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Nunez Y, Balalian A, Parks RM, He MZ, Hansen J, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Ketzel M, Khan J, Brandt J, Vermeulen R, Peters S, Weisskopf MG, Re DB, Goldsmith J, Kioumourtzoglou MA. Exploring Relevant Time Windows in the Association Between PM2.5 Exposure and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Case-Control Study in Denmark. Am J Epidemiol 2023; 192:1499-1508. [PMID: 37092253 PMCID: PMC10666968 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwad099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies suggest a link between particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but to our knowledge critical exposure windows have not been examined. We performed a case-control study in the Danish population spanning the years 1989-2013. Cases were selected from the Danish National Patient Registry based on International Classification of Diseases codes. Five controls were randomly selected from the Danish Civil Registry and matched to a case on vital status, age, and sex. PM2.5 concentration at residential addresses was assigned using monthly predictions from a dispersion model. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for confounding. We evaluated exposure to averaged PM2.5 concentrations 12-24 months, 2-6 years, and 2-11 years pre-ALS diagnosis; annual lagged exposures up to 11 years prediagnosis; and cumulative associations for exposure in lags 1-5 years and 1-10 years prediagnosis, allowing for varying association estimates by year. We identified 3,983 cases and 19,915 controls. Cumulative exposure to PM2.5 in the period 2-6 years prediagnosis was associated with ALS (OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.13). Exposures in the second, third, and fourth years prediagnosis were individually associated with higher odds of ALS (e.g., for lag 1, OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.08). Exposure to PM2.5 within 6 years before diagnosis may represent a critical exposure window for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanelli Nunez
- Correspondence to Dr. Yanelli Nunez, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 (e-mail: )
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2
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Rojas P, Ramírez AI, Cadena M, Fernández-Albarral JA, Salobrar-García E, López-Cuenca I, Santos-García I, de Lago E, Urcelay-Segura JL, Ramírez JM, de Hoz R, Salazar JJ. Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss and Microglial Activation in a SOD1G93A Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041663. [PMID: 33562231 PMCID: PMC7915199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) affects the spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebral cortex. In this pathology, both neurons and glial cells are affected. However, few studies have analyzed retinal microglia in ALS models. In this study, we quantified the signs of microglial activation and the number of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in an SOD1G93A transgenic mouse model at 120 days (advanced stage of the disease) in retinal whole-mounts. For SOD1G93A animals (compared to the wild-type), we found, in microglial cells, (i) a significant increase in the area occupied by each microglial cell in the total area of the retina; (ii) a significant increase in the arbor area in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) inferior sector; (iii) the presence of cells with retracted processes; (iv) areas of cell groupings in some sectors; (v) no significant increase in the number of microglial cells; (vi) the expression of IFN-γ and IL-1β; and (vii) the non-expression of IL-10 and arginase-I. For the RGCs, we found a decrease in their number. In conclusion, in the SOD1G93A model (at 120 days), retinal microglial activation occurred, taking a pro-inflammatory phenotype M1, which affected the OPL and inner retinal layers and could be related to RGC loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Rojas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (E.S.-G.); (I.L.-C.); (J.M.R.)
- Instituto Oftálmico de Madrid, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (M.C.); (J.L.U.-S.)
| | - Ana I. Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (E.S.-G.); (I.L.-C.); (J.M.R.)
- OFTARED-ISCIII, IIORC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28011 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Cadena
- Instituto Oftálmico de Madrid, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (M.C.); (J.L.U.-S.)
| | - José A. Fernández-Albarral
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (E.S.-G.); (I.L.-C.); (J.M.R.)
| | - Elena Salobrar-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (E.S.-G.); (I.L.-C.); (J.M.R.)
- OFTARED-ISCIII, IIORC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28011 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés López-Cuenca
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (E.S.-G.); (I.L.-C.); (J.M.R.)
| | - Irene Santos-García
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28011 Madrid, Spain; (I.S.-G.); (E.d.L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva de Lago
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28011 Madrid, Spain; (I.S.-G.); (E.d.L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José L. Urcelay-Segura
- Instituto Oftálmico de Madrid, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (M.C.); (J.L.U.-S.)
- Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (E.S.-G.); (I.L.-C.); (J.M.R.)
- OFTARED-ISCIII, IIORC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28011 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (E.S.-G.); (I.L.-C.); (J.M.R.)
- OFTARED-ISCIII, IIORC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28011 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.d.H.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Juan J. Salazar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oftalmológicas Ramón Castroviejo, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (P.R.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (E.S.-G.); (I.L.-C.); (J.M.R.)
- OFTARED-ISCIII, IIORC, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28011 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORL, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (R.d.H.); (J.J.S.)
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CGRP-Mediated Prolactin Upregulation: a Possible Pathomechanism in IgG4-Related Disease. Inflammation 2020; 44:536-548. [PMID: 33067662 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-020-01350-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Similar to other immune-mediated diseases, IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is the disease that develops in genetically susceptible individuals exposed to external or endogenous antigens. In the present study, it was confirmed that MAG (myelin-associated glycoprotein) antibodies (IgG, IgG4, and IgM) were detected by immunofluorescence (IFA) in serum of the patients with IgG4-RD. In vivo, the levels of prolactin and Th2 cytokines in CGRP+/- rats were higher than those in wild-type. Our findings indicate that the presence of CGRP-deficiency-mediated MAG antibodies is a probable molecular basis for the initial events which were triggered in IgG4-RD immune responses via prolactin upregulation.
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Ringer C, Weihe E, Schütz B. SOD1G93A Mutant Mice Develop a Neuroinflammation-Independent Dendropathy in Excitatory Neuronal Subsets of the Olfactory Bulb and Retina. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:769-778. [PMID: 28859334 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonmotor neuron-related pathology is a feature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), both in patients and in animal models. There is emerging evidence that sensory systems (olfaction and vision) are affected in humans. Here, we asked whether such sensory neuropathology is recapitulated in the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1G93A) mouse model of ALS. Neuronal vacuolization in olfaction and vision pathways was assessed in tissue sections from presymptomatic and symptomatic disease stages, and compared to wild type. In both, the olfactory bulb and retina, vacuolization started around postnatal day 60, and vacuole sizes increased until disease end-stage. Notably, vacuolization was largely restricted to the external plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb and to the inner plexiform layer of the retina. In both layers, hSOD1-immunoreactive vacuoles localized to dendrites of excitatory neurons. Downstream olfaction and vision pathway fiber tracts and relay stations did not display obvious vacuolization. Finally, on a morphological level, there was no evidence for an activation of astrocytes and microglia in the 2 affected areas. Thus, we identified a new pathology hallmark in SOD1G93A ALS mice: a glutamatergic sensory neuron dendropathy restricted to olfactory bulb mitral cells and retinal ganglionic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Ringer
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Schütz
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
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Ramírez-Jarquín UN, Rojas F, van Zundert B, Tapia R. Chronic infusion of SOD1 G93A astrocyte-secreted factors induces spinal motoneuron degeneration and neuromuscular dysfunction in healthy rats. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2610-2615. [PMID: 28128448 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a fatal neurodegenerative disease and studies in vitro show that motoneuron degeneration is triggered by non-cell-autonomous mechanisms. However, whether soluble toxic factor(s) released by mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) expressing astrocytes induces death of motoneurons and leads to motor dysfunction in vivo is not known. To directly test this, healthy adult rats were treated with conditioned media derived from primary mouse astrocytes (ACM) that express human (h) SOD1G93A (ACM-hG93A) via chronic osmotic pump infusion in the lumbar spinal cord. Controls included ACM derived from transgenic mice expressing hSOD1WT (ACM-hWT) or non-transgenic mouse SOD1WT (ACM-WT) astrocytes. Rats chronically infused with ACM-hG93A started to develop motor dysfunction at 8 days, as measured by rotarod performance. Additionally, immunohistochemical analyses at day 16 revealed reactive astrogliosis and significant loss of motoneurons in the ventral horn of the infused region. Controls did not show significant motor behavior alterations or neuronal damage. Thus, we demonstrate that factors released in vitro from astrocytes derived from ALS mice cause spinal motoneuron death and consequent neuromuscular dysfunction in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri N Ramírez-Jarquín
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Fabiola Rojas
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Brigitte van Zundert
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Tapia
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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Ringer C, Tune S, Bertoune MA, Schwarzbach H, Tsujikawa K, Weihe E, Schütz B. Disruption of calcitonin gene-related peptide signaling accelerates muscle denervation and dampens cytotoxic neuroinflammation in SOD1 mutant mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:339-358. [PMID: 27554772 PMCID: PMC11107523 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron disease. Neuronal vacuolization and glial activation are pathologic hallmarks in the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mouse model of ALS. Previously, we found the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) associated with vacuolization and astrogliosis in the spinal cord of these mice. We now show that CGRP abundance positively correlated with the severity of astrogliosis, but not vacuolization, in several motor and non-motor areas throughout the brain. SOD1 mice harboring a genetic depletion of the βCGRP isoform showed reduced CGRP immunoreactivity associated with vacuolization, while motor functions, body weight, survival, and astrogliosis were not altered. When CGRP signaling was completely disrupted through genetic depletion of the CGRP receptor component, receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1), hind limb muscle denervation, and loss of muscle performance were accelerated, while body weight and survival were not affected. Dampened neuroinflammation, i.e., reduced levels of astrogliosis in the brain stem already in the pre-symptomatic disease stage, and reduced microgliosis and lymphocyte infiltrations during the late disease phase were additional neuropathology features in these mice. On the molecular level, mRNA expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and those of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) were elevated, while those of several pro-inflammatory cytokines found reduced in the brain stem of RAMP1-deficient SOD1 mice at disease end stage. Our results thus identify an important, possibly dual role of CGRP in ALS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Ringer
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sarah Tune
- Department of Physiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mirjam A Bertoune
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans Schwarzbach
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kazutake Tsujikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eberhard Weihe
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Burkhard Schütz
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
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Jeyachandran A, Mertens B, McKissick EA, Mitchell CS. Type I Vs. Type II Cytokine Levels as a Function of SOD1 G93A Mouse Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Disease Progression. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:462. [PMID: 26648846 PMCID: PMC4664727 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motoneuron disease that is characterized by the degradation of neurons throughout the central nervous system. Inflammation have been cited a key contributor to ALS neurodegeneration, but the timeline of cytokine upregulation remains unresolved. The goal of this study was to temporally examine the correlation between the varying levels of pro-inflammatory type I cytokines (IL-1β, IL-1α, IL-12, TNF-α, and GFAP) and anti-inflammatory type II cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10) throughout the progression of ALS in the SOD1 G93A mouse model. Cytokine level data from high copy SOD1 G93A transgenic mice was collected from 66 peer-reviewed studies. For each corresponding experimental time point, the ratio of transgenic to wild type (TG/WT) cytokine was calculated. One-way ANOVA and t-tests with Bonferonni correction were used to analyze the data. Meta-analysis was performed for four discrete stages: early, pre-onset, post-onset, and end stage. A significant increase in TG cytokine levels was found when compared to WT cytokine levels across the entire SOD1 G93A lifespan for majority of the cytokines. The rates of change of the individual cytokines, and type I and type II were not significantly different; however, the mean fold change of type I was expressed at significantly higher levels than type II levels across all stages with the difference between the means becoming more pronounced at the end stage. An overexpression of cytokines occurred both before and after the onset of ALS symptoms. The trend between pro-inflammatory type I and type II cytokine mean levels indicate a progressive instability of the dynamic balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines as anti-inflammatory cytokines fail to mediate the pronounced increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines. Very early immunoregulatory treatment is necessary to successfully interrupt ALS-induced neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amilia Jeyachandran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Benjamin Mertens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric A McKissick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cassie S Mitchell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
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Okamura-Oho Y, Shimokawa K, Nishimura M, Takemoto S, Sato A, Furuichi T, Yokota H. Broad integration of expression maps and co-expression networks compassing novel gene functions in the brain. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6969. [PMID: 25382412 PMCID: PMC4225549 DOI: 10.1038/srep06969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a recently invented technique for gene expression mapping in the whole-anatomy context, termed transcriptome tomography, we have generated a dataset of 36,000 maps of overall gene expression in the adult-mouse brain. Here, using an informatics approach, we identified a broad co-expression network that follows an inverse power law and is rich in functional interaction and gene-ontology terms. Our framework for the integrated analysis of expression maps and graphs of co-expression networks revealed that groups of combinatorially expressed genes, which regulate cell differentiation during development, were present in the adult brain and each of these groups was associated with a discrete cell types. These groups included non-coding genes of unknown function. We found that these genes specifically linked developmentally conserved groups in the network. A previously unrecognized robust expression pattern covering the whole brain was related to the molecular anatomy of key biological processes occurring in particular areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Okamura-Oho
- Brain Research Network (BReNt), 2-2-41 Sakurayama, Zushi-shi, Kanagawa, 249-0005, Japan
- Image Processing Research Team, Extreme Photonics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuro Shimokawa
- Department of Health Record Informatics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-chou Aoba-ku Sendai-shi Miyagi, 980-8573, Japan
| | - Masaomi Nishimura
- Image Processing Research Team, Extreme Photonics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Satoko Takemoto
- Image Processing Research Team, Extreme Photonics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Akira Sato
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Teiichi Furuichi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hideo Yokota
- Image Processing Research Team, Extreme Photonics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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Abnormal intracellular calcium signaling and SNARE-dependent exocytosis contributes to SOD1G93A astrocyte-mediated toxicity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurosci 2014; 34:2331-48. [PMID: 24501372 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2689-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor neurons are progressively and predominantly degenerated in ALS, which is not only induced by multiple intrinsic pathways but also significantly influenced by the neighboring glial cells. In particular, astrocytes derived from the SOD1 mutant mouse model of ALS or from human familial or sporadic ALS patient brain tissue directly induce motor neuron death in culture; however, the mechanisms of pathological astroglial secretion remain unclear. Here we investigated abnormal calcium homeostasis and altered exocytosis in SOD1G93A astrocytes. We found that purinergic stimulation induces excess calcium release from the ER stores in SOD1G93A astrocytes, which results from the abnormal ER calcium accumulation and is independent of clearance mechanisms. Furthermore, pharmacological studies suggested that store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), a calcium refilling mechanism responsive to ER calcium depletion, is enhanced in SOD1G93A astrocytes. We found that oxidant-induced increased S-glutathionylation and calcium-independent puncta formation of the ER calcium sensor STIM1 underlies the abnormal SOCE response in SOD1G93A astrocytes. Enhanced SOCE contributes to ER calcium overload in SOD1G93A astrocytes and excess calcium release from the ER during ATP stimulation. In addition, ER calcium release induces elevated ATP release from SOD1G93A astrocytes, which can be inhibited by the overexpression of dominant-negative SNARE. Selective inhibition of exocytosis in SOD1G93A astrocytes significantly prevents astrocyte-mediated toxicity to motor neurons and delays disease onset in SOD1G93A mice. Our results characterize a novel mechanism responsible for calcium dysregulation in SOD1G93A astrocytes and provide the first in vivo evidence that astrocyte exocytosis contributes to the pathogenesis of ALS.
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PACAP signaling exerts opposing effects on neuroprotection and neuroinflammation during disease progression in the SOD1(G93A) mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 54:32-42. [PMID: 23466699 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a pleiotropic peptide with autocrine neuroprotective and paracrine anti-inflammatory properties in various models of acute neuronal damage and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, we examined a possible beneficial role of endogenous PACAP in the superoxide dismutase 1, SOD1(G93A), mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a lethal neurodegenerative disease particularly affecting somatomotor neurons. In wild-type mice, somatomotor and visceromotor neurons in brain stem and spinal cord were found to express the PACAP specific receptor PAC1, but only visceromotor neurons expressed PACAP as a potential autocrine source of regulation of these receptors. In SOD1(G93A) mice, only a small subset of the surviving somatomotor neurons showed induction of PACAP mRNA, and somatomotor neuron degeneration was unchanged in PACAP-deficient SOD1(G93A) mice. Pre-ganglionic sympathetic visceromotor neurons were found to be resistant in SOD1(G93A) mice, while pre-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons degenerated during ALS disease progression in this mouse model. PACAP-deficient SOD1(G93A) mice showed even greater pre-ganglionic parasympathetic neuron loss compared to SOD1(G93A) mice, and additional degeneration of pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons. Thus, constitutive expression of PACAP and PAC1 may confer neuroprotection to central visceromotor neurons in SOD1(G93A) mice via autocrine pathways. Regarding the progression of neuroinflammation, the switch from amoeboid to hypertrophic microglial phenotype observed in SOD1(G93A) mice was absent in PACAP-deficient SOD1(G93A) mice. Thus, endogenous PACAP may promote microglial cytodestructive functions thought to drive ALS disease progression. This hypothesis was consistent with prolongation of life expectancy and preserved tongue motor function in PACAP-deficient SOD1(G93A) mice, compared to SOD1(G93A) mice. Given the protective role of PACAP expression in visceromotor neurons and the opposing effect on microglial function in SOD1(G93A) mice, both PACAP agonism and antagonism may be promising therapeutic tools for ALS treatment, if stage of disease progression and targeting the specific auto- and paracrine signaling pathways are carefully considered.
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Naratriptan mitigates CGRP1-associated motor neuron degeneration caused by an expanded polyglutamine repeat tract. Nat Med 2012; 18:1531-8. [PMID: 23023499 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a motor neuron disease caused by the expansion of the CAG triplet repeat within the androgen receptor (AR) gene. Here, we demonstrated that pathogenic AR upregulates the gene encoding calcitonin gene-related peptide α (CGRP1). In neuronal cells, overexpression of CGRP1 induced cellular damage via the activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, whereas pharmacological suppression of CGRP1 or JNK attenuated the neurotoxic effects of pathogenic AR. The depletion of CGRP1 inactivated JNK and suppressed neurodegeneration in a mouse model of SBMA. Naratriptan, a serotonin 1B/1D (5-hydroxytryptamine 1B/1D, or 5-HT1B/1D) receptor agonist, decreased CGRP1 expression via the induction of dual-specificity protein phosphatase 1 (DUSP1), attenuated JNK activity and mitigated pathogenic AR-mediated neuronal damage in cellular and mouse SBMA models. These observations suggest that pharmacological activation of the 5-HT1B/1D receptor may be used therapeutically to treat SBMA and other polyglutamine-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Ringer C, Weihe E, Schütz B. Calcitonin gene-related peptide expression levels predict motor neuron vulnerability in the superoxide dismutase 1-G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 45:547-54. [PMID: 21964254 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) some motor neurons degenerate while others survive. The molecular mechanisms underlying this selective vulnerability and resistance, respectively, are poorly understood. Since the neuropeptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), is expressed by many but not all motor neurons, we asked if motor neuron CGRP levels predict their vulnerability in the SOD1-G93A mouse model of ALS. In wild type mice three types of somatic motor neurons were distinguished based on their CGRP expression pattern, i.e. highCGRP, lowCGRP, and nonCGRP. Since motor nuclei III, IV and VI contained mostly nonCGRP motor neurons, they defined the oculomotor group. In comparison, the facial group (nuclei V, VII and XII) contained equal numbers of all three types, while the spinomedullary group (ambiguus nucleus and lumbar spinal cord) contained mainly highCGRP motor neurons. Analysis on the transcript level, and of mice lacking the αCGRP isoform, revealed that these group differences in CGRP expression were predominantly based on αCGRP. At disease end-stage in SOD1-G93A mice, group-specific extent of motor neuron loss correlated with CGRP expression as neurons with highCGRP were reduced by 80%, those with lowCGRP by 50%, and nonCGRP motor neurons were not significantly affected in all three groups. Finally, highCGRP motor neuron degeneration preceded lowCGRP motor neuron degeneration during disease progression. Our analysis revealed that the relative abundance of CGRP mRNA and immunoreactivity in motor neurons predicts their vulnerability. CGRP may be an autocrine or paracrine factor promoting motor neuron degeneration in this ALS model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Ringer
- Molecular Neurosciences Department, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
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Early motor and electrophysiological changes in transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and gender differences on clinical outcome. Brain Res 2011; 1394:90-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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