamic nucleus (n = 27) and substantia nigra pars reticulata (n = 14) of 22 patients undergoing deep brain stimulation surgery for Parkinson’s disease. Cell firing and evoked field potentials were recorded with one microelectrode during stimulation trains from the adjacent microelectrode across a range of frequencies (1–100 Hz, 100 µA, 0.3 ms, 50–60 pulses). Subthalamic firing attenuated with ≥20 Hz (P < 0.01) stimulation (silenced at 100 Hz), while substantia nigra pars reticulata decreased with ≥3 Hz (P < 0.05) (silenced at 50 Hz). Substantia nigra pars reticulata also exhibited a more prominent increase in transient silent period following stimulation. Patients with longer silent periods after 100 Hz stimulation in the subthalamic nucleus tended to have better clinical outcome after deep brain stimulation. At ≥30 Hz the first evoked field potential of the stimulation train in substantia nigra pars reticulata was potentiated (P < 0.05); however, the average amplitude of the subsequent potentials was rapidly attenuated (P < 0.01). This is suggestive of synaptic facilitation followed by rapid depression. Paired pulse ratios calculated at the beginning of the train revealed that 20 Hz (P < 0.05) was the minimum frequency required to induce synaptic depression. Lastly, the average amplitude of evoked field potentials during 1 Hz pulses showed significant inhibitory synaptic potentiation after long-train high frequency stimulation (P < 0.001) and these increases were coupled with increased durations of neuronal inhibition (P < 0.01). The subthalamic nucleus exhibited a higher frequency threshold for stimulation-induced inhibition than the substantia nigra pars reticulata likely due to differing ratios of GABA:glutamate terminals on the soma and/or the nature of their GABAergic inputs (pallidal versus striatal). We suggest that enhancement of inhibitory synaptic plasticity, and frequency-dependent potentiation and depression are putative mechanisms of deep brain stimulation. Furthermore, we foresee that future closed-loop deep brain stimulation systems (with more frequent off stimulation periods) may benefit from inhibitory synaptic potentiation that occurs after high frequency stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Milosevic
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada.,Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, 520 Sutherland Drive, Toronto, Ontario, M4G 3V9, Canada
| | - Suneil K Kalia
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, 5th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1P5, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital - University Health Network, Toronto, 399 Bathurst St, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, 135 Nassau St, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1M8, Canada
| | - Mojgan Hodaie
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, 5th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1P5, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital - University Health Network, Toronto, 399 Bathurst St, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, 135 Nassau St, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1M8, Canada
| | - Andres M Lozano
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, 5th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1P5, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital - University Health Network, Toronto, 399 Bathurst St, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, 135 Nassau St, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1M8, Canada
| | - Alfonso Fasano
- Krembil Research Institute, 135 Nassau St, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1M8, Canada.,Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Center and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital - University Health Network, 399 Bathurst St, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada.,Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Milos R Popovic
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada.,Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, 520 Sutherland Drive, Toronto, Ontario, M4G 3V9, Canada
| | - William D Hutchison
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, 5th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1P5, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, 135 Nassau St, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1M8, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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24
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Gomez G, Escande MV, Suarez LM, Rela L, Belforte JE, Moratalla R, Murer MG, Gershanik OS, Taravini IRE. Changes in Dendritic Spine Density and Inhibitory Perisomatic Connectivity onto Medium Spiny Neurons in L-Dopa-Induced Dyskinesia. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6261-6275. [PMID: 30746639 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1515-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Using bacterial artificial chromosome-double transgenic mice expressing tdTomato in D1 receptor-medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and enhanced green fluorescent protein in D2 receptor-MSNs, we have studied changes in spine density and perisomatic GABAergic boutons density in MSNs of both the D1R and D2R pathways, in an experimental model of parkinsonism (mouse injected with 6-hydroxydopamine in the medial forebrain bundle), both in the parkinsonian and dyskinetic condition induced by L-DOPA treatment. To assess changes in perisomatic GABAergic connectivity onto MSNs, we measured the number of contacts originated from parvalbumin (PV)-containing striatal "fast-spiking" interneurons (FSIs), the major component of a feed-forward inhibition mechanism that regulates spike timing in MSNs, in both cell types as well as the number of vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) contacts. Furthermore, we determined changes in PV-immunoreactive cell density by PV immunolabeling combined with Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) labeling to detect FSI in a PV-independent manner. We also explored the differential expression of striatal activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) and c-Fos in both types of MSNs as a measure of neuronal activation. Our results confirm previous findings of major structural changes in dendritic spine density after nigrostriatal denervation, which are further modified in the dyskinetic condition. Moreover, the finding of differential modifications in perisomatic GABAergic connectivity and neuronal activation in MSNs suggests an attempt by the system to regain homeostasis after denervation and an imbalance between excitation and inhibition leading to the development of dyskinesia after exposure to L-DOPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gomez
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA), Laboratorio de Parkinson Experimental, CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M V Escande
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica (IFIBIO) Bernardo Houssay, Grupo de Neurociencia de Sistemas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L M Suarez
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Rela
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica (IFIBIO) Bernardo Houssay, Grupo de Neurociencia de Sistemas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J E Belforte
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica (IFIBIO) Bernardo Houssay, Grupo de Neurociencia de Sistemas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Moratalla
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - M G Murer
- Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica (IFIBIO) Bernardo Houssay, Grupo de Neurociencia de Sistemas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - O S Gershanik
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA), Laboratorio de Parkinson Experimental, CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - I R E Taravini
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas (ININFA), Laboratorio de Parkinson Experimental, CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Experimental (LNE), CONICET - Facultad de Bromatología, Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos, Gualeguaychú, Entre Ríos, Argentina.
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25
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Alborghetti M, Nicoletti F. Different Generations of Type-B Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in Parkinson's Disease: From Bench to Bedside. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:861-873. [PMID: 30160213 PMCID: PMC7052841 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180830100754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three inhibitors of type-B monoamine oxidase (MAOB), selegiline, rasagiline, and safinamide, are used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). All three drugs improve motor signs of PD, and are effective in reducing motor fluctuations in patients undergoing long-term L-DOPA treatment. The effect of MAOB inhibitors on non-motor symptoms is not uniform and may not be class-related. Selegiline and rasagiline are irreversible inhibitors forming a covalent bond within the active site of MAOB. In contrast, safinamide is a reversible MAOB inhibitor, and also inhibits voltage- sensitive sodium channels and glutamate release. Safinamide is the prototype of a new generation of multi-active MAOB inhibitors, which includes the antiepileptic drug, zonisamide. Inhibition of MAOB-mediated dopamine metabolism largely accounts for the antiparkinsonian effect of the three drugs. Dopamine metabolism by MAOB generates reactive oxygen species, which contribute to nigro-striatal degeneration. Among all antiparkinsonian agents, MAOB inhibitors are those with the greatest neuroprotective potential because of inhibition of dopamine metabolism, induction of neurotrophic factors, and, in the case of safinamide, inhibition of glutamate release. The recent development of new experimental animal models that more closely mimic the progressive neurodegeneration associated with PD will allow to test the hypothesis that MAOB inhibitors may slow the progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy; Tel: 39-3662816464; E-mail:
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26
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Leino S, Kohtala S, Rantamäki T, Koski SK, Rannanpää S, Salminen O. Dyskinesia and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels after long-term levodopa and nicotinic receptor agonist treatments in female mice with near-total unilateral dopaminergic denervation. BMC Neurosci 2018; 19:77. [PMID: 30497382 PMCID: PMC6267795 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-018-0478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of Parkinson's disease is often complicated by levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID). Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists can alleviate LID in animal models but may be less effective in conditions of severe dopaminergic denervation. While the mechanisms of LID remain incompletely understood, elevated corticostriatal levels of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have been suggested to play a role. Here, female mice with near-total unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-induced nigrostriatal lesions were chronically treated with levodopa, and the effects of the α7 nicotinic receptor partial agonist AZD0328 and nicotine on LID were assessed. At the end of the experiment, BDNF protein levels in the prefrontal cortex and striatum were measured. RESULTS Five-day treatments with three escalating doses of AZD0328 and a 10-week treatment with nicotine failed to alleviate LID. BDNF levels in the lesioned striatum correlated positively with LID severity, but no evidence was found for a levodopa-induced elevation of corticostriatal BDNF in the lesioned hemisphere. The nicotine treatment decreased BDNF levels in the prefrontal cortex but had no effect on striatal BDNF. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that treatment of LID with nicotinic agonists may lose its effectiveness as the disease progresses, represent further evidence for a role for BDNF in LID, and expand previous knowledge on the effects of long-term nicotine treatment on BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakari Leino
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Samuel Kohtala
- Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomi Rantamäki
- Laboratory of Neurotherapeutics, Division of Physiology and Neuroscience, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sini K Koski
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saara Rannanpää
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Salminen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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27
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Klemann CJHM, Xicoy H, Poelmans G, Bloem BR, Martens GJM, Visser JE. Physical Exercise Modulates L-DOPA-Regulated Molecular Pathways in the MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:5639-5657. [PMID: 29019056 PMCID: PMC5994219 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0775-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), resulting in motor and non-motor dysfunction. Physical exercise improves these symptoms in PD patients. To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of physical exercise, we exposed 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidine (MPTP)-treated mice to a four-week physical exercise regimen, and subsequently explored their motor performance and the transcriptome of multiple PD-linked brain areas. MPTP reduced the number of DA neurons in the SNpc, whereas physical exercise improved beam walking, rotarod performance, and motor behavior in the open field. Further, enrichment analyses of the RNA-sequencing data revealed that in the MPTP-treated mice physical exercise predominantly modulated signaling cascades that are regulated by the top upstream regulators L-DOPA, RICTOR, CREB1, or bicuculline/dalfampridine, associated with movement disorders, mitochondrial dysfunction, and epilepsy-related processes. To elucidate the molecular pathways underlying these cascades, we integrated the proteins encoded by the exercise-induced differentially expressed mRNAs for each of the upstream regulators into a molecular landscape, for multiple key brain areas. Most notable was the opposite effect of physical exercise compared to previously reported effects of L-DOPA on the expression of mRNAs in the SN and the ventromedial striatum that are involved in-among other processes-circadian rhythm and signaling involving DA, neuropeptides, and endocannabinoids. Altogether, our findings suggest that physical exercise can improve motor function in PD and may, at the same time, counteract L-DOPA-mediated molecular mechanisms. Further, we hypothesize that physical exercise has the potential to improve non-motor symptoms of PD, some of which may be the result of (chronic) L-DOPA use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius J H M Klemann
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Helena Xicoy
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Poelmans
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas R Bloem
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J M Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper E Visser
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Neurology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands.
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28
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Picconi B, De Leonibus E, Calabresi P. Synaptic plasticity and levodopa-induced dyskinesia: electrophysiological and structural abnormalities. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:1263-1271. [PMID: 29492662 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1864-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons located in the midbrain. The gold-standard therapy for PD is the restoration of dopamine (DA) levels through the chronic administration of the DA precursor levodopa (L-DOPA). Although levodopa therapy is the main therapeutic approach for PD, its use is limited by the development of very disabling dyskinetic movements, mainly due to the fluctuation of DA cerebral content. Experimental animal models of PD identified in DA D1/ERK-signaling pathway aberrant activation, occurring in striatal projection neurons, coupled with structural spines abnormalities, the molecular and neuronal basis of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LIDs) occurrence. Different electrophysiological approaches allowed the identification of the alteration of homeostatic structural and synaptic changes, the neuronal bases of LIDs either in vivo in parkinsonian patients or in vitro in experimental animals. Here, we report the most recent studies showing electrophysiological and morphological evidence of aberrant synaptic plasticity in parkinsonian patients during LIDs in different basal ganglia nuclei and also in cortical transmission, accounting for the complexity of the synaptic changes during dyskinesias. All together, these studies suggest that LIDs are associated with a loss of homeostatic synaptic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Picconi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia c/o CERC, via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.
| | - Elvira De Leonibus
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB), National Research Council, Naples, Italy
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Telethon Foundation, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia c/o CERC, via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
- Clinica Neurologica, Università degli studi di Perugia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06156, Perugia, Italy
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29
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Padovan-Neto FE, West AR. Regulation of Striatal Neuron Activity by Cyclic Nucleotide Signaling and Phosphodiesterase Inhibition: Implications for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 17:257-283. [PMID: 28956336 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58811-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis and inactivation of cyclic nucleotides (cAMP/cGMP) in the brain. Several classes of PDE enzymes with distinct tissue distributions, cyclic nucleotide selectivity, and regulatory factors are highly expressed in brain regions subserving cognitive and motor processes known to be disrupted in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Furthermore, small-molecule inhibitors of several different PDE family members alter cyclic nucleotide levels and favorably enhance motor performance and cognition in animal disease models. This chapter will explore the roles and therapeutic potential of non-selective and selective PDE inhibitors on neural processing in fronto-striatal circuits in normal animals and models of DOPA-induced dyskinesias (LIDs) associated with PD. The impact of selective PDE inhibitors and augmentation of cAMP and cGMP signaling on the membrane excitability of striatal medium-sized spiny projection neurons (MSNs) will be discussed. The effects of cyclic nucleotide signaling and PDE inhibitors on synaptic plasticity of striatonigral and striatopallidal MSNs will be also be reviewed. New data on the efficacy of PDE10A inhibitors for reversing behavioral and electrophysiological correlates of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias in a rat model of PD will also be presented. Together, these data will highlight the potential of novel PDE inhibitors for treatment of movement disorders such as PD which are associated with abnormal corticostriatal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando E Padovan-Neto
- Department of Neuroscience, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
| | - Anthony R West
- Department of Neuroscience, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
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Politi C, Ciccacci C, Novelli G, Borgiani P. Genetics and Treatment Response in Parkinson's Disease: An Update on Pharmacogenetic Studies. Neuromolecular Med 2018; 20:1-17. [PMID: 29305687 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-017-8473-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive loss of dopamine neurons of the central nervous system. The disease determines a significant disability due to a combination of motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, rigidity and rest tremor and non-motor symptoms such as sleep disorders, hallucinations, psychosis and compulsive behaviors. The current therapies consist in combination of drugs acting to control only the symptoms of the illness by the replacement of the dopamine lost. Although patients generally receive benefits from this symptomatic pharmacological management, they also show great variability in drug response in terms of both efficacy and adverse effects. Pharmacogenetic studies highlighted that genetic factors play a relevant influence in this drug response variability. In this review, we tried to give an overview of the recent progresses in the pharmacogenetics of PD, reporting the major genetic factors identified as involved in the response to drugs and highlighting the potential use of some of these genomic variants in the clinical practice. Many genes have been investigated and several associations have been reported especially with adverse drug reactions. However, only polymorphisms in few genes, including DRD2, COMT and SLC6A3, have been confirmed as associated in different populations and in large cohorts. The identification of genomic biomarkers involved in drug response variability represents an important step in PD treatment, opening the prospective of more personalized therapies in order to identify, for each person, the better therapy in terms of efficacy and toxicity and to improve the PD patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Politi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Genetics Section, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Ciccacci
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Genetics Section, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Genetics Section, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Borgiani
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Genetics Section, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
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Tronci E, Francardo V. Animal models of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia: the 6-OHDA-lesioned rat and mouse. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:1137-1144. [PMID: 29242978 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1825-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Appearance of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) represents a major limitation in the pharmacological therapy with the dopamine precursor L-DOPA. Indeed, the vast majority of parkinsonian patients develop dyskinesia within 9-10 years of L-DOPA oral administration. This makes the discovery of new therapeutic strategies an important need. In the last decades, several animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) have been developed, to both study mechanisms underlying PD pathology and treatment-induced side effects (i.e., LID) and to screen for new potential anti-parkinsonian and anti-dyskinetic treatments. Among all the models developed, the 6-OHDA-lesioned rodents represent the models of choice to mimic PD motor symptoms and LID, thanks to their reproducibility and translational value. Under L-DOPA treatment, rodents sustaining 6-OHDA lesions develop abnormal involuntary movements with dystonic and hyperkinetic features, resembling what seen in dyskinetic PD patients. These models have been extensively validated by the evidence that dyskinetic behaviors are alleviated by compounds reducing dyskinesia in patients and non-human primate models of PD. This article will focus on the translational value of the 6-OHDA rodent models of LID, highlighting their main features, advantages and disadvantages in preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Tronci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SS554 Km 4.5, 09042, Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Veronica Francardo
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Reversal of long term potentiation-like plasticity in primary motor cortex in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:1547-1552. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wang Q, Zhang W. Maladaptive Synaptic Plasticity in L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:105. [PMID: 28066191 PMCID: PMC5168436 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) in patients with Parkinson disease (PD) could be due to maladaptive plasticity of corticostriatal synapses in response to L-DOPA treatment. A series of recent studies has revealed that LID is associated with marked morphological plasticity of striatal dendritic spines, particularly cell type-specific structural plasticity of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the striatum. In addition, evidence demonstrating the occurrence of plastic adaptations, including aberrant morphological and functional features, in multiple components of cortico-basal ganglionic circuitry, such as primary motor cortex (M1) and basal ganglia (BG) output nuclei. These adaptations have been implicated in the pathophysiology of LID. Here, we briefly review recent studies that have addressed maladaptive plastic changes within the cortico-BG loop in dyskinetic animal models of PD and patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University Guangzhou, China
| | - Wangming Zhang
- The National Key Clinic Specialty, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University Guangzhou, China
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Lago-Rodriguez A, Ponzo V, Jenkinson N, Benitez-Rivero S, Del-Olmo MF, Hu M, Koch G, Cheeran B. Paradoxical facilitation after depotentiation protocol can precede dyskinesia onset in early Parkinson's disease. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:3659-3667. [PMID: 27566172 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4759-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Loss of dopamine, a key modulator of synaptic signalling, and subsequent pulsatile non-physiological levodopa replacement is believed to underlie altered neuroplasticity in Parkinson's disease (PD). Animal models suggest that maladaptive plasticity (e.g. deficient depotentiation at corticostriatal synapses) is key in the development of levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID), a common complication following levodopa replacement in PD. Human studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation protocols have shown similar depotentiation deficit in patients with LID. We hypothesized that subtle depotentiation deficits should precede LID if these deficits are mechanistically linked to LID onset. Moreover, patients on pulsatile levodopa-based therapy may show these changes earlier than those treated with levodopa-sparing strategies. We recruited 22 early non-dyskinetic PD patients (<5 years since diagnosis) and 12 age-matched healthy controls. We grouped patients into those on Levodopa-Based (n = 11) and Levodopa-Sparing therapies (n = 11). Patients were selected to obtain groups matched for age and disease severity. We used a theta-burst stimulation protocol to investigate potentiation and depotentiation in a single session. We report significant depotentiation deficits in the Levodopa-Based group, compared to both Levodopa-Sparing and Healthy Control groups. Potentiation and Depotentiation responses were similar between Levodopa-Sparing and Healthy Control groups. Although differences persist after accounting for potential confounds (e.g. levodopa-equivalent dose), these results may yet be caused by differences in disease severity and cumulative levodopa-equivalent dose as discussed in the text. In conclusion, we show for the first time that paradoxical facilitation in response to depotentiation protocols can occur in PD even prior to LID onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Lago-Rodriguez
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Viviana Ponzo
- Laboratorio di Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ned Jenkinson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Sonia Benitez-Rivero
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Miguel Fernandez Del-Olmo
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences of Sport and Physical Education, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Michele Hu
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Laboratorio di Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Stroke Unit, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Binith Cheeran
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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Rua Rafael AS, Pinto Barbosa JM, Silva Leão Rosas MJ, Lobo Almeida Garrett MC. Parkinson's Disease and development of levodopa induced motor complications: Influence of baseline features and first medical approach. Porto Biomed J 2016; 1:136-141. [PMID: 32258564 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbj.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The introduction of levodopa in clinical practice represents a hallmark in the treatment of the neurodegenerative disease, Parkinson's Disease. However, levodopa induced motor complications, namely dyskinesias and motor fluctuations, develop in the majority of Parkinson's Disease patients. Objective to identify which Parkinson's Disease's, patient's and therapeutics' initial features are more associated with dyskinesias or motor fluctuations development. Methods Patients with diagnosed Parkinson's Disease attending neurology outpatient clinic at Centro Hospitalar São João were selected. For this observational study, data was retrospectively collected from patient's clinical records. A survival analysis model with univariate and multivariate regression analysis was used. Results 87 patients with a mean of 72 ± 9.7 years were included. After a median follow-up of 6 (range 1-17) years, 35.6% patients developed dyskinesias; and with a median of 5 (range 1-16) years, 32.2% developed motor fluctuations. After multivariate analysis, the akinesia/rigidity subtype was found to have a higher risk of dyskinesias and motor fluctuations development. Age of onset ≤50 years was associated with motor fluctuations development. Conclusion In conclusion, our results suggest that Parkinson's Disease patients' initial characteristics, such as subtype or age of onset, are independently associated with the development of motor complications.
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Stanic J, Mellone M, Cirnaru MD, Perez-Carrion M, Zianni E, Di Luca M, Gardoni F, Piccoli G. LRRK2 phosphorylation level correlates with abnormal motor behaviour in an experimental model of levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Mol Brain 2016; 9:53. [PMID: 27169991 PMCID: PMC4866295 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Levodopa (L-DOPA)-induced dyskinesias (LIDs) represent the major side effect in Parkinson’s disease (PD) therapy. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutations account for up to 13 % of familial cases of PD. LRRK2 N-terminal domain encompasses several serine residues that undergo phosphorylation influencing LRRK2 function. This work aims at investigating whether LRRK2 phosphorylation/function may be involved in the molecular pathways downstream D1 dopamine receptor leading to LIDs. Here we show that LRRK2 phosphorylation level at serine 935 correlates with LIDs induction and that inhibition of LRRK2 induces a significant increase in the dyskinetic score in L-DOPA treated parkinsonian animals. Our findings support a close link between LRKK2 functional state and L-DOPA-induced abnormal motor behaviour and highlight that LRRK2 phosphorylation level may be implicated in LIDs, calling for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Stanic
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Manuela Mellone
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Maria Perez-Carrion
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute and Center for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Elisa Zianni
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Di Luca
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gardoni
- DiSFeB, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- IN-CNR, Milano, Italy.,Dulbecco Telethon Institute and Center for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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Calabresi P, Ghiglieri V, Mazzocchetti P, Corbelli I, Picconi B. Levodopa-induced plasticity: a double-edged sword in Parkinson's disease? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0184. [PMID: 26009763 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The long-term replacement therapy with the dopamine (DA) precursor 3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine (L-DOPA) is a milestone in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Although this drug precursor can be metabolized into the active neurotransmitter DA throughout the brain, its therapeutic benefit is due to restoring extracellular DA levels within the dorsal striatum, which lacks endogenous DA as a consequence of the neurodegenerative process induced by the disease. In the early phases of PD, L-DOPA treatment is able to restore both long-term depression (LTD) and long-term potentiation (LTP), two major forms of corticostriatal synaptic plasticity that are altered by dopaminergic denervation. However, unlike physiological DA transmission, this therapeutic approach in the advanced phase of the disease leads to abnormal peaks of DA, non-synaptically released, which are supposed to trigger behavioural sensitization, namely L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. This condition is characterized by a loss of synaptic depotentiation, an inability to reverse previously induced LTP. In the advanced stages of PD, L-DOPA can also induce non-motor fluctuations with cognitive dysfunction and neuropsychiatric symptoms such as compulsive behaviours and impulse control disorders. Although the mechanisms underlying the role of L-DOPA in both motor and behavioural symptoms are still incompletely understood, recent data from electrophysiological and imaging studies have increased our understanding of the function of the brain areas involved and of the mechanisms implicated in both therapeutic and adverse actions of L-DOPA in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Calabresi
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, Via Gambuli, Perugia 06156, Italy Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, Rome 00143, Italy
| | - Veronica Ghiglieri
- Dipartimento di Filosofia, Scienze Sociali, Umane e della Formazione, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Piazza Ermini 1, Perugia 06123, Italy Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, Rome 00143, Italy
| | - Petra Mazzocchetti
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, Via Gambuli, Perugia 06156, Italy Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, Rome 00143, Italy
| | - Ilenia Corbelli
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, Via Gambuli, Perugia 06156, Italy
| | - Barbara Picconi
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, Rome 00143, Italy
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Ghiglieri V, Mineo D, Vannelli A, Cacace F, Mancini M, Pendolino V, Napolitano F, di Maio A, Mellone M, Stanic J, Tronci E, Fidalgo C, Stancampiano R, Carta M, Calabresi P, Gardoni F, Usiello A, Picconi B. Modulation of serotonergic transmission by eltoprazine in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia: Behavioral, molecular, and synaptic mechanisms. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 86:140-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Bologna M, Suppa A, Conte A, Latorre A, Rothwell JC, Berardelli A. Are studies of motor cortex plasticity relevant in human patients with Parkinson’s disease? Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127:50-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Niccolini F, Foltynie T, Reis Marques T, Muhlert N, Tziortzi AC, Searle GE, Natesan S, Kapur S, Rabiner EA, Gunn RN, Piccini P, Politis M. Loss of phosphodiesterase 10A expression is associated with progression and severity in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2015. [PMID: 26210536 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration and loss of dopaminergic signalling in Parkinson's disease are still only partially understood. Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) is a basal ganglia expressed dual substrate enzyme, which regulates cAMP and cGMP signalling cascades, thus having a key role in the regulation of dopaminergic signalling in striatal pathways, and in promoting neuronal survival. This study aimed to assess in vivo the availability of PDE10A in patients with Parkinson's disease using positron emission tomography molecular imaging with (11)C-IMA107, a highly selective PDE10A radioligand. We studied 24 patients with levodopa-treated, moderate to advanced Parkinson's disease. Their positron emission tomography imaging data were compared to those from a group of 12 healthy controls. Parametric images of (11)C-IMA107 binding potential relative to non-displaceable binding (BPND) were generated from the dynamic (11)C-IMA107 scans using the simplified reference tissue model with the cerebellum as the reference tissue. Corresponding region of interest analysis showed lower mean (11)C-IMA107 BPND in the caudate (P < 0.001), putamen (P < 0.001) and globus pallidus (P = 0.025) in patients with Parkinson's disease compared to healthy controls, which was confirmed with voxel-based analysis. Longer Parkinson's duration correlated with lower (11)C-IMA107 BPND in the caudate (r = -0.65; P = 0.005), putamen (r = -0.51; P = 0.025), and globus pallidus (r = -0.47; P = 0.030). Higher Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part-III motor scores correlated with lower (11)C-IMA107 BPND in the caudate (r = -0.54; P = 0.011), putamen (r = -0.48; P = 0.022), and globus pallidus (r = -0.70; P < 0.001). Higher Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale scores in those Parkinson's disease with levodopa-induced dyskinesias (n = 12), correlated with lower (11)C-IMA107 BPND in the caudate (r = -0.73; P = 0.031) and putamen (r = -0.74; P = 0.031). Our findings demonstrate striatal and pallidal loss of PDE10A expression, which is associated with Parkinson's duration and severity of motor symptoms and complications. PDE10A is an enzyme that could be targeted with novel pharmacotherapy, and this may help improve dopaminergic signalling and striatal output, and therefore alleviate symptoms and complications of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Niccolini
- 1 Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK 2 Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Foltynie
- 3 Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Tiago Reis Marques
- 4 Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nils Muhlert
- 5 School of Psychology and Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, UK 6 School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andri C Tziortzi
- 7 Imanova Ltd., Centre for Imaging Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Graham E Searle
- 7 Imanova Ltd., Centre for Imaging Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sridhar Natesan
- 4 Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Shitij Kapur
- 4 Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Eugenii A Rabiner
- 7 Imanova Ltd., Centre for Imaging Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK 8 Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Roger N Gunn
- 2 Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK 2 Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paola Piccini
- 2 Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marios Politis
- 1 Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK 2 Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Bastide MF, Meissner WG, Picconi B, Fasano S, Fernagut PO, Feyder M, Francardo V, Alcacer C, Ding Y, Brambilla R, Fisone G, Jon Stoessl A, Bourdenx M, Engeln M, Navailles S, De Deurwaerdère P, Ko WKD, Simola N, Morelli M, Groc L, Rodriguez MC, Gurevich EV, Quik M, Morari M, Mellone M, Gardoni F, Tronci E, Guehl D, Tison F, Crossman AR, Kang UJ, Steece-Collier K, Fox S, Carta M, Angela Cenci M, Bézard E. Pathophysiology of L-dopa-induced motor and non-motor complications in Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2015. [PMID: 26209473 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Involuntary movements, or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa (L-dopa) therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) are ultimately experienced by the vast majority of patients. In addition, psychiatric conditions often manifested as compulsive behaviours, are emerging as a serious problem in the management of L-dopa therapy. The present review attempts to provide an overview of our current understanding of dyskinesia and other L-dopa-induced dysfunctions, a field that dramatically evolved in the past twenty years. In view of the extensive literature on LID, there appeared a critical need to re-frame the concepts, to highlight the most suitable models, to review the central nervous system (CNS) circuitry that may be involved, and to propose a pathophysiological framework was timely and necessary. An updated review to clarify our understanding of LID and other L-dopa-related side effects was therefore timely and necessary. This review should help in the development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing the generation of dyskinetic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu F Bastide
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Wassilios G Meissner
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bordeaux, France
| | - Barbara Picconi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Fasano
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Pierre-Olivier Fernagut
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Michael Feyder
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veronica Francardo
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cristina Alcacer
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yunmin Ding
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Riccardo Brambilla
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Gilberto Fisone
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Jon Stoessl
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre and National Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mathieu Bourdenx
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Michel Engeln
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sylvia Navailles
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Wai Kin D Ko
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicola Simola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Cagliari University, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Micaela Morelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Cagliari University, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Laurent Groc
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut Interdisciplinaire de neurosciences, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut Interdisciplinaire de neurosciences, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Maria-Cruz Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia and Neuroscience Unit, Bio Donostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Maryka Quik
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, CA 94025, USA
| | - Michele Morari
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Manuela Mellone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gardoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Tronci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Physiology Section, Cagliari University, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Dominique Guehl
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - François Tison
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Un Jung Kang
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kathy Steece-Collier
- Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine & The Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Susan Fox
- Morton & Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Center, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M4T 2S8, Canada
| | - Manolo Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Physiology Section, Cagliari University, Cagliari, Italy
| | - M Angela Cenci
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erwan Bézard
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Motac Neuroscience Ltd, Manchester, UK.
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42
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Mellone M, Stanic J, Hernandez LF, Iglesias E, Zianni E, Longhi A, Prigent A, Picconi B, Calabresi P, Hirsch EC, Obeso JA, Di Luca M, Gardoni F. NMDA receptor GluN2A/GluN2B subunit ratio as synaptic trait of levodopa-induced dyskinesias: from experimental models to patients. Front Cell Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26217176 PMCID: PMC4491616 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LIDs) are major complications in the pharmacological management of Parkinson's disease (PD). Abnormal glutamatergic transmission in the striatum is considered a key factor in the development of LIDs. This work aims at: (i) characterizing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor GluN2A/GluN2B subunit ratio as a common synaptic trait in rat and primate models of LIDs as well as in dyskinetic PD patients; and (ii) validating the potential therapeutic effect of a cell-permeable peptide (CPP) interfering with GluN2A synaptic localization on the dyskinetic behavior of these experimental models of LIDs. Here we demonstrate an altered ratio of synaptic GluN2A/GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors in the striatum of levodopa-treated dyskinetic rats and monkeys as well as in post-mortem tissue from dyskinetic PD patients. The modulation of synaptic NMDA receptor composition by a cell-permeable peptide interfering with GluN2A subunit interaction with the scaffolding protein postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) leads to a reduction in the dyskinetic motor behavior in the two animal models of LIDs. Our results indicate that targeting synaptic NMDA receptor subunit composition may represent an intriguing therapeutic approach aimed at ameliorating levodopa motor side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Mellone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano Milano, Italy
| | - Jennifer Stanic
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano Milano, Italy
| | - Ledia F Hernandez
- Movement Disorders Group, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), University of Navarra Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena Iglesias
- Movement Disorders Group, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), University of Navarra Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elisa Zianni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano Milano, Italy
| | - Annalisa Longhi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano Milano, Italy
| | - Annick Prigent
- Inserm, U 1127 Paris, France ; CNRS, UMR 7225 Paris, France ; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127 Paris, France ; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, ICM Paris, France
| | | | - Paolo Calabresi
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS Rome, Italy ; Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, Localitá, Sant'Andrea delle Fratte Perugia, Italy
| | - Etienne C Hirsch
- Inserm, U 1127 Paris, France ; CNRS, UMR 7225 Paris, France ; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127 Paris, France ; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, ICM Paris, France
| | - Jose A Obeso
- Movement Disorders Group, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), University of Navarra Pamplona, Spain
| | - Monica Di Luca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gardoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano Milano, Italy
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43
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Deffains M, Bergman H. Striatal cholinergic interneurons and cortico-striatal synaptic plasticity in health and disease. Mov Disord 2015; 30:1014-25. [PMID: 26095280 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal ganglia disorders such as Parkinson's disease, dystonia, and Huntington's disease are characterized by a dysregulation of the basal ganglia neuromodulators (dopamine, acetylcholine, and others), which impacts cortico-striatal transmission. Basal ganglia disorders are often associated with an imbalance between the midbrain dopaminergic and striatal cholinergic systems. In contrast to the extensive research and literature on the consequences of a malfunction of midbrain dopaminergic signaling on the plasticity of the cortico-striatal synapse, very little is known about the role of striatal cholinergic interneurons in normal and pathological control of cortico-striatal transmission. In this review, we address the functional role of striatal cholinergic interneurons, also known as tonically active neurons and attempt to understand how the alteration of their functional properties in basal ganglia disorders leads to abnormal cortico-striatal synaptic plasticity. Specifically, we suggest that striatal cholinergic interneurons provide a permissive signal, which enables long-term changes in the efficacy of the cortico-striatal synapse. We further discuss how modifications in the striatal cholinergic activity pattern alter or prohibit plastic changes of the cortico-striatal synapse. Long-term cortico-striatal synaptic plasticity is the cellular substrate of procedural learning and adaptive control behavior. Hence, abnormal changes in this plasticity may underlie the inability of patients with basal ganglia disorders to adjust their behavior to situational demands. Normalization of the cholinergic modulation of cortico-striatal synaptic plasticity may be considered as a critical feature in future treatments of basal ganglia disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Deffains
- Department of Medical Neurobiology (Physiology), Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.,The Edmond and Lily Safra Center (ELSC) for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hagai Bergman
- Department of Medical Neurobiology (Physiology), Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.,The Edmond and Lily Safra Center (ELSC) for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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44
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Glutamatergic pathways as a target for the treatment of dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:600-4. [PMID: 24646284 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PD (Parkinson's disease) is characterized by some typical motor features that are caused by striatal dopamine depletion and respond well to dopamine-replacement therapy with L-dopa. Unfortunately, the majority of PD patients treated with L-dopa develop abnormal involuntary movements (dyskinesias) within a few years. The mechanisms underlying the development of LIDs (L-dopa-induced dyskinesias) involve, on one hand, a presynaptic dysregulation of dopamine release and clearance and, on the other hand, an abnormal postsynaptic response to dopamine in the brain. There is a large amount of evidence that these dopamine-dependent mechanisms are modulated by glutamatergic pathways and glutamate receptors. The present article summarizes the pathophysiological role of glutamatergic pathways in LID and reviews pre-clinical and clinical results obtained using pharmacological modulators of different classes and subtypes of glutamate receptors to treat parkinsonian dyskinesias.
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45
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Niccolini F, Rocchi L, Politis M. Molecular imaging of levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2107-17. [PMID: 25681866 PMCID: PMC11113208 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LIDs) occur in the majority of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) following years of levodopa treatment. The pathophysiology underlying LIDs in PD is poorly understood, and current treatments generate only minor benefits for the patients. Studies with positron emission tomography (PET) molecular imaging have demonstrated that in advanced PD patients, levodopa administration induces sharp increases in striatal dopamine levels, which correlate with LIDs severity. Fluctuations in striatal dopamine levels could be the result of the attenuated buffering ability in the dopaminergically denervated striatum. Lines of evidence from PET studies indicate that serotonergic terminals could also be responsible for the development of LIDs in PD by aberrantly processing exogenous levodopa and by releasing dopamine in a dysregulated manner from the serotonergic terminals. Additionally, other downstream mechanisms involving glutamatergic, cannabinoid, opioid, cholinergic, adenosinergic, and noradrenergic systems may contribute in the development of LIDs. In this article, we review the findings from preclinical, clinical, and molecular imaging studies, which have contributed to our understanding the pathophysiology of LIDs in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Niccolini
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Lorenzo Rocchi
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London, SE5 8AF UK
| | - Marios Politis
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London, SE5 8AF UK
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46
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Neurobiology of l-DOPA induced dyskinesia and the novel therapeutic strategies. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 70:283-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Cenci MA. Presynaptic Mechanisms of l-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia: The Findings, the Debate, and the Therapeutic Implications. Front Neurol 2014; 5:242. [PMID: 25566170 PMCID: PMC4266027 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopamine (DA) precursor l-DOPA has been the most effective treatment for Parkinson’s disease (PD) for over 40 years. However, the response to this treatment changes with disease progression, and most patients develop dyskinesias (abnormal involuntary movements) and motor fluctuations within a few years of l-DOPA therapy. There is wide consensus that these motor complications depend on both pre- and post-synaptic disturbances of nigrostriatal DA transmission. Several presynaptic mechanisms converge to generate large DA swings in the brain concomitant with the peaks-and-troughs of plasma l-DOPA levels, while post-synaptic changes engender abnormal functional responses in dopaminoceptive neurons. While this general picture is well-accepted, the relative contribution of different factors remains a matter of debate. A particularly animated debate has been growing around putative players on the presynaptic side of the cascade. To what extent do presynaptic disturbances in DA transmission depend on deficiency/dysfunction of the DA transporter, aberrant release of DA from serotonin neurons, or gliovascular mechanisms? And does noradrenaline (which is synthetized from DA) play a role? This review article will summarize key findings, controversies, and pending questions regarding the presynaptic mechanisms of l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Intriguingly, the debate around these mechanisms has spurred research into previously unexplored facets of brain plasticity that have far-reaching implications to the treatment of neuropsychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Angela Cenci
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
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48
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Schaeffer E, Pilotto A, Berg D. Pharmacological strategies for the management of levodopa-induced dyskinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease. CNS Drugs 2014; 28:1155-84. [PMID: 25342080 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-014-0205-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
L-Dopa-induced dyskinesias (LID) are the most common adverse effects of long-term dopaminergic therapy in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the exact mechanisms underlying dyskinesia are still unclear. For a long time, nigrostriatal degeneration and pulsatile stimulation of striatal postsynaptic receptors have been highlighted as the key factors for the development of LID. In recent years, PD models have revealed a wide range of non-dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems involved in pre- and postsynaptic changes and thereby contributing to the pathophysiology of LID. In the current review, we focus on therapeutic LID targets, mainly based on agents acting on dopaminergic, glutamatergic, serotoninergic, adrenergic, and cholinergic systems. Despite a large number of clinical trials, currently only amantadine and, to a lesser extent, clozapine are being used as effective strategies in the treatment of LID in clinical settings. Thus, in the second part of the article, we review the placebo-controlled trials on LID treatment in order to disentangle the changing scenario of drug development. Promising results include the extension of L-dopa action without inducing LID of the novel monoamine oxidase B- and glutamate-release inhibitor safinamide; however, this had no obvious effect on existing LID. Others, like the metabotropic glutamate-receptor antagonist AFQ056, showed promising results in some of the studies; however, confirmation is still lacking. Thus, to date, strategies of continuous dopaminergic stimulation seem the most promising to prevent or ameliorate LID. The success of future therapeutic strategies once moderate to severe LID occur will depend on the translation from preclinical experimental models into clinical practice in a bidirectional process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Schaeffer
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe Seyler-Strasse 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Selective loss of bi-directional synaptic plasticity in the direct and indirect striatal output pathways accompanies generation of parkinsonism and l-DOPA induced dyskinesia in mouse models. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 71:334-44. [PMID: 25171793 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinsonian symptoms arise due to over-activity of the indirect striatal output pathway, and under-activity of the direct striatal output pathway. l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) is caused when the opposite circuitry problems are established, with the indirect pathway becoming underactive, and the direct pathway becoming over-active. Here, we define synaptic plasticity abnormalities in these pathways associated with parkinsonism, symptomatic benefits of l-DOPA, and LID. We applied spike-timing dependent plasticity protocols to cortico-striatal synapses in slices from 6-OHDA-lesioned mouse models of parkinsonism and LID, generated in BAC transgenic mice with eGFP targeting the direct or indirect output pathways, with and without l-DOPA present. In naïve mice, bidirectional synaptic plasticity, i.e. LTP and LTD, was induced, resulting in an EPSP amplitude change of approximately 50% in each direction in both striatal output pathways, as shown previously. In parkinsonism and dyskinesia, both pathways exhibited unidirectional plasticity, irrespective of stimulation paradigm. In parkinsonian animals, the indirect pathway only exhibited LTP (LTP protocol: 143.5±14.6%; LTD protocol 177.7±22.3% of baseline), whereas the direct pathway only showed LTD (LTP protocol: 74.3±4.0% and LTD protocol: 63.3±8.7%). A symptomatic dose of l-DOPA restored bidirectional plasticity on both pathways to levels comparable to naïve animals (Indirect pathway: LTP protocol: 124.4±22.0% and LTD protocol: 52.1±18.5% of baseline. Direct pathway: LTP protocol: 140.7±7.3% and LTD protocol: 58.4±6.0% of baseline). In dyskinesia, in the presence of l-DOPA, the indirect pathway exhibited only LTD (LTP protocol: 68.9±21.3% and LTD protocol 52.0±14.2% of baseline), whereas in the direct pathway, only LTP could be induced (LTP protocol: 156.6±13.2% and LTD protocol 166.7±15.8% of baseline). We conclude that normal motor control requires bidirectional plasticity of both striatal outputs, which underlies the symptomatic benefits of l-DOPA. Switching from bidirectional to unidirectional plasticity drives global changes in striatal pathway excitability, and underpins parkinsonism and dyskinesia.
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Kishore A, Popa T. Cerebellum in levodopa-induced dyskinesias: the unusual suspect in the motor network. Front Neurol 2014; 5:157. [PMID: 25183959 PMCID: PMC4135237 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact mechanisms that generate levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LID) during chronic levodopa therapy for Parkinson’s disease (PD) are not yet fully established. The most widely accepted theories incriminate the non-physiological synthesis, release and reuptake of dopamine generated by exogenously administered levodopa in the striatum, and the aberrant plasticity in the cortico-striatal loops. However, normal motor performance requires the correct recruitment of motor maps. This depends on a high level of synergy within the primary motor cortex (M1) as well as between M1 and other cortical and subcortical areas, for which dopamine is necessary. The plastic mechanisms within M1, which are crucial for the maintenance of this synergy, are disrupted both during “OFF” and dyskinetic states in PD. When tested without levodopa, dyskinetic patients show loss of treatment benefits on long-term potentiation and long-term depression-like plasticity of the intracortical circuits. When tested with the regular pulsatile levodopa doses, they show further impairment of the M1 plasticity, such as inability to depotentiate an already facilitated synapse and paradoxical facilitation in response to afferent input aimed at synaptic inhibition. Dyskinetic patients have also severe impairment of the associative, sensorimotor plasticity of M1 attributed to deficient cerebellar modulation of sensory afferents to M1. Here, we review the anatomical and functional studies, including the recently described bidirectional connections between the cerebellum and the basal ganglia that support a key role of the cerebellum in the generation of LID. This model stipulates that aberrant neuronal synchrony in PD with LID may propagate from the subthalamic nucleus to the cerebellum and “lock” the cerebellar cortex in a hyperactive state. This could affect critical cerebellar functions such as the dynamic and discrete modulation of M1 plasticity and the matching of motor commands with sensory information from the environment during motor performance. We propose that in dyskinesias, M1 neurons have lost the ability to depotentiate an activated synapse when exposed to acute pulsatile, non-physiological, dopaminergic surges and become abnormally receptive to unfiltered, aberrant, and non-salient afferent inputs from the environment. The motor program selection in response to such non-salient and behaviorally irrelevant afferent inputs would be abnormal and involuntary. The motor responses are worsened by the lack of normal subcortico–cortical inputs from cerebellum and basal ganglia, because of the aberrant plasticity at their own synapses. Artificial cerebellar stimulation might help re-establish the cerebellar and basal ganglia control over the non-salient inputs to the motor areas during synaptic dopaminergic surges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Kishore
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology , Kerala , India
| | - Traian Popa
- Centre de Neuroimagerie de Recherche (CENIR), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelleepiniere (ICM) , Paris , France
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