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Cihankaya H, Bader V, Winklhofer KF, Vorgerd M, Matschke J, Stahlke S, Theiss C, Matschke V. Elevated NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation Is Associated with Motor Neuron Degeneration in ALS. Cells 2024; 13:995. [PMID: 38920626 PMCID: PMC11202041 DOI: 10.3390/cells13120995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor neuron degeneration in the central nervous system. Recent research has increasingly linked the activation of nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome to ALS pathogenesis. NLRP3 activation triggers Caspase 1 (CASP 1) auto-activation, leading to the cleavage of Gasdermin D (GSDMD) and pore formation on the cellular membrane. This process facilitates cytokine secretion and ultimately results in pyroptotic cell death, highlighting the complex interplay of inflammation and neurodegeneration in ALS. This study aimed to characterize the NLRP3 inflammasome components and their colocalization with cellular markers using the wobbler mouse as an ALS animal model. Firstly, we checked the levels of miR-223-3p because of its association with NLRP3 inflammasome activity. The wobbler mice showed an increased expression of miR-223-3p in the ventral horn, spinal cord, and cerebellum tissues. Next, increased levels of NLRP3, pro-CASP 1, cleaved CASP 1 (c-CASP 1), full-length GSDMD, and cleaved GDSMD revealed NLRP3 inflammasome activation in wobbler spinal cords, but not in the cerebellum. Furthermore, we investigated the colocalization of the aforementioned proteins with neurons, microglia, and astrocyte markers in the spinal cord tissue. Evidently, the wobbler mice displayed microgliosis, astrogliosis, and motor neuron degeneration in this tissue. Additionally, we showed the upregulation of protein levels and the colocalization of NLRP3, c-CASP1, and GSDMD in neurons, as well as in microglia and astrocytes. Overall, this study demonstrated the involvement of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptotic cell death in the spinal cord tissue of wobbler mice, which could further exacerbate the motor neuron degeneration and neuroinflammation in this ALS mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Cihankaya
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (H.C.); (C.T.)
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience (IGSN), Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
| | - Verian Bader
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
| | - Konstanze F. Winklhofer
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience (IGSN), Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
| | - Matthias Vorgerd
- Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Buerkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789 Bochum, Germany;
| | - Johann Matschke
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Sarah Stahlke
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (H.C.); (C.T.)
| | - Carsten Theiss
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (H.C.); (C.T.)
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience (IGSN), Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
| | - Veronika Matschke
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (H.C.); (C.T.)
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience (IGSN), Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany;
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Cihankaya H, Theiss C, Matschke V. Little Helpers or Mean Rogue-Role of Microglia in Animal Models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22030993. [PMID: 33498186 PMCID: PMC7863915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22030993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, causing degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). ALS patients suffer from hyperreflexia, spasticity, paralysis and muscle atrophy and typically die due to respiratory failure 1–5 years after disease onset. In addition to the degeneration of motor neurons on the cellular level, ALS has been associated with neuroinflammation, such as microgliosis. Microglial activation in ALS can either be protective or degenerative to the neurons. Among others, mutations in superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9Orf72), transactive response DNA binding protein (TDP) 43 and vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 54 (VPS54) genes have been associated with ALS. Here, we describe the dual role and functionality of microglia in four different in vivo ALS models and search for the lowest common denominator with respect to the role of microglia in the highly heterogeneous disease of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Cihankaya
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany; (H.C.); (C.T.)
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience (IGSN), Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Carsten Theiss
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany; (H.C.); (C.T.)
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience (IGSN), Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Veronika Matschke
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Anatomy, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44801 Bochum, Germany; (H.C.); (C.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-234-32-25018
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Meyer M, Lara A, Hunt H, Belanoff J, de Kloet ER, Gonzalez Deniselle MC, De Nicola AF. The Selective Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulator Cort 113176 Reduces Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation in Wobbler Mice Spinal Cord. Neuroscience 2018; 384:384-396. [PMID: 29890290 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Wobbler mice are experimental models for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. As such they show motoneuron degeneration, motor deficits, and astrogliosis and microgliosis of the spinal cord. Additionally, Wobbler mice show increased plasma, spinal cord and brain corticosterone levels and focal adrenocortical hyperplasia, suggesting a pathogenic role for glucocorticoids in this disorder. Considering this endocrine background, we examined whether the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) modulator CORT 113176 prevents spinal cord neuropathology of Wobblers. CORT 113176 shows high affinity for the GR, with low or null affinity for other steroid receptors. We employed five-month-old genotyped Wobbler mice that received s.c. vehicle or 30 mg/kg/day for 4 days of CORT 113176 dissolved in sesame oil. The mice were used on the 4th day, 2 h after the last dose of CORT 113176. Vehicle-treated Wobbler mice presented vacuolated motoneurons, increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)+ astrocytes and decreased glutamine synthase (GS)+ cells. There was strong neuroinflammation, shown by increased staining for IBA1+ microglia and CD11b mRNA, enhanced expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, its cognate receptor TNFR1, toll-like receptor 4, the inducible nitric oxide synthase, NFkB and the high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1). Treatment of Wobbler mice with CORT 113176 reversed the abnormalities of motoneurons and down-regulated proinflammatory mediators and glial reactivity. Expression of glutamate transporters GLT1 and GLAST mRNAs and GLT1 protein was significantly enhanced over untreated Wobblers. In summary, antagonism of GR with CORT 113176 prevented neuropathology and showed anti-inflammatory and anti-glutamatergic effects in the spinal cord of Wobbler mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Meyer
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Lara
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hazel Hunt
- CORCEPT Therapeutics, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | | | - E Ronald de Kloet
- Division of Endocrinology, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Claudia Gonzalez Deniselle
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dept. of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro F De Nicola
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dept. of Human Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Wang W, Wen D, Duan W, Yin J, Cui C, Wang Y, Li Z, Liu Y, Li C. Systemic administration of scAAV9-IGF1 extends survival in SOD1G93A ALS mice via inhibiting p38 MAPK and the JNK-mediated apoptosis pathway. Brain Res Bull 2018; 139:203-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Meyer M, Garay LI, Kruse MS, Lara A, Gargiulo-Monachelli G, Schumacher M, Guennoun R, Coirini H, De Nicola AF, Gonzalez Deniselle MC. Protective effects of the neurosteroid allopregnanolone in a mouse model of spontaneous motoneuron degeneration. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 174:201-216. [PMID: 28951257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating disorder characterized by progressive death of motoneurons. The Wobbler (WR) mouse is a preclinical model sharing neuropathological similarities with human ALS. We have shown that progesterone (PROG) prevents the progression of motoneuron degeneration. We now studied if allopregnanolone (ALLO), a reduced metabolite of PROG endowed with gabaergic activity, also prevents WR neuropathology. Sixty-day old WRs remained untreated or received two steroid treatment regimens in order to evaluate the response of several parameters during early or prolonged steroid administration. ALLO was administered s.c. daily for 5days (4mg/kg) or every other day for 32days (3, 3mg/kg), while another group of WRs received a 20mg PROG pellet s.c. for 18 or 60days. ALLO administration to WRs increased ALLO serum levels without changing PROG and 5 alpha dihydroprogesterone (5α-DHP), whereas PROG treatment increased PROG, 5α-DHP and ALLO. Untreated WRs showed higher basal levels of serum 5α-DHP than controls. In the cervical spinal cord we studied markers of oxidative stress or associated to trophic responses. These included nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity, motoneuron vacuolation, MnSOD immunoreactivity (IR), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and TrkB mRNAs, p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) and, cell survival or death signals such as pAKT and the stress activated kinase JNK. Untreated WRs showed a reduction of MnSOD-IR and BDNF/TrkB mRNAs, associated to high p75NTR in motoneurons, neuronal and glial NOS hyperactivity and neuronal vacuolation. Also, low pAKT, mainly in young WRs, and a high pJNK in the old stage characterized WŔs spinal cord. Except for MnSOD and BDNF, these alterations were prevented by an acute ALLO treatment, while short-term PROG elevated MnSOD. Moreover, after chronic administration both steroids enhanced MnSOD-IR and BDNF mRNA, while attenuated pJNK and NOS in glial cells. Long-term PROG also increased pAKT and reduced neuronal NOS, parameters not modulated by chronic ALLO. Clinically, both steroids improved muscle performance. Thus, ALLO was able to reduce neuropathology in this model. Since high oxidative stress activates p75NTR and pJNK in neurodegeneration, steroid reduction of these molecules may provide adequate neuroprotection. These data yield the first evidence that ALLO, a gabaergic neuroactive steroid, brings neuroprotection in a model of motoneuron degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Meyer
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura I Garay
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Depto. de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Sol Kruse
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Lara
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gisella Gargiulo-Monachelli
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Michael Schumacher
- U1195 INSERM and University Paris Sud: "Neuroprotective, Neuroregenerative and Remyelinating Small Molecules", 94276, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Rachida Guennoun
- U1195 INSERM and University Paris Sud: "Neuroprotective, Neuroregenerative and Remyelinating Small Molecules", 94276, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Hector Coirini
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Depto. de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro F De Nicola
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Depto. de Bioquímica Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Claudia Gonzalez Deniselle
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biologia y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Depto. de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de, Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 1121, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Tortarolo M, Lo Coco D, Veglianese P, Vallarola A, Giordana MT, Marcon G, Beghi E, Poloni M, Strong MJ, Iyer AM, Aronica E, Bendotti C. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, a Multisystem Pathology: Insights into the Role of TNF α. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:2985051. [PMID: 29081600 PMCID: PMC5610855 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2985051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is considered a multifactorial, multisystem disease in which inflammation and the immune system play important roles in development and progression. The pleiotropic cytokine TNFα is one of the major players governing the inflammation in the central nervous system and peripheral districts such as the neuromuscular and immune system. Changes in TNFα levels are reported in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and nerve tissues of ALS patients and animal models. However, whether they play a detrimental or protective role on the disease progression is still not clear. Our group and others have recently reported opposite involvements of TNFR1 and TNFR2 in motor neuron death. TNFR2 mediates TNFα toxic effects on these neurons presumably through the activation of MAP kinase-related pathways. On the other hand, TNFR2 regulates the function and proliferation of regulatory T cells (Treg) whose expression is inversely correlated with the disease progression rate in ALS patients. In addition, TNFα is considered a procachectic factor with a direct catabolic effect on skeletal muscles, causing wasting. We review and discuss the role of TNFα in ALS in the light of its multisystem nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Tortarolo
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Lo Coco
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
- ALS Research Center, Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BioNeC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Pietro Veglianese
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Vallarola
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Marcon
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- DAME, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Ettore Beghi
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Poloni
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Michael J. Strong
- Cell Biology Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Anand M. Iyer
- Department of Neuropathology, Academisch Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of Neuropathology, Academisch Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Caterina Bendotti
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
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Lee JK, Shin JH, Gwag BJ, Choi EJ. Iron accumulation promotes TACE-mediated TNF-α secretion and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of ALS. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 80:63-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Meyer M, Gonzalez Deniselle MC, Hunt H, de Kloet ER, De Nicola AF. The selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator CORT108297 restores faulty hippocampal parameters in Wobbler and corticosterone-treated mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 143:40-8. [PMID: 24565565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mutant Wobbler mice are models for human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In addition to spinal cord degeneration, Wobbler mice show high levels of blood corticosterone, hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and abnormalities of the hippocampus. Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids increase hippocampus vulnerability, a process linked to an enriched content of glucocorticoid receptors (GR). Hence, we studied if a selective GR antagonist (CORT108297) with null affinity for other steroid receptors restored faulty hippocampus parameters of Wobbler mice. Three months old genotyped Wobbler mice received s.c. vehicle or CORT108297 during 4 days. We compared the response of doublecortin (DCX)+ neuroblasts in the subgranular layer of the dentate gyrus (DG), NeuN+ cells in the hilus of the DG, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)+ astrocytes and the phenotype of Iba1+ microglia in CORT108297-treated and vehicle-treated Wobblers. The number of DCX+ cells in Wobblers was lower than in control mice, whereas CORT108297 restored this parameter. After CORT108297 treatment, Wobblers showed diminished astrogliosis, and changed the phenotype of Iba1+ microglia from an activated to a quiescent form. These changes occurred without alterations in the hypercorticosteronemia or the number of NeuN+ cells of the Wobblers. In a separate experiment employing control NFR/NFR mice, treatment with corticosterone for 5 days reduced DCX+ neuroblasts and induced astrocyte hypertrophy, whereas treatment with CORT108297 antagonized these effects. Normalization of neuronal progenitors, astrogliosis and microglial phenotype by CORT108297 indicates the usefulness of this antagonist to normalize hippocampus parameters of Wobbler mice. Thus, CORT108297 opens new therapeutic options for the brain abnormalities of ALS patients and hyperadrenocorticisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Meyer
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Claudia Gonzalez Deniselle
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dept. of Human Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hazel Hunt
- Corcept Therapeutics, 149 Commonwealth Drive, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - E Ronald de Kloet
- LACDR/LUMC, Leiden University, Einstein weg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro F De Nicola
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrine Biochemistry, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Obligado 2490, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dept. of Human Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Calvo AC, Manzano R, Mendonça DMF, Muñoz MJ, Zaragoza P, Osta R. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a focus on disease progression. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:925101. [PMID: 25157374 PMCID: PMC4137497 DOI: 10.1155/2014/925101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) was discovered and described in 1869 as a neurodegenerative disease in which motor neuron death is induced, a wide range of biomarkers have been selected to identify therapeutic targets. ALS shares altered molecular pathways with other neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's diseases. However, the molecular targets that directly influence its aggressive nature remain unknown. What is the first link in the neurodegenerative chain of ALS that makes this disease so peculiar? In this review, we will discuss the progression of the disease from the viewpoint of the potential biomarkers described to date in human and animal model samples. Finally, we will consider potential therapeutic strategies for ALS treatment and future, innovative perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Calvo
- LAGENBIO-I3A, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Aragonese Institute of Health Sciences (IACS), University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raquel Manzano
- LAGENBIO-I3A, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Aragonese Institute of Health Sciences (IACS), University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Deise M. F. Mendonça
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Degenerative Diseases of the Nervous System, Biosciences Department, Federal University of Sergipe, Avenida Vereador Olimpio Grande, s/n, Centro, 49500-000 Itabaiana, SE, Brazil
| | - María J. Muñoz
- LAGENBIO-I3A, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Aragonese Institute of Health Sciences (IACS), University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Zaragoza
- LAGENBIO-I3A, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Aragonese Institute of Health Sciences (IACS), University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosario Osta
- LAGENBIO-I3A, Veterinary Faculty of Zaragoza, Aragonese Institute of Health Sciences (IACS), University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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Peviani M, Salvaneschi E, Bontempi L, Petese A, Manzo A, Rossi D, Salmona M, Collina S, Bigini P, Curti D. Neuroprotective effects of the Sigma-1 receptor (S1R) agonist PRE-084, in a mouse model of motor neuron disease not linked to SOD1 mutation. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 62:218-32. [PMID: 24141020 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of novel molecular targets crucially involved in motor neuron degeneration/survival is a necessary step for the development of hopefully more effective therapeutic strategies for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. In this view, S1R, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident receptor with chaperone-like activity, has recently attracted great interest. S1R is involved in several processes leading to acute and chronic neurodegeneration, including ALS pathology. Treatment with the S1R agonist PRE-084 improves locomotor function and motor neuron survival in presymptomatic and early symptomatic mutant SOD1-G93A ALS mice. Here, we tested the efficacy of PRE-084 in a model of spontaneous motor neuron degeneration, the wobbler mouse (wr) as a proof of concept that S1R may be regarded as a key therapeutic target also for ALS cases not linked to SOD1 mutation. Increased staining for S1R was detectable in morphologically spared cervical spinal cord motor neurons of wr mice both at early (6th week) and late (12th week) phases of clinical progression. S1R signal was also detectable in hypertrophic astrocytes and reactive microglia of wr mice. Chronic treatment with PRE-084 (three times a week, for 8weeks), starting at symptom onset, significantly increased the levels of BDNF in the gray matter, improved motor neuron survival and ameliorated paw abnormality and grip strength performance. In addition, the treatment significantly reduced the number of reactive astrocytes whereas, that of CD11b+ microglial cells was increased. A deeper evaluation of microglial markers revealed significant increased number of cells positive for the pan-macrophage marker CD68 and of CD206+ cells, involved in tissue restoration, in the white matter of PRE-084-treated mice. The mRNA levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were not affected by PRE-084 treatment. Thus, our results support pharmacological manipulation of S1R as a promising strategy to cure ALS and point to increased availability of growth factors and modulation of astrocytosis and of macrophage/microglia as part of the mechanisms involved in S1R-mediated neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Peviani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Neuropharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Salvaneschi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Neuropharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Bontempi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Neuropharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Petese
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Neuropharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Manzo
- Rheumatology and Translational Immunology Research Laboratories (LaRIT), Division of Rheumatology, IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo Foundation/University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniela Rossi
- Department of Drug Science, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mario Salmona
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Collina
- Department of Drug Science, Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bigini
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Curti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Neuropharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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Moser JM, Bigini P, Schmitt-John T. The wobbler mouse, an ALS animal model. Mol Genet Genomics 2013; 288:207-29. [PMID: 23539154 PMCID: PMC3664746 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-013-0741-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review article is focused on the research progress made utilizing the wobbler mouse as animal model for human motor neuron diseases, especially the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The wobbler mouse develops progressive degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons and shows striking similarities to ALS. The cellular effects of the wobbler mutation, cellular transport defects, neurofilament aggregation, neuronal hyperexcitability and neuroinflammation closely resemble human ALS. Now, 57 years after the first report on the wobbler mouse we summarize the progress made in understanding the disease mechanism and testing various therapeutic approaches and discuss the relevance of these advances for human ALS. The identification of the causative mutation linking the wobbler mutation to a vesicle transport factor and the research focussed on the cellular basis and the therapeutic treatment of the wobbler motor neuron degeneration has shed new light on the molecular pathology of the disease and might contribute to the understanding the complexity of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Maximilian Moser
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Aarhus University, C. F. Møllers Alle 3, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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12
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De Paola M, Mariani A, Bigini P, Peviani M, Ferrara G, Molteni M, Gemma S, Veglianese P, Castellaneta V, Boldrin V, Rossetti C, Chiabrando C, Forloni G, Mennini T, Fanelli R. Neuroprotective effects of toll-like receptor 4 antagonism in spinal cord cultures and in a mouse model of motor neuron degeneration. Mol Med 2012; 18:971-81. [PMID: 22562723 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained inflammatory reactions are common pathological events associated with neuron loss in neurodegenerative diseases. Reported evidence suggests that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a key player of neuroinflammation in several neurodegenerative diseases. However, the mechanisms by which TLR4 mediates neurotoxic signals remain poorly understood. We investigated the role of TLR4 in in vitro and in vivo settings of motor neuron degeneration. Using primary cultures from mouse spinal cords, we characterized both the proinflammatory and neurotoxic effects of TLR4 activation with lipopolysaccharide (activation of microglial cells, release of proinflammatory cytokines and motor neuron death) and the protective effects of a cyanobacteria-derived TLR4 antagonist (VB3323). With the use of TLR4-deficient cells, a critical role of the microglial component with functionally active TLR4 emerged in this setting. The in vivo experiments were carried out in a mouse model of spontaneous motor neuron degeneration, the wobbler mouse, where we preliminarily confirmed a protective effect of TLR4 antagonism. Compared with vehicle- and riluzole-treated mice, those chronically treated with VB3323 showed a decrease in microglial activation and morphological alterations of spinal cord neurons and a better performance in the paw abnormality and grip-strength tests. Taken together, our data add new understanding of the role of TLR4 in mediating neurotoxicity in the spinal cord and suggest that TLR4 antagonists could be considered in future studies as candidate protective agents for motor neurons in degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano De Paola
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy.
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13
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Yin HZ, Hsu CI, Yu S, Rao SD, Sorkin LS, Weiss JH. TNF-α triggers rapid membrane insertion of Ca(2+) permeable AMPA receptors into adult motor neurons and enhances their susceptibility to slow excitotoxic injury. Exp Neurol 2012; 238:93-102. [PMID: 22921461 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity (caused by over-activation of glutamate receptors) and inflammation both contribute to motor neuron (MN) damage in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other diseases of the spinal cord. Microglial and astrocytic activation in these conditions results in release of inflammatory mediators, including the cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). TNF-α has complex effects on neurons, one of which is to trigger rapid membrane insertion of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) type glutamate receptors, and in some cases, specific insertion of GluA2 lacking, Ca(2+) permeable AMPA receptors (Ca-perm AMPAr). In the present study, we use a histochemical stain based upon kainate stimulated uptake of cobalt ions ("Co(2+) labeling") to provide the first direct demonstration of the presence of substantial numbers of Ca-perm AMPAr in ventral horn MNs of adult rats under basal conditions. We further find that TNF-α exposure causes a rapid increase in the numbers of these receptors, via a phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase A (PKA) dependent mechanism. Finally, to assess the relevance of TNF-α to slow excitotoxic MN injury, we made use of organotypic spinal cord slice cultures. Co(2+) labeling revealed that MNs in these cultures possess Ca-perm AMPAr. Addition of either a low level of TNF-α, or of the glutamate uptake blocker, trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid (PDC) to the cultures for 48 h resulted in little MN injury. However, when combined, TNF-α+PDC caused considerable MN degeneration, which was blocked by the AMPA/kainate receptor blocker, 2,3-Dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo (F) quinoxaline (NBQX), or the Ca-perm AMPAr selective blocker, 1-naphthyl acetylspermine (NASPM). Thus, these data support the idea that prolonged TNF-α elevation, as may be induced by glial activation, acts in part by increasing the numbers of Ca-perm AMPAr on MNs to enhance injurious excitotoxic effects of deficient astrocytic glutamate transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Z Yin
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697‐4292, USA
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14
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Bromocriptine methylate suppresses glial inflammation and moderates disease progression in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Exp Neurol 2011; 232:41-52. [PMID: 21867702 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disease characterized by a selective loss of upper and lower motor neurons. Since oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the progression of motor neuron loss observed in ALS, anti-oxidative agents could be an important therapeutic means for the ALS treatment. We have previously developed a drug screening system allowing the identification of small chemical compounds that upregulate endogenous neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP), an oxidative stress-induced cell death suppressor. Using this system, we identified the dopamine D2 receptor agonist bromocriptine (BRC) as one of NAIP-upregulating compounds. In this study, to prove the efficacy of BRC in ALS, we conducted a set of preclinical studies using a transgenic ALS mouse model carrying the H46R mutation in the human Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene ALS(SOD1(H46R)) by the post-onset administration of BRC. ALS(SOD1(H46R)) mice receiving BRC showed sustained motor functions and modest prolonged survival after onset. Further, BRC treatment delayed anterior horn cell loss, and reduced the number of reactive astrocytes and the level of inflammatory factors such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the spinal cord of late symptomatic mice. In vitro study showed the reduced level of extracellular TNF-α after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure in BRC-treated mouse astrocytes. BRC-treated ALS(SOD1(H46R)) mice also showed a reduced level of oxidative damage in the spinal cord. Notably, BRC treatment resulted in an upregulation of anti-oxidative stress genes, activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and the generation of a glutathione (GSH) in SH-SY5Y cultured neuronal cells in a dopamine receptor-independent manner. These results imply that BRC protects motor neurons from the oxidative injury via suppression of astrogliosis in the spinal cord of ALS(SOD1(H46R)) mice. Thus, BRC might be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of ALS.
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Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) regulates shedding of TNF-alpha receptor 1 by the metalloprotease-disintegrin ADAM8: evidence for a protease-regulated feedback loop in neuroprotection. J Neurosci 2010; 30:12210-8. [PMID: 20826683 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1520-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is a potent cytokine in neurodegenerative disorders, but its precise role in particular brain disorders is ambiguous. In motor neuron (MN) disease of the mouse, exemplified by the model wobbler (WR), TNF-alpha causes upregulation of the metalloprotease-disintegrin ADAM8 (A8) in affected brain regions, spinal cord, and brainstem. The functional role of A8 during MN degeneration in the wobbler CNS was investigated by crossing WR with A8-deficient mice: a severely aggravated neuropathology was observed for A8-deficient WR compared with WR A8(+/-) mice, judged by drastically reduced survival [7 vs 81% survival at postnatal day 50 (P50)], accelerated force loss in the forelimbs, and terminal akinesis. In vitro protease assays using soluble A8 indicated specific cleavage of a TNF-alpha receptor 1 (p55 TNF-R1) but not a TNF-R2 peptide. Cleavage of TNF-R1 was confirmed in situ, because levels of soluble TNF-R1 were increased in spinal cords of standard WR compared with wild-type mice but not in A8-deficient WR mice. In isolated primary neurons and microglia, TNF-alpha-induced TNF-R1 shedding was dependent on the A8 gene dosage. Furthermore, exogenous TNF-alpha showed higher toxicity for cultured neurons from A8-deficient than for those from wild-type mice, demonstrating that TNF-R1 shedding by A8 is neuroprotective. Our results indicate an essential role for ADAM8 in modulating TNF-alpha signaling in CNS diseases: a feedback loop integrating TNF-alpha, ADAM8, and TNF-R1 shedding as a plausible mechanism for TNF-alpha mediated neuroprotection in situ and a rationale for therapeutic intervention.
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Nieto-Gonzalez JL, Moser J, Lauritzen M, Schmitt-John T, Jensen K. Reduced GABAergic Inhibition Explains Cortical Hyperexcitability in the Wobbler Mouse Model of ALS. Cereb Cortex 2010; 21:625-35. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhq134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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17
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Rainey-Smith SR, Andersson DA, Williams RJ, Rattray M. Tumour necrosis factor alpha induces rapid reduction in AMPA receptor-mediated calcium entry in motor neurones by increasing cell surface expression of the GluR2 subunit: relevance to neurodegeneration. J Neurochem 2010; 113:692-703. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Bastone A, Fumagalli E, Bigini P, Perini P, Bernardinello D, Cagnotto A, Mereghetti I, Curti D, Salmona M, Mennini T. Proteomic Profiling of Cervical and Lumbar Spinal Cord Reveals Potential Protective Mechanisms in the Wobbler Mouse, a Model of Motor Neuron Degeneration. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:5229-40. [DOI: 10.1021/pr900569d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bastone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, “Mario Negri” Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milano, Italy, and Department of Legal Medicine, Forensic and Pharmaco-Toxicological Sciences “A. Fornari”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Fumagalli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, “Mario Negri” Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milano, Italy, and Department of Legal Medicine, Forensic and Pharmaco-Toxicological Sciences “A. Fornari”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bigini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, “Mario Negri” Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milano, Italy, and Department of Legal Medicine, Forensic and Pharmaco-Toxicological Sciences “A. Fornari”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pietro Perini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, “Mario Negri” Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milano, Italy, and Department of Legal Medicine, Forensic and Pharmaco-Toxicological Sciences “A. Fornari”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Davide Bernardinello
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, “Mario Negri” Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milano, Italy, and Department of Legal Medicine, Forensic and Pharmaco-Toxicological Sciences “A. Fornari”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alfredo Cagnotto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, “Mario Negri” Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milano, Italy, and Department of Legal Medicine, Forensic and Pharmaco-Toxicological Sciences “A. Fornari”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ilario Mereghetti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, “Mario Negri” Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milano, Italy, and Department of Legal Medicine, Forensic and Pharmaco-Toxicological Sciences “A. Fornari”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniela Curti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, “Mario Negri” Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milano, Italy, and Department of Legal Medicine, Forensic and Pharmaco-Toxicological Sciences “A. Fornari”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mario Salmona
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, “Mario Negri” Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milano, Italy, and Department of Legal Medicine, Forensic and Pharmaco-Toxicological Sciences “A. Fornari”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Tiziana Mennini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, “Mario Negri” Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milano, Italy, and Department of Legal Medicine, Forensic and Pharmaco-Toxicological Sciences “A. Fornari”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Release of [3H]d-aspartate induced by K+-stimulation is increased in the cervical spinal cord of the wobbler mouse: a model of motor neuron disease. Neurochem Int 2009; 55:302-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Haase G, Pettmann B, Raoul C, Henderson CE. Signaling by death receptors in the nervous system. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2009; 18:284-91. [PMID: 18725296 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2008.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell death plays an important role both in shaping the developing nervous system and in neurological disease and traumatic injury. In spite of their name, death receptors can trigger either cell death or survival and growth. Recent studies implicate five death receptors--Fas/CD95, TNFR1 (tumor necrosis factor receptor-1), p75NTR (p75 neurotrophin receptor), DR4, and DR5 (death receptors-4 and -5)--in different aspects of neural development or degeneration. Their roles may be neuroprotective in models of Parkinson's disease, or pro-apoptotic in ALS and stroke. Such different outcomes probably reflect the diversity of transcriptional and posttranslational signaling pathways downstream of death receptors in neurons and glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Haase
- Developmental Biology Institute of Marseille-Luminy, IBDML, CNRS UMR 6216, Marseille Cedex 09, France
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21
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Wobbler mice modeling motor neuron disease display elevated transactive response DNA binding protein. Neuroscience 2009; 158:745-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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A dopamine receptor antagonist L-745,870 suppresses microglia activation in spinal cord and mitigates the progression in ALS model mice. Exp Neurol 2008; 211:378-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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