1
|
Pan K, Jinnah HA, Hess EJ, Smith Y, Villalba RM. Ultrastructural analysis of nigrostriatal dopaminergic terminals in a knockin mouse model of DYT1 dystonia. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:1407-1427. [PMID: 38123503 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
DYT1 dystonia is associated with decreased striatal dopamine release. In this study, we examined the possibility that ultrastructural changes of nigrostriatal dopamine terminals could contribute to this neurochemical imbalance using a serial block face/scanning electron microscope (SBF/SEM) and three-dimensional reconstruction to analyse striatal tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-IR) terminals and their synapses in a DYT1(ΔE) knockin (DYT1-KI) mouse model of DYT1 dystonia. Furthermore, to study possible changes in vesicle packaging capacity of dopamine, we used transmission electron microscopy to assess the synaptic vesicle size in striatal dopamine terminals. Quantitative comparative analysis of 80 fully reconstructed TH-IR terminals in the WT and DYT1-KI mice indicate (1) no significant difference in the volume of TH-IR terminals; (2) no major change in the proportion of axo-spinous versus axo-dendritic synapses; (3) no significant change in the post-synaptic density (PSD) area of axo-dendritic synapses, while the PSDs of axo-spinous synapses were significantly smaller in DYT1-KI mice; (4) no significant change in the contact area between TH-IR terminals and dendritic shafts or spines, while the ratio of PSD area/contact area decreased significantly for both axo-dendritic and axo-spinous synapses in DYT1-KI mice; (5) no significant difference in the mitochondria volume; and (6) no significant difference in the synaptic vesicle area between the two groups. Altogether, these findings suggest that abnormal morphometric changes of nigrostriatal dopamine terminals and their post-synaptic targets are unlikely to be a major source of reduced striatal dopamine release in DYT1 dystonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Pan
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy & Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hyder A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ellen J Hess
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yoland Smith
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rosa M Villalba
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fu R, Jinnah H, Mckay JL, Miller AH, Felger JC, Farber EW, Sharma S, Whicker N, Moore RC, Franklin D, Letendre SL, Anderson AM. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of 5-HIAA and dopamine in people with HIV and depression. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:440-448. [PMID: 37289360 PMCID: PMC10766341 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01142-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a common illness in people with HIV (PWH) and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. The mechanisms that underpin depression in PWH remain incompletely elucidated, and more research is therefore needed to develop effective treatments. One hypothesis is that neurotransmitter levels may be altered. These levels could be influenced by the chronic inflammation and viral persistence that occurs in PWH. We examined a panel of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurotransmitters in PWH on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART), many of whom had a current depression diagnosis. CSF monoamine neurotransmitters and their metabolites were measured from participants in studies at the Emory Center for AIDS Research (CFAR). Only participants on stable ART with suppressed HIV RNA from both plasma and CSF were analyzed. Neurotransmitter levels were measured with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Neurotransmitters and their metabolites included dopamine (DA), homovanillic acid (HVA, a major metabolite of dopamine), serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA, a major metabolite of serotonin), and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglycol (MHPG, a major metabolite of norepinephrine). Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate factors associated with depression. There were 79 PWH with plasma and CSF HIV RNA levels < 200 copies/mL at the time of the visit, and 25 (31.6%) carried a current diagnosis of depression. Participants with depression were significantly older (median age 53 years versus 47 years, P = 0.014) and were significantly less likely to be African American (48.0% versus 77.8%, P = 0.008). Participants with depression had significantly lower dopamine levels (median 0.49 ng/mL versus 0.62 ng/mL, P = 0.03) and significantly lower 5-HIAA levels (median 12.57 ng/mL versus 15.41 ng/mL, P = 0.015). Dopamine and 5-HIAA were highly correlated. In the multivariable logistic regression models, lower 5-HIAA was significantly associated with the depression diagnosis when accounting for other significant demographic factors. The associations between lower 5-HIAA, lower dopamine, and depression in PWH suggest that altered neurotransmission may contribute to these comorbid conditions. However, the effects of antidepressants on neurotransmitters cannot be ruled out as a factor in the 5-HIAA results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hyder Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Lucas Mckay
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew H Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer C Felger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eugene W Farber
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Neil Whicker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Raeanne C Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Donald Franklin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Scott L Letendre
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Albert M Anderson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Curtis MA, Dhamsania RK, Branco RC, Guo JD, Creeden J, Neifer KL, Black CA, Winokur EJ, Andari E, Dias BG, Liu RC, Gourley SL, Miller GW, Burkett JP. Developmental pyrethroid exposure causes a neurodevelopmental disorder phenotype in mice. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad085. [PMID: 37113978 PMCID: PMC10129348 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a widespread and growing public health challenge, affecting as many as 17% of children in the United States. Recent epidemiological studies have implicated ambient exposure to pyrethroid pesticides during pregnancy in the risk for NDDs in the unborn child. Using a litter-based, independent discovery-replication cohort design, we exposed mouse dams orally during pregnancy and lactation to the Environmental Protection Agency's reference pyrethroid, deltamethrin, at 3 mg/kg, a concentration well below the benchmark dose used for regulatory guidance. The resulting offspring were tested using behavioral and molecular methods targeting behavioral phenotypes relevant to autism and NDD, as well as changes to the striatal dopamine system. Low-dose developmental exposure to the pyrethroid deltamethrin (DPE) decreased pup vocalizations, increased repetitive behaviors, and impaired both fear conditioning and operant conditioning. Compared with control mice, DPE mice had greater total striatal dopamine, dopamine metabolites, and stimulated dopamine release, but no difference in vesicular dopamine capacity or protein markers of dopamine vesicles. Dopamine transporter protein levels were increased in DPE mice, but not temporal dopamine reuptake. Striatal medium spiny neurons showed changes in electrophysiological properties consistent with a compensatory decrease in neuronal excitability. Combined with previous findings, these results implicate DPE as a direct cause of an NDD-relevant behavioral phenotype and striatal dopamine dysfunction in mice and implicate the cytosolic compartment as the location of excess striatal dopamine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Curtis
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, USA
| | - Rohan K Dhamsania
- College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - Rachel C Branco
- Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Ji-Dong Guo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Justin Creeden
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Kari L Neifer
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, USA
| | - Carlie A Black
- Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Schiemer School of Psychology and Biblical Counseling, Truett McConnell University, Cleveland, GA 30528, USA
| | - Emily J Winokur
- College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Elissar Andari
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Brian G Dias
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
- Developmental Neuroscience and Neurogenetics Program, The Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Robert C Liu
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shannon L Gourley
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health, Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rauschenberger L, Krenig EM, Stengl A, Knorr S, Harder TH, Steeg F, Friedrich MU, Grundmann-Hauser K, Volkmann J, Ip CW. Peripheral nerve injury elicits microstructural and neurochemical changes in the striatum and substantia nigra of a DYT-TOR1A mouse model with dystonia-like movements. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 179:106056. [PMID: 36863527 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between genotype and phenotype in DYT-TOR1A dystonia as well as the associated motor circuit alterations are still insufficiently understood. DYT-TOR1A dystonia has a remarkably reduced penetrance of 20-30%, which has led to the second-hit hypothesis emphasizing an important role of extragenetic factors in the symptomatogenesis of TOR1A mutation carriers. To analyze whether recovery from a peripheral nerve injury can trigger a dystonic phenotype in asymptomatic hΔGAG3 mice, which overexpress human mutated torsinA, a sciatic nerve crush was applied. An observer-based scoring system as well as an unbiased deep-learning based characterization of the phenotype showed that recovery from a sciatic nerve crush leads to significantly more dystonia-like movements in hΔGAG3 animals compared to wildtype control animals, which persisted over the entire monitored period of 12 weeks. In the basal ganglia, the analysis of medium spiny neurons revealed a significantly reduced number of dendrites, dendrite length and number of spines in the naïve and nerve-crushed hΔGAG3 mice compared to both wildtype control groups indicative of an endophenotypical trait. The volume of striatal calretinin+ interneurons showed alterations in hΔGAG3 mice compared to the wt groups. Nerve-injury related changes were found for striatal ChAT+, parvalbumin+ and nNOS+ interneurons in both genotypes. The dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra remained unchanged in number across all groups, however, the cell volume was significantly increased in nerve-crushed hΔGAG3 mice compared to naïve hΔGAG3 mice and wildtype littermates. Moreover, in vivo microdialysis showed an increase of dopamine and its metabolites in the striatum comparing nerve-crushed hΔGAG3 mice to all other groups. The induction of a dystonia-like phenotype in genetically predisposed DYT-TOR1A mice highlights the importance of extragenetic factors in the symptomatogenesis of DYT-TOR1A dystonia. Our experimental approach allowed us to dissect microstructural and neurochemical abnormalities in the basal ganglia, which either reflected a genetic predisposition or endophenotype in DYT-TOR1A mice or a correlate of the induced dystonic phenotype. In particular, neurochemical and morphological changes of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system were correlated with symptomatogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Rauschenberger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Esther-Marie Krenig
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alea Stengl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Knorr
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tristan H Harder
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Felix Steeg
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian U Friedrich
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Grundmann-Hauser
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076, Germany; Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chi Wang Ip
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schulz A, Richter F, Richter A. In vivo optogenetic inhibition of striatal parvalbumin-reactive interneurons induced genotype-specific changes in neuronal activity without dystonic signs in male DYT1 knock-in mice. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:448-463. [PMID: 36546658 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of early-onset torsion dystonia (TOR1A/DYT1) remains unclear. Like 70% of human mutation carriers, rodent models with ΔGAG mutation such as DYT1 knock-in (KI) mice do not show overt dystonia but have subtle sensorimotor deficits and pattern of abnormal synaptic plasticity within the striatal microcircuits. There is evidence that dysfunction of striatal parvalbumin-reactive (Parv+) fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) can be involved in dystonic signs. To elucidate the relevance of these GABAergic interneurons in the pathophysiology of DYT1 dystonia, we used in vivo optogenetics to specifically inhibit Parv+ and to detect changes in motor behavior and neuronal activity. Optogenetic fibers were bilaterally implanted into the dorsal striatum of male DYT1 KI mice and wild-type (WT) littermates expressing halorhodopsin (eNpHR3.0) in Parv+ interneurons. While stimulations with yellow light pulses for up to 60 min at different pulse durations and interval lengths did not induce abnormal movements, such as dystonic signs, immunohistochemical examinations revealed genotype-dependent differences. In contrast to WT mice, stimulated DYT1 KI showed decreased striatal neuronal activity, that is, less c-Fos reactive neurons, and increased activation of cholinergic interneurons after optogenetic inhibition of Parv+ interneurons. These findings suggest an involvement of Parv+ interneurons in an impaired striatal network in DYT1 KI mice, but at least short-term inhibition of these GABAergic interneurons is not sufficient to trigger a dystonic phenotype, similar to previously shown optogenetic activation of cholinergic interneurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Angelika Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Berryman D, Barrett J, Liu C, Maugee C, Waldbaum J, Yi D, Xing H, Yokoi F, Saxena S, Li Y. Motor deficit and lack of overt dystonia in Dlx conditional Dyt1 knockout mice. Behav Brain Res 2023; 439:114221. [PMID: 36417958 PMCID: PMC10364669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DYT1 or DYT-TOR1A dystonia is early-onset generalized dystonia caused by a trinucleotide deletion of GAG in the TOR1A or DYT1 gene leads to the loss of a glutamic acid residue in the resulting torsinA protein. A mouse model with overt dystonia is of unique importance to better understand the DYT1 pathophysiology and evaluate preclinical drug efficacy. DYT1 dystonia is likely a network disorder involving multiple brain regions, particularly the basal ganglia. Tor1a conditional knockout in the striatum or cerebral cortex leads to motor deficits, suggesting the importance of corticostriatal connection in the pathogenesis of dystonia. Indeed, corticostriatal long-term depression impairment has been demonstrated in multiple targeted DYT1 mouse models. Pappas and colleagues developed a conditional knockout line (Dlx-CKO) that inactivated Tor1a in the forebrain and surprisingly displayed overt dystonia. We set out to validate whether conditional knockout affecting both cortex and striatum would lead to overt dystonia and whether machine learning-based video behavioral analysis could be used to facilitate high throughput preclinical drug screening. We generated Dlx-CKO mice and found no overt dystonia or motor deficits at 4 months. At 8 months, retesting revealed motor deficits in rotarod, beam walking, grip strength, and hyperactivity in the open field; however, no overt dystonia was visually discernible or through the machine learning-based video analysis. Consistent with other targeted DYT1 mouse models, we observed age-dependent deficits in the beam walking test, which is likely a better motor behavioral test for preclinical drug testing but more labor-intensive when overt dystonia is absent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Berryman
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jake Barrett
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Canna Liu
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christian Maugee
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Julien Waldbaum
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Daiyao Yi
- Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hong Xing
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Fumiaki Yokoi
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shreya Saxena
- Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yuqing Li
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xing H, Yokoi F, Walker AL, Torres-Medina R, Liu Y, Li Y. Electrophysiological characterization of the striatal cholinergic interneurons in Dyt1 ΔGAG knock-in mice. DYSTONIA 2022; 1:10557. [PMID: 36329866 PMCID: PMC9629210 DOI: 10.3389/dyst.2022.10557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
DYT1 dystonia is an inherited early-onset movement disorder characterized by sustained muscle contractions causing twisting, repetitive movements, and abnormal postures. Most DYT1 patients have a heterozygous trinucleotide GAG deletion mutation (ΔGAG) in DYT1/TOR1A, coding for torsinA. Dyt1 heterozygous ΔGAG knock-in (KI) mice show motor deficits and reduced striatal dopamine receptor 2 (D2R). Striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) are essential in regulating striatal motor circuits. Multiple dystonia rodent models, including KI mice, show altered ChI firing and modulation. However, due to the errors in assigning KI mice, it is essential to replicate these findings in genetically confirmed KI mice. Here, we found irregular and decreased spontaneous firing frequency in the acute brain slices from Dyt1 KI mice. Quinpirole, a D2R agonist, showed less inhibitory effect on the spontaneous ChI firing in Dyt1 KI mice, suggesting decreased D2R function on the striatal ChIs. On the other hand, a muscarinic receptor agonist, muscarine, inhibited the ChI firing in both wild-type (WT) and Dyt1 KI mice. Trihexyphenidyl, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 antagonist, had no significant effect on the firing. Moreover, the resting membrane property and functions of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels, μ-opioid receptors, and large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels were unaffected in Dyt1 KI mice. The results suggest that the irregular and low-frequency firing and decreased D2R function are the main alterations of striatal ChIs in Dyt1 KI mice. These results appear consistent with the reduced dopamine release and high striatal acetylcholine tone in the previous reports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xing
- Norman Fixel Institute of Neurological Diseases and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, USA
| | - Fumiaki Yokoi
- Norman Fixel Institute of Neurological Diseases and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, USA
| | - Ariel Luz Walker
- Norman Fixel Institute of Neurological Diseases and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, USA
| | - Rosemarie Torres-Medina
- Norman Fixel Institute of Neurological Diseases and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, USA
| | - Yuning Liu
- Norman Fixel Institute of Neurological Diseases and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, USA
| | - Yuqing Li
- Norman Fixel Institute of Neurological Diseases and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Downs AM, Donsante Y, Jinnah H, Hess EJ. Blockade of M4 muscarinic receptors on striatal cholinergic interneurons normalizes striatal dopamine release in a mouse model of TOR1A dystonia. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 168:105699. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|
9
|
Scarduzio M, Hess EJ, Standaert DG, Eskow Jaunarajs KL. Striatal synaptic dysfunction in dystonia and levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 166:105650. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
|
10
|
Burbaud P, Courtin E, Ribot B, Guehl D. Basal ganglia: From the bench to the bed. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2022; 36:99-106. [PMID: 34953339 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The basal ganglia (BG) encompass a set of archaic structures of the vertebrate brain that have evolved relatively little during the phylogenetic process. From an anatomic point of view, they are widely distributed throughout brain from the telencephalon to the mesencephalon. The fact that they have been preserved through evolution suggests that they may play a critical role in behavioral monitoring. Indeed, a line of evidence suggests that they are involved in the building of behavioral routines and habits that drive most of our activities in everyday life. In this article, we first examine the organization and physiology of the basal ganglia to explain their function in the control of behavior. Then, we show how disruption of the putamen, and to a lesser extent of the cerebellum, might lead to various dystonic syndromes that frequently arise during childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Burbaud
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, France.
| | - E Courtin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, France
| | - B Ribot
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, France
| | - D Guehl
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS, University of Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sciamanna G, El Atiallah I, Montanari M, Pisani A. Plasticity, genetics and epigenetics in dystonia: An update. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 184:199-206. [PMID: 35034734 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819410-2.00011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dystonia represents a group of movement disorders characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that result in abnormal posture and twisting movements. In the last 20 years several animal models have been generated, greatly improving our knowledge of the neural and molecular mechanism underlying this pathological condition, but the pathophysiology remains still poorly understood. In this review we will discuss recent genetic factors related to dystonia and the current understanding of synaptic plasticity alterations reported by both clinical and experimental research. We will also present recent evidence involving epigenetics mechanisms in dystonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Sciamanna
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilham El Atiallah
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 2 Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Montanari
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome 2 Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Movement Disorders Research Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Knorr S, Musacchio T, Paulat R, Matthies C, Endres H, Wenger N, Harms C, Ip CW. Experimental deep brain stimulation in rodent models of movement disorders. Exp Neurol 2021; 348:113926. [PMID: 34793784 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is the preferred treatment for therapy-resistant movement disorders such as dystonia and Parkinson's disease (PD), mostly in advanced disease stages. Although DBS is already in clinical use for ~30 years and has improved patients' quality of life dramatically, there is still limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms of action. Rodent models of PD and dystonia are essential tools to elucidate the mode of action of DBS on behavioral and multiscale neurobiological levels. Advances have been made in identifying DBS effects on the central motor network, neuroprotection and neuroinflammation in DBS studies of PD rodent models. The phenotypic dtsz mutant hamster and the transgenic DYT-TOR1A (ΔETorA) rat proved as valuable models of dystonia for preclinical DBS research. In addition, continuous refinements of rodent DBS technologies are ongoing and have contributed to improvement of experimental quality. We here review the currently existing literature on experimental DBS in PD and dystonia models regarding the choice of models, experimental design, neurobiological readouts, as well as methodological implications. Moreover, we provide an overview of the technical stage of existing DBS devices for use in rodent studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Knorr
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Musacchio
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Raik Paulat
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Cordula Matthies
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Heinz Endres
- University of Applied Science Würzburg-Schweinfurt, Schweinfurt, Germany.
| | - Nikolaus Wenger
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christoph Harms
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Chi Wang Ip
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Houser MC, Caudle WM, Chang J, Kannarkat GT, Yang Y, Kelly SD, Oliver D, Joers V, Shannon KM, Keshavarzian A, Tansey MG. Experimental colitis promotes sustained, sex-dependent, T-cell-associated neuroinflammation and parkinsonian neuropathology. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:139. [PMID: 34412704 PMCID: PMC8375080 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01240-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The etiology of sporadic Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains uncertain, but genetic, epidemiological, and physiological overlap between PD and inflammatory bowel disease suggests that gut inflammation could promote dysfunction of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. Mechanisms behind this pathological gut-brain effect and their interactions with sex and with environmental factors are not well understood but may represent targets for therapeutic intervention. Methods We sought to identify active inflammatory mechanisms which could potentially contribute to neuroinflammation and neurological disease in colon biopsies and peripheral blood immune cells from PD patients. Then, in mouse models, we assessed whether dextran sodium sulfate-mediated colitis could exert lingering effects on dopaminergic pathways in the brain and whether colitis increased vulnerability to a subsequent exposure to the dopaminergic neurotoxicant 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). We assessed the involvement of inflammatory mechanisms identified in the PD patients in colitis-related neurological dysfunction in male and female mice, utilizing mice lacking the Regulator of G-Protein Signaling 10 (RGS10)—an inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB)—to model enhanced NFκB activity, and mice in which CD8+ T-cells were depleted. Results High levels of inflammatory markers including CD8B and NFκB p65 were found in colon biopsies from PD patients, and reduced levels of RGS10 were found in immune cells in the blood. Male mice that experienced colitis exhibited sustained reductions in tyrosine hydroxylase but not in dopamine as well as sustained CD8+ T-cell infiltration and elevated Ifng expression in the brain. CD8+ T-cell depletion prevented colitis-associated reductions in dopaminergic markers in males. In both sexes, colitis potentiated the effects of MPTP. RGS10 deficiency increased baseline intestinal inflammation, colitis severity, and neuropathology. Conclusions This study identifies peripheral inflammatory mechanisms in PD patients and explores their potential to impact central dopaminergic pathways in mice. Our findings implicate a sex-specific interaction between gastrointestinal inflammation and neurologic vulnerability that could contribute to PD pathogenesis, and they establish the importance of CD8+ T-cells in this process in male mice. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40478-021-01240-4.
Collapse
|
14
|
Chesler KC, Motz CT, Bales KL, Allen RA, Vo HK, Pardue MT. Voluntary oral dosing for precise experimental compound delivery in adult rats. Lab Anim 2021; 56:147-156. [PMID: 34392713 DOI: 10.1177/00236772211016926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical drug studies routinely administer experimental compounds to animal models with the goal of minimizing potential adverse events from the procedure. In this study, we assessed the ability to train adult male Long Evans rats to accept daily voluntarily syringe feedings of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) compared to intraperitoneal (IP) injections. Rats were trained to become familiar with the syringe and then fed a training solution that did not contain the experimental compound. If the rat was compliant during the training phase, the dilution of training solution was continuously decreased and replaced with the experimental solution. Voluntary oral dosing compliance was recorded and quantified throughout the study. To assess drug activity within the drug-targeted tissues, the striatum and retina were collected and analyzed for L-DOPA, dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Drug delivery efficiency by oral dosing was directly compared to IP injection by collecting plasma and analyzing L-DOPA levels with HPLC. Adult male rats had high compliance for voluntary oral dosing. HPLC showed that oral administration of the compound at the same dose as IP injection yielded significantly lower plasma levels, and that higher oral L-DOPA doses yield higher plasma L-DOPA content. This study describes detailed methodology to train adult rats to syringe feed experimental compounds and provides important preclinical research on drug dosing and drug delivery to the striatum and retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle C Chesler
- Center of Excellence for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, USA
| | - Cara T Motz
- Center of Excellence for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA
| | - Katie L Bales
- Center of Excellence for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, USA
| | - Rachael A Allen
- Center of Excellence for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, USA
| | - Harrison K Vo
- Center of Excellence for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA
| | - Machelle T Pardue
- Center of Excellence for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yokoi F, Chen HX, Oleas J, Dang MT, Xing H, Dexter KM, Li Y. Characterization of the direct pathway in Dyt1 ΔGAG heterozygous knock-in mice and dopamine receptor 1-expressing-cell-specific Dyt1 conditional knockout mice. Behav Brain Res 2021; 411:113381. [PMID: 34038798 PMCID: PMC8323984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
DYT1 dystonia is a movement disorder mainly caused by a trinucleotide deletion (ΔGAG) in DYT1 (TOR1A), coding for torsinA. DYT1 dystonia patients show trends of decreased striatal ligand-binding activities to dopamine receptors 1 (D1R) and 2 (D2R). Dyt1 ΔGAG knock-in (KI) mice, which have the corresponding ΔGAG deletion, similarly exhibit reduced striatal D1R and D2R-binding activities and their expression levels. While the consequences of D2R reduction have been well characterized, relatively little is known about the effect of D1R reduction. Here, locomotor responses to D1R and D2R antagonists were examined in Dyt1 KI mice. Dyt1 KI mice showed significantly less responsiveness to both D1R antagonist SCH 23390 and D2R antagonist raclopride. The electrophysiological recording indicated that Dyt1 KI mice showed a significantly increased paired-pulse ratio of the striatal D1R-expressing medium spiny neurons and altered miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents. To analyze the in vivo torsinA function in the D1R-expressing neurons further, Dyt1 conditional knockout (Dyt1 d1KO) mice in these neurons were generated. Dyt1 d1KO mice had decreased spontaneous locomotor activity and reduced numbers of slips in the beam-walking test. Dyt1 d1KO male mice showed abnormal gait. Dyt1 d1KO mice showed defective striatal D1R maturation. Moreover, the mutant striatal D1R-expressing medium spiny neurons had increased capacitance, decreased sEPSC frequency, and reduced intrinsic excitability. The results suggest that torsinA in the D1R-expressing cells plays an important role in the electrophysiological function and motor performance. Medical interventions to the direct pathway may affect the onset and symptoms of this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Yokoi
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0236, USA.
| | - Huan-Xin Chen
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0236, USA
| | - Janneth Oleas
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0236, USA
| | - Mai Tu Dang
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0236, USA
| | - Hong Xing
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0236, USA
| | - Kelly M Dexter
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0236, USA
| | - Yuqing Li
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0236, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Behavioral and neurochemical studies of inherited manganese-induced dystonia-parkinsonism in Slc39a14-knockout mice. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 158:105467. [PMID: 34358615 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited autosomal recessive mutations of the manganese (Mn) transporter gene SLC39A14 in humans, results in elevated blood and brain Mn concentrations and childhood-onset dystonia-parkinsonism. The pathophysiology of this disease is unknown, but the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system of the basal ganglia has been implicated. Here, we describe pathophysiological studies in Slc39a14-knockout (KO) mice as a preclinical model of dystonia-parkinsonism in SLC39A14 mutation carriers. Blood and brain metal concentrations in Slc39a14-KO mice exhibited a pattern similar to the human disease with highly elevated Mn concentrations. We observed an early-onset backward-walking behavior at postnatal day (PN) 21 which was also noted in PN60 Slc39a14-KO mice as well as dystonia-like movements. Locomotor activity and motor coordination were also impaired in Slc39a14-KO relative to wildtype (WT) mice. From a neurochemical perspective, striatal dopamine (DA) and metabolite concentrations and their ratio in Slc39a14-KO mice did not differ from WT. Striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry did not change in Slc39a14-KO mice relative to WT. Unbiased stereological cell quantification of TH-positive and Nissl-stained estimated neuron number, neuron density, and soma volume in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) was the same in Slc39a14-KO mice as in WT. However, we measured a marked inhibition (85-90%) of potassium-stimulated DA release in the striatum of Slc39a14-KO mice relative to WT. Our findings indicate that the dystonia-parkinsonism observed in this genetic animal model of the human disease is associated with a dysfunctional but structurally intact nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. The presynaptic deficit in DA release is unlikely to explain the totality of the behavioral phenotype and points to the involvement of other neuronal systems and brain regions in the pathophysiology of the disease.
Collapse
|
17
|
Yokoi F, Dang MT, Zhang L, Dexter KM, Efimenko I, Krishnaswamy S, Villanueva M, Misztal CI, Gerard M, Lynch P, Li Y. Reversal of motor-skill transfer impairment by trihexyphenidyl and reduction of dorsolateral striatal cholinergic interneurons in Dyt1 ΔGAG knock-in mice. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 11:1-7. [PMID: 34189496 PMCID: PMC8215213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DYT-TOR1A or DYT1 early-onset generalized dystonia is an inherited movement disorder characterized by sustained muscle contractions causing twisting, repetitive movements, or abnormal postures. The majority of the DYT1 dystonia patients have a trinucleotide GAG deletion in DYT1/TOR1A. Trihexyphenidyl (THP), an antagonist for excitatory muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1, is commonly used to treat dystonia. Dyt1 heterozygous ΔGAG knock-in (KI) mice, which have the corresponding mutation, exhibit impaired motor-skill transfer. Here, the effect of THP injection during the treadmill training period on the motor-skill transfer to the accelerated rotarod performance was examined. THP treatment reversed the motor-skill transfer impairment in Dyt1 KI mice. Immunohistochemistry showed that Dyt1 KI mice had a significant reduction of the dorsolateral striatal cholinergic interneurons. In contrast, Western blot analysis showed no significant alteration in the expression levels of the striatal enzymes and transporters involved in the acetylcholine metabolism. The results suggest a functional alteration of the cholinergic system underlying the impairment of motor-skill transfer and the pathogenesis of DYT1 dystonia. Training with THP in a motor task may improve another motor skill performance in DYT1 dystonia.
Collapse
Key Words
- ACh, acetylcholine
- AChE, acetylcholinesterase
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CI, confidence interval
- ChAT, choline acetyltransferase
- ChI, cholinergic interneuron
- ChT, choline transporter
- Cholinergic interneuron
- DAB, 3,3′-diaminobenzidine
- DF, degrees of freedom
- Dystonia
- Dyt1 KI mice, Dyt1 ΔGAG heterozygous knock-in mice
- GAPDH, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- KO, knockout
- LTD, long-term depression
- Motor learning
- PB, phosphate buffer
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PET, positron emission tomography
- Rotarod
- THP, trihexyphenidyl
- TOR1A
- TorsinA
- TrkA, tropomyosin receptor kinase A
- VAChT, vesicular acetylcholine transporter
- WT, wild-type
- n.s., not significant
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Yokoi
- Norman Fixel Institute of Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, USA
| | - Mai Tu Dang
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Norman Fixel Institute of Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Brain Repair, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Kelly M Dexter
- Norman Fixel Institute of Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, USA
| | - Iakov Efimenko
- Norman Fixel Institute of Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, USA
| | - Shiv Krishnaswamy
- Norman Fixel Institute of Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, USA
| | - Matthew Villanueva
- Norman Fixel Institute of Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, USA
| | - Carly I Misztal
- Norman Fixel Institute of Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, USA
| | - Malinda Gerard
- Norman Fixel Institute of Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, USA
| | - Patrick Lynch
- Norman Fixel Institute of Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, USA
| | - Yuqing Li
- Norman Fixel Institute of Neurological Diseases, McKnight Brain Institute, and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sciamanna G, Ponterio G, Vanni V, Laricchiuta D, Martella G, Bonsi P, Meringolo M, Tassone A, Mercuri NB, Pisani A. Optogenetic Activation of Striatopallidal Neurons Reveals Altered HCN Gating in DYT1 Dystonia. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107644. [PMID: 32433955 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Firing activity of external globus pallidus (GPe) is crucial for motor control and is severely perturbed in dystonia, a movement disorder characterized by involuntary, repetitive muscle contractions. Here, we show that GPe projection neurons exhibit a reduction of firing frequency and an irregular pattern in a DYT1 dystonia model. Optogenetic activation of the striatopallidal pathway fails to reset pacemaking activity of GPe neurons in mutant mice. Abnormal firing is paralleled by alterations in motor learning. We find that loss of dopamine D2 receptor-dependent inhibition causes increased GABA input at striatopallidal synapses, with subsequent downregulation of hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated cation (HCN) channels. Accordingly, enhancing in vivo HCN channel activity or blocking GABA release restores both the ability of striatopallidal inputs to pause ongoing GPe activity and motor coordination deficits. Our findings demonstrate an impaired striatopallidal connectivity, supporting the central role of GPe in motor control and, more importantly, identifying potential pharmacological targets for dystonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Sciamanna
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy; Lab of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Ponterio
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Vanni
- Lab of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Laricchiuta
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Lab of Behavioural and Experimental Neurophysiology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Martella
- Lab of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Bonsi
- Lab of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Meringolo
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Tassone
- Lab of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Biagio Mercuri
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy; Lab of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy; Lab of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Downs AM, Fan X, Kadakia RF, Donsante Y, Jinnah HA, Hess EJ. Cell-intrinsic effects of TorsinA(ΔE) disrupt dopamine release in a mouse model of TOR1A dystonia. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 155:105369. [PMID: 33894367 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TOR1A-associated dystonia, otherwise known as DYT1 dystonia, is an inherited dystonia caused by a three base-pair deletion in the TOR1A gene (TOR1AΔE). Although the mechanisms underlying the dystonic movements are largely unknown, abnormalities in striatal dopamine and acetylcholine neurotransmission are consistently implicated whereby dopamine release is reduced while cholinergic tone is increased. Because striatal cholinergic neurotransmission mediates dopamine release, it is not known if the dopamine release deficit is mediated indirectly by abnormal acetylcholine neurotransmission or if Tor1a(ΔE) acts directly within dopaminergic neurons to attenuate release. To dissect the microcircuit that governs the deficit in dopamine release, we conditionally expressed Tor1a(ΔE) in either dopamine neurons or cholinergic interneurons in mice and assessed striatal dopamine release using ex vivo fast scan cyclic voltammetry or dopamine efflux using in vivo microdialysis. Conditional expression of Tor1a(ΔE) in cholinergic neurons did not affect striatal dopamine release. In contrast, conditional expression of Tor1a(ΔE) in dopamine neurons reduced dopamine release to 50% of normal, which is comparable to the deficit in Tor1a+/ΔE knockin mice that express the mutation ubiquitously. Despite the deficit in dopamine release, we found that the Tor1a(ΔE) mutation does not cause obvious nerve terminal dysfunction as other presynaptic mechanisms, including electrical excitability, vesicle recycling/refilling, Ca2+ signaling, D2 dopamine autoreceptor function and GABAB receptor function, are intact. Although the mechanistic link between Tor1a(ΔE) and dopamine release is unclear, these results clearly demonstrate that the defect in dopamine release is caused by the action of the Tor1a(ΔE) mutation within dopamine neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Downs
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB 6304, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xueliang Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB 6304, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Radhika F Kadakia
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB 6304, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yuping Donsante
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB 6304, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - H A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB 6304, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB 6300, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB 6300, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ellen J Hess
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB 6304, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB 6304, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chesler K, Motz C, Vo H, Douglass A, Allen RS, Feola AJ, Pardue MT. Initiation of L-DOPA Treatment After Detection of Diabetes-Induced Retinal Dysfunction Reverses Retinopathy and Provides Neuroprotection in Rats. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:8. [PMID: 34003986 PMCID: PMC8054623 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.4.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose L-DOPA treatment initiated at the start of hyperglycemia preserves retinal and visual function in diabetic rats. Here, we investigated a more clinically relevant treatment strategy in which retinal and visual dysfunction designated the beginning of the therapeutic window for L-DOPA treatment. Methods Spatial frequency thresholds using optomotor response and oscillatory potential (OP) delays using electroretinograms were compared at baseline, 3, 6, and 10 weeks after streptozotocin (STZ) between diabetic and control rats. L-DOPA/carbidopa treatment (DOPA) or vehicle was delivered orally 5 days per week beginning at 3 weeks after STZ, when significant retinal and visual deficits were measured. At 10 weeks after STZ, retinas were collected to measure L-DOPA, dopamine, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results Spatial frequency thresholds decreased at 6 weeks in diabetic vehicle rats (28%), whereas diabetic DOPA rats had stable thresholds (<1%) that maintained to 10 weeks, creating significantly higher thresholds compared with diabetic vehicle rats (P < 0.0001). OP2 implicit times in response to dim, rod-driven stimuli were decreased in diabetic compared with control rats (3 weeks, P < 0.0001; 10 weeks, P < 0.01). With L-DOPA treatment, OP2 implicit times recovered in diabetic rats to be indistinguishable from control rats by 10 weeks after STZ. Rats treated with L-DOPA showed significantly increased retinal L-DOPA (P < 0.001) and dopamine levels (P < 0.05). Conclusions L-DOPA treatment started after the detection of retinal and visual dysfunction showed protective effects in diabetic rats. Translational Relevance Early retinal functional deficits induced by diabetes can be used to identify an earlier therapeutic window for L-DOPA treatment which protects from further vision loss and restores retinal function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Chesler
- Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cara Motz
- Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Harrison Vo
- Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Rachael S Allen
- Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew J Feola
- Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Machelle T Pardue
- Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Alteration of the cholinergic system and motor deficits in cholinergic neuron-specific Dyt1 knockout mice. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 154:105342. [PMID: 33757902 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions, repetitive movement, and sometimes abnormal postures. DYT1 dystonia is one of the most common genetic dystonias, and most patients carry heterozygous DYT1 ∆GAG mutations causing a loss of a glutamic acid of the protein torsinA. Patients can be treated with anticholinergics, such as trihexyphenidyl, suggesting an abnormal cholinergic state. Early work on the cell-autonomous effects of Dyt1 deletion with ChI-specific Dyt1 conditional knockout mice (Dyt1 Ch1KO) revealed abnormal electrophysiological responses of striatal ChIs to muscarine and quinpirole, motor deficits, and no changes in the number or size of the ChIs. However, the Chat-cre line that was used to derive Dyt1 Ch1KO mice contained a neomycin cassette and was reported to have ectopic cre-mediated recombination. In this study, we generated a Dyt1 Ch2KO mouse line by removing the neomycin cassette in Dyt1 Ch1KO mice. The Dyt1 Ch2KO mice showed abnormal paw clenching behavior, motor coordination and balance deficits, impaired motor learning, reduced striatal choline acetyltransferase protein level, and a reduced number of striatal ChIs. Furthermore, the mutant striatal ChIs had a normal muscarinic inhibitory function, impaired quinpirole-mediated inhibition, and altered current density. Our findings demonstrate a cell-autonomous effect of Dyt1 deletion on the striatal ChIs and a critical role for the striatal ChIs and corticostriatal pathway in the pathogenesis of DYT1 dystonia.
Collapse
|
22
|
Knorr S, Rauschenberger L, Pasos UR, Friedrich MU, Peach RL, Grundmann-Hauser K, Ott T, O'Leary A, Reif A, Tovote P, Volkmann J, Ip CW. The evolution of dystonia-like movements in TOR1A rats after transient nerve injury is accompanied by dopaminergic dysregulation and abnormal oscillatory activity of a central motor network. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 154:105337. [PMID: 33753289 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
TOR1A is the most common inherited form of dystonia with still unclear pathophysiology and reduced penetrance of 30-40%. ∆ETorA rats mimic the TOR1A disease by expression of the human TOR1A mutation without presenting a dystonic phenotype. We aimed to induce dystonia-like symptoms in male ∆ETorA rats by peripheral nerve injury and to identify central mechanism of dystonia development. Dystonia-like movements (DLM) were assessed using the tail suspension test and implementing a pipeline of deep learning applications. Neuron numbers of striatal parvalbumin+, nNOS+, calretinin+, ChAT+ interneurons and Nissl+ cells were estimated by unbiased stereology. Striatal dopaminergic metabolism was analyzed via in vivo microdialysis, qPCR and western blot. Local field potentials (LFP) were recorded from the central motor network. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the entopeduncular nucleus (EP) was performed. Nerve-injured ∆ETorA rats developed long-lasting DLM over 12 weeks. No changes in striatal structure were observed. Dystonic-like ∆ETorA rats presented a higher striatal dopaminergic turnover and stimulus-induced elevation of dopamine efflux compared to the control groups. Higher LFP theta power in the EP of dystonic-like ∆ETorA compared to wt rats was recorded. Chronic EP-DBS over 3 weeks led to improvement of DLM. Our data emphasizes the role of environmental factors in TOR1A symptomatogenesis. LFP analyses indicate that the pathologically enhanced theta power is a physiomarker of DLM. This TOR1A model replicates key features of the human TOR1A pathology on multiple biological levels and is therefore suited for further analysis of dystonia pathomechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Knorr
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | | | - Uri Ramirez Pasos
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | | | - Robert L Peach
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Kathrin Grundmann-Hauser
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076, Germany; Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Thomas Ott
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076, Germany; Core Facility Transgenic Animals, University Hospital of Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Aet O'Leary
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60528, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60528, Germany
| | - Philip Tovote
- Systems Neurobiology, Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Versbacher Straße 5, 97080, Germany
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Chi Wang Ip
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, 97080, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu Y, Xing H, Yokoi F, Vaillancourt DE, Li Y. Investigating the role of striatal dopamine receptor 2 in motor coordination and balance: Insights into the pathogenesis of DYT1 dystonia. Behav Brain Res 2021; 403:113137. [PMID: 33476687 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
DYT1 or DYT-TOR1A dystonia is early-onset, generalized dystonia. Most DYT1 dystonia patients have a heterozygous trinucleotide GAG deletion in DYT1 or TOR1A gene, with a loss of a glutamic acid residue of the protein torsinA. DYT1 dystonia patients show reduced striatal dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) binding activity. We previously reported reduced striatal D2R proteins and impaired corticostriatal plasticity in Dyt1 ΔGAG heterozygous knock-in (Dyt1 KI) mice. It remains unclear how the D2R reduction contributes to the pathogenesis of DYT1 dystonia. Recent knockout studies indicate that D2R on cholinergic interneurons (Chls) has a significant role in corticostriatal plasticity, while D2R on medium spiny neurons (MSNs) plays a minor role. To determine how reduced D2Rs on ChIs and MSNs affect motor performance, we generated ChI- or MSN-specific D2R conditional knockout mice (Drd2 ChKO or Drd2 sKO). The striatal ChIs in the Drd2 ChKO mice showed an increased firing frequency and impaired quinpirole-induced inhibition, suggesting a reduced D2R function on the ChIs. Drd2 ChKO mice had an age-dependent deficient performance on the beam-walking test similar to the Dyt1 KI mice. The Drd2 sKO mice, conversely, had a deficit on the rotarod but not the beam-walking test. Our findings suggest that D2Rs on Chls and MSNs have critical roles in motor control and balance. The similarity of the beam-walking deficit between the Drd2 ChKO and Dyt1 KI mice supports our earlier notion that D2R reduction on striatal ChIs contributes to the pathophysiology and the motor symptoms of DYT1 dystonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Liu
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Hong Xing
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Fumiaki Yokoi
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - David E Vaillancourt
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yuqing Li
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Melis C, Beauvais G, Muntean BS, Cirnaru MD, Otrimski G, Creus-Muncunill J, Martemyanov KA, Gonzalez-Alegre P, Ehrlich ME. Striatal Dopamine Induced ERK Phosphorylation Is Altered in Mouse Models of Monogenic Dystonia. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1147-1157. [PMID: 33458877 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Similar to some monogenic forms of dystonia, levodopa-induced dyskinesia is a hyperkinetic movement disorder with abnormal nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurotransmission. Molecularly, it is characterized by hyper-induction of phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase in response to dopamine in medium spiny neurons of the direct pathway. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to determine if mouse models of monogenic dystonia exhibit molecular features of levodopa-induced dyskinesia. METHODS Western blotting and quantitative immunofluorescence was used to assay baseline and/or dopamine-induced levels of the phosphorylated kinase in the striatum in mouse models of DYT1, DYT6, and DYT25 expressing a reporter in dopamine D1 receptor-expressing projection neurons. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) immunoassay and adenylyl cyclase activity assays were also performed. RESULTS In DYT1 and DYT6 models, blocking dopamine reuptake with cocaine leads to enhanced extracellular signal-related kinase phosphorylation in dorsomedial striatal medium spiny neurons in the direct pathway, which is abolished by pretreatment with the N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist MK-801. Phosphorylation is decreased in a model of DYT25. Levels of basal and stimulated cAMP and adenylyl cyclase activity were normal in the DYT1 and DYT6 mice and decreased in the DYT25 mice. Oxotremorine induced increased abnormal movements in the DYT1 knock-in mice. CONCLUSIONS The increased dopamine induction of extracellular signal-related kinase phosphorylation in 2 genetic types of dystonia, similar to what occurs in levodopa-induced dyskinesia, and its decrease in a third, suggests that abnormal signal transduction in response to dopamine in the postsynaptic nigrostriatal pathway might be a point of convergence for dystonia and other hyperkinetic movement disorders, potentially offering common therapeutic targets. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Melis
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Genevieve Beauvais
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian S Muntean
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Maria-Daniela Cirnaru
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Garrett Otrimski
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jordi Creus-Muncunill
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kirill A Martemyanov
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Neurology, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michelle E Ehrlich
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Butkovich LM, Houser MC, Chalermpalanupap T, Porter-Stransky KA, Iannitelli AF, Boles JS, Lloyd GM, Coomes AS, Eidson LN, De Sousa Rodrigues ME, Oliver DL, Kelly SD, Chang J, Bengoa-Vergniory N, Wade-Martins R, Giasson BI, Joers V, Weinshenker D, Tansey MG. Transgenic Mice Expressing Human α-Synuclein in Noradrenergic Neurons Develop Locus Ceruleus Pathology and Nonmotor Features of Parkinson's Disease. J Neurosci 2020; 40:7559-7576. [PMID: 32868457 PMCID: PMC7511194 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1468-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of locus ceruleus (LC) neurons and dysregulation of noradrenergic signaling are ubiquitous features of Parkinson's disease (PD). The LC is among the first brain regions affected by α-synuclein (asyn) pathology, yet how asyn affects these neurons remains unclear. LC-derived norepinephrine (NE) can stimulate neuroprotective mechanisms and modulate immune cells, while dysregulation of NE neurotransmission may exacerbate disease progression, particularly nonmotor symptoms, and contribute to the chronic neuroinflammation associated with PD pathology. Although transgenic mice overexpressing asyn have previously been developed, transgene expression is usually driven by pan-neuronal promoters and thus has not been selectively targeted to LC neurons. Here we report a novel transgenic mouse expressing human wild-type asyn under control of the noradrenergic-specific dopamine β-hydroxylase promoter (DBH-hSNCA). These mice developed oligomeric and conformation-specific asyn in LC neurons, alterations in hippocampal and LC microglial abundance, upregulated GFAP expression, degeneration of LC fibers, decreased striatal DA metabolism, and age-dependent behaviors reminiscent of nonmotor symptoms of PD that were rescued by adrenergic receptor antagonists. These mice provide novel insights into how asyn pathology affects LC neurons and how central noradrenergic dysfunction may contribute to early PD pathophysiology.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT ɑ-Synuclein (asyn) pathology and loss of neurons in the locus ceruleus (LC) are two of the most ubiquitous neuropathologic features of Parkinson's disease (PD). Dysregulated norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmission is associated with the nonmotor symptoms of PD, including sleep disturbances, emotional changes such as anxiety and depression, and cognitive decline. Importantly, the loss of central NE may contribute to the chronic inflammation in, and progression of, PD. We have generated a novel transgenic mouse expressing human asyn in LC neurons to investigate how increased asyn expression affects the function of the central noradrenergic transmission and associated behaviors. We report cytotoxic effects of oligomeric and conformation-specific asyn, astrogliosis, LC fiber degeneration, disruptions in striatal dopamine metabolism, and age-dependent alterations in nonmotor behaviors without inclusions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Termpanit Chalermpalanupap
- Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Kirsten A Porter-Stransky
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008
| | - Alexa F Iannitelli
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Jake S Boles
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Grace M Lloyd
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Alexandra S Coomes
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Lori N Eidson
- Department of Physiology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | | | | | - Sean D Kelly
- Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Jianjun Chang
- Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Nora Bengoa-Vergniory
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, United Kingdom
| | - Benoit I Giasson
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - Valerie Joers
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Malú Gámez Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610
- Susan and Normal Fixel Chair in Parkinson's Disease, Normal Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, Florida 32610
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Helmschrodt C, Becker S, Perl S, Schulz A, Richter A. Development of a fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous quantification of neurotransmitters in murine microdialysate. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:7777-7787. [PMID: 32939566 PMCID: PMC7550289 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02906-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The continuous measurement of multiple neurotransmitters in microdialysate of freely moving mice to study neurochemical changes in specific brain regions requires a rapid and very sensitive quantitative analytical method. The quantitative analysis of 11 neurotransmitters and metabolites, including serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), melatonin (ME), dopamine (DA), levodopa (l-DOPA), 3-methoxytyramine (3-MT), norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EP), acetylcholine (ACh), choline (Ch), and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was performed using a biphenyl column coupled to an API-QTrap 3200 (AB SCIEX) mass spectrometer in positive electrospray ionization mode. To the microdialysate samples, 0.5 ng of isotopically labeled standard was added for analyte quantification. A rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous analysis of monoamines, their precursor, and metabolites, as well as ACh, Ch, and GABA in murine microdialysate within 7.0 min. The limit of detection in artificial CSF ranged from 0.005 ng/mL (ME) to 0.75 ng/mL (NE and GABA). A comprehensive pre-analytical protocol was validated. Recovery was between 87 and 117% for neurotransmitter concentrations from 0.6 to 45 ng/mL with an inter-day accuracy of below 20%. Basal neurotransmitter values were determined in the striatum of mice over a time period of 3 h. This LC-MS/MS method, including a short and gentle sample preparation, is suitable for simultaneous measurements of neurotransmitters in murine cerebral microdialysate and enables the determination of basal neurotransmitter levels in specific brain regions to detect disease-related and drug-induced neurochemical changes. Graphical abstract![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christin Helmschrodt
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Susen Becker
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Perl
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angelika Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Enhancement of fast scan cyclic voltammetry detection of dopamine with tryptophan-modified electrodes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235407. [PMID: 32649670 PMCID: PMC7351191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) allows for real -time analysis of phasic neurotransmitter levels. Tryptophan (TRP) is an aromatic amino acid responsible for facilitating electron transfer kinetics in oxidoreductase enzymes. Previous work with TRP-modified electrodes showed increased sensitivity for cyclic voltammetry detection of dopamine (DA) when used with slower scan rates (0.05 V/s). Here, we outline an in vitro proof of concept for TRP-modified electrodes in FSCV detection of DA, and decreased sensitivity for ascorbic acid (AA). TRP-modified electrodes had a limit of detection (LOD) for DA of 2.480 ± 0.343 nM compared to 8.348 ± 0.405 nM for an uncoated electrode. Selectivity for DA/ascorbic acid (AA) was 1.107 ± 0.3643 for uncoated and 15.57 ± 4.184 for TRP-modified electrodes. Additionally, these TRP-modified electrodes demonstrated reproducibility when exposed to extended cycling. TRP-modified electrodes will provide an effective modification to increase sensitivity for DA.
Collapse
|
28
|
Strickland R, Landis EG, Pardue MT. Short-Wavelength (Violet) Light Protects Mice From Myopia Through Cone Signaling. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:13. [PMID: 32049342 PMCID: PMC7326482 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.2.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Exposure to short-wavelength light influences refractive development and inhibits myopic development in many animal models. Retinal mechanisms underlying this response remain unknown. This study used a mouse model of lens-induced myopia to evaluate the effect of different wavelength light on refractive development and dopamine levels in the retina. A possible retinal pathway is tested using a mutant mouse with dysfunctional cones. Methods Wild-type C57BL/6J (WT) and ALS/LtJ/Gnat2cpfl3 (Gnat2−/−) mice were exposed to one of three different light conditions beginning at postnatal day 28: broad-spectrum “white” (420-680 nm), medium wavelength “green” (525 ± 40 nm), and short wavelength “violet” (400 ± 20 nm). One-half of the mice received hyperopic lens defocus. All mice were exposed to the light for 4 weeks; animals were measured weekly for refractive error and axial parameters. Retinal dopamine and the dopamine metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were measured by HPLC. Results In WT mice, short-wavelength violet light induced hyperopia and violet light inhibited lens-induced myopia when compared with mice exposed to white light. Hyperopia could be attributed to shallower vitreous chambers in WT animals. There were no changes in the levels of dopamine or its metabolite. In Gnat2−/− mice, violet light did not induce hyperopia or inhibit lens-induced myopia. Conclusions These findings show that short-wavelength light slows refractive eye growth, producing hyperopic responses in mice and inhibiting lens-induced myopia. The lack of inhibition in mice with dysfunctional cones suggests that cone signaling plays a role in the hyperopic response to short-wavelength (violet) light.
Collapse
|
29
|
Imbriani P, Ponterio G, Tassone A, Sciamanna G, El Atiallah I, Bonsi P, Pisani A. Models of dystonia: an update. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 339:108728. [PMID: 32289333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although dystonia represents the third most common movement disorder, its pathophysiology remains still poorly understood. In the past two decades, multiple models have been generated, improving our knowledge on the molecular and cellular bases of this heterogeneous group of movement disorders. In this short survey, we will focus on recently generated novel models of DYT1 dystonia, the most common form of genetic, "isolated" dystonia. These models clearly indicate the existence of multiple signaling pathways affected by the protein mutation causative of DYT1 dystonia, torsinA, paving the way for potentially multiple, novel targets for pharmacological intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Imbriani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - G Ponterio
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - A Tassone
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - G Sciamanna
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - I El Atiallah
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - P Bonsi
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - A Pisani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
D’Angelo V, Paldino E, Cardarelli S, Sorge R, Fusco FR, Biagioni S, Mercuri NB, Giorgi M, Sancesario G. Dystonia: Sparse Synapses for D2 Receptors in Striatum of a DYT1 Knock-out Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031073. [PMID: 32041188 PMCID: PMC7037849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia pathophysiology has been partly linked to downregulation and dysfunction of dopamine D2 receptors in striatum. We aimed to investigate the possible morpho-structural correlates of D2 receptor downregulation in the striatum of a DYT1 Tor1a mouse model. Adult control Tor1a+/+ and mutant Tor1a+/− mice were used. The brains were perfused and free-floating sections of basal ganglia were incubated with polyclonal anti-D2 antibody, followed by secondary immune-fluorescent antibody. Confocal microscopy was used to detect immune-fluorescent signals. The same primary antibody was used to evaluate D2 receptor expression by western blot. The D2 receptor immune-fluorescence appeared circumscribed in small disks (~0.3–0.5 µm diameter), likely representing D2 synapse aggregates, densely distributed in the striatum of Tor1a+/+ mice. In the Tor1a+/− mice the D2 aggregates were significantly smaller (µm2 2.4 ± SE 0.16, compared to µm2 6.73 ± SE 3.41 in Tor1a+/+) and sparse, with ~30% less number per microscopic field, value correspondent to the amount of reduced D2 expression in western blotting analysis. In DYT1 mutant mice the sparse and small D2 synapses in the striatum may be insufficient to “gate” the amount of presynaptic dopamine release diffusing in peri-synaptic space, and this consequently may result in a timing and spatially larger nonselective sphere of influence of dopamine action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza D’Angelo
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (V.D.)
| | - Emanuela Paldino
- Santa Lucia Foundation, via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Cardarelli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy (S.B.)
| | - Roberto Sorge
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (V.D.)
| | | | - Stefano Biagioni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy (S.B.)
| | - Nicola Biagio Mercuri
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (V.D.)
- Santa Lucia Foundation, via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Giorgi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy (S.B.)
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (G.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Sancesario
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (V.D.)
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (G.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Increased endogenous dopamine prevents myopia in mice. Exp Eye Res 2020; 193:107956. [PMID: 32032629 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.107956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Experimental evidence suggests that dopamine (DA) modulates refractive eye growth. We evaluated whether increasing endogenous DA activity using pharmacological or genetic approaches decreased myopia susceptibility in mice. First, we assessed the effects of systemic L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) injections on form deprivation myopia (FDM) in C57BL/6 J (WTC57) mice. WTC57 mice received daily systemic injections of L-DOPA (n = 11), L-DOPA + ascorbic acid (AA, n = 22), AA (n = 20), or Saline (n = 16). Second, we tested transgenic mice with increased or decreased expression of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2HI, n = 22; WTHI, n = 18; VMAT2LO, n = 18; or WTLO, n = 9) under normal and form deprivation conditions. VMAT2 packages DA into vesicles, affecting DA release. At post-natal day 28 (P28), monocular FD was induced in each genotype. Weekly measurements of refractive error, corneal curvature, and ocular biometry were performed until P42 or P49. WTC57 mice exposed to FD developed a significant myopic shift (treated-contralateral eye) in AA (-3.27 ± 0.73D) or saline (-3.71 ± 0.80D) treated groups that was significantly attenuated by L-DOPA (-0.73 ± 0.90D, p = 0.0002) or L-DOPA + AA (-0.11 ± 0.46D, p = 0.0103). The VMAT2LO mice, with under-expression of VMAT2, were most susceptible to FDM. VMAT2LO mice developed significant myopic shifts to FD after one week compared to VMAT2HI and WT mice (VMAT2LO: -5.48 ± 0.54D; VMAT2HI: -0.52 ± 0.92D, p < 0.05; WT: -2.13 ± 0.78D, p < 0.05; ungoggled control: -0.22 ± 0.24D, p < 0.001). These results indicate that endogenously increasing DA synthesis and release by genetic and pharmacological methods prevents FDM in mice.
Collapse
|
32
|
Yokoi F, Oleas J, Xing H, Liu Y, Dexter KM, Misztal C, Gerard M, Efimenko I, Lynch P, Villanueva M, Alsina R, Krishnaswamy S, Vaillancourt DE, Li Y. Decreased number of striatal cholinergic interneurons and motor deficits in dopamine receptor 2-expressing-cell-specific Dyt1 conditional knockout mice. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 134:104638. [PMID: 31618684 PMCID: PMC7323754 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
DYT1 early-onset generalized torsion dystonia is a hereditary movement disorder characterized by abnormal postures and repeated movements. It is caused mainly by a heterozygous trinucleotide deletion in DYT1/TOR1A, coding for torsinA. The mutation may lead to a partial loss of torsinA function. Functional alterations of the basal ganglia circuits have been implicated in this disease. Striatal dopamine receptor 2 (D2R) levels are significantly decreased in DYT1 dystonia patients and in the animal models of DYT1 dystonia. D2R-expressing cells, such as the medium spiny neurons in the indirect pathway, striatal cholinergic interneurons, and dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia circuits, contribute to motor performance. However, the function of torsinA in these neurons and its contribution to the motor symptoms is not clear. Here, D2R-expressing-cell-specific Dyt1 conditional knockout (d2KO) mice were generated and in vivo effects of torsinA loss in the corresponding cells were examined. The Dyt1 d2KO mice showed significant reductions of striatal torsinA, acetylcholine metabolic enzymes, Tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA), and cholinergic interneurons. The Dyt1 d2KO mice also showed significant reductions of striatal D2R dimers and tyrosine hydroxylase without significant alteration in striatal monoamine contents or the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The Dyt1 d2KO male mice showed motor deficits in the accelerated rotarod and beam-walking tests without overt dystonic symptoms. Moreover, the Dyt1 d2KO male mice showed significant correlations between striatal monoamines and locomotion. The results suggest that torsinA in the D2R-expressing cells play a critical role in the development or survival of the striatal cholinergic interneurons, expression of striatal D2R mature form, and motor performance. Medical interventions to compensate for the loss of torsinA function in these neurons may affect the onset and symptoms of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Yokoi
- Norman Fixel Institue for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, United States.
| | - Janneth Oleas
- Norman Fixel Institue for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, United States
| | - Hong Xing
- Norman Fixel Institue for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, United States
| | - Yuning Liu
- Norman Fixel Institue for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, United States
| | - Kelly M Dexter
- Norman Fixel Institue for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, United States
| | - Carly Misztal
- Norman Fixel Institue for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, United States
| | - Melinda Gerard
- Norman Fixel Institue for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, United States
| | - Iakov Efimenko
- Norman Fixel Institue for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, United States
| | - Patrick Lynch
- Norman Fixel Institue for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, United States
| | - Matthew Villanueva
- Norman Fixel Institue for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, United States
| | - Raul Alsina
- Norman Fixel Institue for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, United States
| | - Shiv Krishnaswamy
- Norman Fixel Institue for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, United States
| | - David E Vaillancourt
- Laboratory for Rehabilitation Neuroscience, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-8205, United States; J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-8205, United States; Department of Neurology and Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-8205, United States
| | - Yuqing Li
- Norman Fixel Institue for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0236, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yokoi F, Jiang F, Dexter K, Salvato B, Li Y. Improved survival and overt "dystonic" symptoms in a torsinA hypofunction mouse model. Behav Brain Res 2019; 381:112451. [PMID: 31891745 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
DYT1 dystonia is an inherited movement disorder without obvious neurodegeneration. Multiple mutant mouse models exhibit motor deficits without overt "dystonic" symptoms and neurodegeneration. However, some mouse models do. Among the later models, the N-CKO mouse model, which has a heterozygous Tor1a/Dyt1 knockout (KO) in one allele and Nestin-cre-mediated conditional KO in the other, exhibits a severe lack of weight gain, neurodegeneration, overt "dystonic" symptoms, such as overt leg extension, weak walking, twisted hindpaw and stiff hindlimb, and complete infantile lethality. However, it is not clear if the overt dystonic symptoms were caused by the neurodegeneration in the dying N-CKO mice. Here, the effects of improved maternal care and nutrition during early life on the symptoms in N-CKO mice were analyzed by culling the litter and providing wet food to examine whether the overt dystonic symptoms and severe lack of weight gain are caused by malnutrition-related neurodegeneration. Although the N-CKO mice in this study replicated the severe lack of weight gain and overt "dystonic" symptoms during the lactation period regardless of culling at postnatal day zero or later, there was no significant difference in the brain astrocytes and apoptosis between the N-CKO and control mice. Moreover, more than half of the N-CKO mice with culling survived past the lactation period. The surviving adult N-CKO mice did not display overt "dystonic" symptoms, and in addition they still exhibited small body weight. The results suggest that the overt "dystonic" symptoms in the N-CKO mice were independent of prominent neurodegeneration, which negates the role of neurodegeneration in the pathogenesis of DYT1 dystonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Yokoi
- Department of Neurology and Norman Fixel Institute of Neurological Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Fangfang Jiang
- Department of Neurology and Norman Fixel Institute of Neurological Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Kelly Dexter
- Department of Neurology and Norman Fixel Institute of Neurological Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bryan Salvato
- Department of Neurology and Norman Fixel Institute of Neurological Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yuqing Li
- Department of Neurology and Norman Fixel Institute of Neurological Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Freezing of Gait can persist after an acute levodopa challenge in Parkinson's disease. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2019; 5:25. [PMID: 31799377 PMCID: PMC6874572 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-019-0099-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Study objectives included testing whether presumed levodopa-unresponsive freezing of gait (FOG) in Parkinson's disease (PD) actually persists in the presence of adequate dopaminergic dosing and to investigate whether the presence of other parkinsonian features and their responsiveness to therapy varies across patients without FOG (NO-FOG), with levodopa-responsive FOG (OFF-FOG), and with levodopa-unresponsive FOG (ONOFF-FOG). Fifty-five PD patients completed levodopa challenges after >12-h OFF with supratherapeutic doses of dopaminergic medications. Observed responses in FOG, measured with MDS-UPDRS-III during the patient reported full "ON", were used to classify them as NO-FOG, OFF-FOG, or ONOFF-FOG. Serum levodopa levels were measured. Only those with ≥20% improvement in MDS-UPDRS-III score were included in analyses. Levodopa challenge was sufficient to bring about a full "ON" state with ≥20% improvement in 45 patients. Levodopa-equivalent-dose utilized was 142 ± 56% of patients' typical morning doses. Overall, 19/45 patients exhibited FOG in the full "ON" state (ONOFF-FOG), 11 were classified as OFF-FOG, and 15 NO-FOG. Linear mixed models revealed a highly significant association between serum levodopa level and total MDS-UPDRS-III score that was similar across groups. The ONOFF-FOG group exhibited significantly higher New-FOG-questionnaire and MDS-UPDRS-II scores compared to the OFF-FOG group. Among MDS-UPDRS-III subdomains significant effects of group (highest in ONOFF-FOG) were identified for other axial parkinsonian features. We found that FOG can persist in the full "ON" state brought about by ample dopaminergic dosing in PD. Other axial measures can also be levodopa-unresponsive among those with ONOFF-FOG only. These data provide evidence that ONOFF-FOG is distinct from responsive freezing.
Collapse
|
35
|
A Novel Transgenic Mouse Model to Investigate the Cell-Autonomous Effects of torsinA(ΔE) Expression in Striatal Output Neurons. Neuroscience 2019; 422:1-11. [PMID: 31669362 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dystonia is a disabling neurological syndrome characterized by abnormal movements and postures that result from intermittent or sustained involuntary muscle contractions; mutations of DYT1/TOR1A are the most common cause of childhood-onset, generalized, inherited dystonia. Patient and mouse model data strongly support dysregulation of the nigrostriatal dopamine neurotransmission circuit in the presence of the DYT1-causing mutation. To determine striatal medium spiny neuron (MSN) cell-autonomous and non-cell autonomous effects relevant to dopamine transmission, we created a transgenic mouse in which expression of mutant torsinA in forebrain is restricted to MSNs. We assayed electrically evoked and cocaine-enhanced dopamine release and locomotor activity, dopamine uptake, gene expression of dopamine-associated neuropeptides and receptors, and response to the muscarinic cholinergic antagonist, trihexyphenidyl. We found that over-expression of mutant torsinA in MSNs produces complex cell-autonomous and non-cell autonomous alterations in nigrostriatal dopaminergic and intrastriatal cholinergic function, similar to that found in pan-cellular DYT1 mouse models. These data introduce targets for future studies to identify which are causative and which are compensatory in DYT1 dystonia, and thereby aid in defining appropriate therapies.
Collapse
|
36
|
Jinnah H, Sun YV. Dystonia genes and their biological pathways. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 129:159-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
|
37
|
Ribot B, Aupy J, Vidailhet M, Mazère J, Pisani A, Bezard E, Guehl D, Burbaud P. Dystonia and dopamine: From phenomenology to pathophysiology. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 182:101678. [PMID: 31404592 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A line of evidence suggests that the pathophysiology of dystonia involves the striatum, whose activity is modulated among other neurotransmitters, by the dopaminergic system. However, the link between dystonia and dopamine appears complex and remains unclear. Here, we propose a physiological approach to investigate the clinical and experimental data supporting a role of the dopaminergic system in the pathophysiology of dystonic syndromes. Because dystonia is a disorder of motor routines, we first focus on the role of dopamine and striatum in procedural learning. Second, we consider the phenomenology of dystonia from every angle in order to search for features giving food for thought regarding the pathophysiology of the disorder. Then, for each dystonic phenotype, we review, when available, the experimental and imaging data supporting a connection with the dopaminergic system. Finally, we propose a putative model in which the different phenotypes could be explained by changes in the balance between the direct and indirect striato-pallidal pathways, a process critically controlled by the level of dopamine within the striatum. Search strategy and selection criteria References for this article were identified through searches in PubMed with the search terms « dystonia », « dopamine", « striatum », « basal ganglia », « imaging data », « animal model », « procedural learning », « pathophysiology », and « plasticity » from 1998 until 2018. Articles were also identified through searches of the authors' own files. Only selected papers published in English were reviewed. The final reference list was generated on the basis of originality and relevance to the broad scope of this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Ribot
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jérome Aupy
- Service de Neurophysiologie Clinique, Hôpital Pellegrin, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- AP-HP, Department of Neurology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière UPMC Univ Paris 6 UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Paris, France
| | - Joachim Mazère
- Université de Bordeaux, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; Service de médecine nucléaire, CHU de Bordeaux, France
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Department of Neuroscience, University "Tor Vergata'', Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, Fondazione Santa Lucia I.R.C.C.S., Rome, Italy
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Dominique Guehl
- Service de Neurophysiologie Clinique, Hôpital Pellegrin, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Burbaud
- Service de Neurophysiologie Clinique, Hôpital Pellegrin, place Amélie-Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Diverse Mechanisms Lead to Common Dysfunction of Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons in Distinct Genetic Mouse Models of Dystonia. J Neurosci 2019; 39:7195-7205. [PMID: 31320448 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0407-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and experimental data indicate striatal cholinergic dysfunction in dystonia, a movement disorder typically resulting in twisted postures via abnormal muscle contraction. Three forms of isolated human dystonia result from mutations in the TOR1A (DYT1), THAP1 (DYT6), and GNAL (DYT25) genes. Experimental models carrying these mutations facilitate identification of possible shared cellular mechanisms. Recently, we reported elevated extracellular striatal acetylcholine by in vivo microdialysis and paradoxical excitation of cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) by dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) agonism using ex vivo slice electrophysiology in Dyt1 ΔGAG/+ mice. The paradoxical excitation was caused by overactive muscarinic receptors (mAChRs), leading to a switch in D2R coupling from canonical Gi/o to noncanonical β-arrestin signaling. We sought to determine whether these mechanisms in Dyt1 ΔGAG/+ mice are shared with Thap1 C54Y/+ knock-in and Gnal +/- knock-out dystonia models and to determine the impact of sex. We found Thap1 C54Y/+ mice of both sexes have elevated extracellular striatal acetylcholine and D2R-induced paradoxical ChI excitation, which was reversed by mAChR inhibition. Elevated extracellular acetylcholine was absent in male and female Gnal +/- mice, but the paradoxical D2R-mediated ChI excitation was retained and only reversed by inhibition of adenosine A2ARs. The Gi/o-preferring D2R agonist failed to increase ChI excitability, suggesting a possible switch in coupling of D2Rs to β-arrestin, as seen previously in a DYT1 model. These data show that, whereas elevated extracellular acetylcholine levels are not always detected across these genetic models of human dystonia, the D2R-mediated paradoxical excitation of ChIs is shared and is caused by altered function of distinct G-protein-coupled receptors.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Dystonia is a common and often disabling movement disorder. The usual medical treatment of dystonia is pharmacotherapy with nonselective antagonists of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, which have many undesirable side effects. Development of new therapeutics is a top priority for dystonia research. The current findings, considered in context with our previous investigations, establish a role for cholinergic dysfunction across three mouse models of human genetic dystonia: DYT1, DYT6, and DYT25. The commonality of cholinergic dysfunction in these models arising from diverse molecular etiologies points the way to new approaches for cholinergic modulation that may be broadly applicable in dystonia.
Collapse
|
39
|
Gonzalez-Alegre P. Advances in molecular and cell biology of dystonia: Focus on torsinA. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:233-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
40
|
Frederick NM, Shah PV, Didonna A, Langley MR, Kanthasamy AG, Opal P. Loss of the dystonia gene Thap1 leads to transcriptional deficits that converge on common pathogenic pathways in dystonic syndromes. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:1343-1356. [PMID: 30590536 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by involuntary and repetitive co-contractions of agonist and antagonist muscles. Dystonia 6 (DYT6) is an autosomal dominant dystonia caused by loss-of-function mutations in the zinc finger transcription factor THAP1. We have generated Thap1 knock-out mice with a view to understanding its transcriptional role. While germ-line deletion of Thap1 is embryonic lethal, mice lacking one Thap1 allele-which in principle should recapitulate the haploinsufficiency of the human syndrome-do not show a discernable phenotype. This is because mice show autoregulation of Thap1 mRNA levels with upregulation at the non-affected locus. We then deleted Thap1 in glial and neuronal precursors using a nestin-conditional approach. Although these mice do not exhibit dystonia, they show pronounced locomotor deficits reflecting derangements in the cerebellar and basal ganglia circuitry. These behavioral features are associated with alterations in the expression of genes involved in nervous system development, synaptic transmission, cytoskeleton, gliosis and dopamine signaling that link DYT6 to other primary and secondary dystonic syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alessandro Didonna
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Monica R Langley
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- Parkinson Disorders Research Program, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Puneet Opal
- Davee Department of Neurology.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Pirio Richardson S, Jinnah HA. New approaches to discovering drugs that treat dystonia. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:893-900. [PMID: 31159587 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1623785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Dystonia consists of involuntary movements, abnormal posturing, and pain. In adults, dystonia presents in a particular region of the body and causes significant disability due to pain as well as impairment in activities of daily living and employment. The current gold standard treatment, botulinum toxin (BoNT), has limitations - painful, frequent injections due to 'wearing off' of treatment effect; expense; and expected side effects like swallowing difficulty and weakness. There is a clear therapeutic gap in our current treatment options for dystonia and also a clear need for an effective novel treatment. Testing any novel treatment is complicated because most adults with focal dystonia are treated with BoNT. Areas covered: This review focuses on establishing the need for novel therapeutics. It also suggests potential leads from preclinical studies; and, discusses the issue of clinical trial readiness in the dystonia field. Expert opinion: Identifying a novel therapeutic intervention for dystonia patients faces two major challenges. The first is acknowledging the therapeutic gap that currently exists. Second, shifting some of our research aims in dystonia to clinical trial readiness is imperative if we are to be ready to test novel therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Pirio Richardson
- a Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center , Albuquerque , NM , USA.,b Neurology Service, New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health Care System , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - H A Jinnah
- c Departments of Neurology, Human Genetics & Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta , Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhunina OA, Yabbarov NG, Orekhov AN, Deykin AV. Modern approaches for modelling dystonia and Huntington's disease in vitro and in vivo. Int J Exp Pathol 2019; 100:64-71. [PMID: 31090117 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia associated with Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease or other neurodegenerative diseases substantially affects patients' quality of life and is a major health problem worldwide. The above-mentioned diseases are characterized by neurodegeneration accompanied by motor and cognitive impairment and often have complex aetiology. A frequent feature of these conditions is the abnormal accumulation of protein aggregates within specific neuronal populations in the affected brain regions. Familial neurodegenerative diseases are associated with a number of genetic mutations. Identification of these mutations allowed creation of modern model systems for studying neurodegeneration, either in cultured cells or in model animals. Animal models, especially mouse models, have contributed considerably to improving our understanding of the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. These models have allowed study of the pathogenic mechanisms and development of new disease-modifying strategies and therapeutic approaches. However, due to the complex nature of these pathologies and the irreversible damage that they cause to the neural tissue, effective therapies against neurodegeneration remain to be elaborated. In this review, we provide an overview of cellular and animal models developed for studying neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington's disease and dystonia of different origins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Zhunina
- JSC "Russian Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics and Therapy", Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita G Yabbarov
- JSC "Russian Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics and Therapy", Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia.,Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Downs AM, Fan X, Donsante C, Jinnah HA, Hess EJ. Trihexyphenidyl rescues the deficit in dopamine neurotransmission in a mouse model of DYT1 dystonia. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 125:115-122. [PMID: 30707939 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trihexyphenidyl, a nonselective muscarinic receptor antagonist, is the small molecule drug of choice for the treatment of DYT1 dystonia, but it is poorly tolerated due to significant side effects. A better understanding of the mechanism of action of trihexyphenidyl is needed for the development of improved treatments. Because DTY1 dystonia is associated with both abnormal cholinergic neurotransmission and abnormal dopamine regulation, we tested the hypothesis that trihexyphenidyl normalizes striatal dopamine release in a mouse model of DYT1 dystonia using ex vivo fast scan cyclic voltammetry and in vivo microdialysis. Trihexyphenidyl increased striatal dopamine release and efflux as assessed by ex vivo voltammetry and in vivo microdialysis respectively. In contrast, ʟ-DOPA, which is not usually effective for the treatment of DYT1 dystonia, did not increase dopamine release in either Dyt1 or control mice. Trihexyphenidyl was less effective at enhancing dopamine release in Dyt1 mice relative to controls ex vivo (mean increase WT: 65% vs Dyt1: 35%). Trihexyphenidyl required nicotinic receptors but not glutamate receptors to increase dopamine release. Dyt1 mice were more sensitive to the dopamine release decreasing effects of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonism (IC50: WT = 29.46 nM, Dyt1 = 12.26 nM) and less sensitive to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors suggesting that nicotinic acetylcholine receptor neurotransmission is altered in Dyt1 mice, that nicotinic receptors indirectly mediate the differential effects of trihexyphenidyl in Dyt1 mice, and that nicotinic receptors may be suitable therapeutic targets for DYT1 dystonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Downs
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB 6304, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xueliang Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB 6304, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Christine Donsante
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB 6304, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - H A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB 6304, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB 6300, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB 6300, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ellen J Hess
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB 6304, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB 6304, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Feng H, Larrivee CL, Demireva EY, Xie H, Leipprandt JR, Neubig RR. Mouse models of GNAO1-associated movement disorder: Allele- and sex-specific differences in phenotypes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211066. [PMID: 30682176 PMCID: PMC6347370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infants and children with dominant de novo mutations in GNAO1 exhibit movement disorders, epilepsy, or both. Children with loss-of-function (LOF) mutations exhibit Epileptiform Encephalopathy 17 (EIEE17). Gain-of-function (GOF) mutations or those with normal function are found in patients with Neurodevelopmental Disorder with Involuntary Movements (NEDIM). There is no animal model with a human mutant GNAO1 allele. OBJECTIVES Here we develop a mouse model carrying a human GNAO1 mutation (G203R) and determine whether the clinical features of patients with this GNAO1 mutation, which includes both epilepsy and movement disorder, would be evident in the mouse model. METHODS A mouse Gnao1 knock-in GOF mutation (G203R) was created by CRISPR/Cas9 methods. The resulting offspring and littermate controls were subjected to a battery of behavioral tests. A previously reported GOF mutant mouse knock-in (Gnao1+/G184S), which has not been found in patients, was also studied for comparison. RESULTS Gnao1+/G203R mutant mice are viable and gain weight comparably to controls. Homozygotes are non-viable. Grip strength was decreased in both males and females. Male Gnao1+/G203R mice were strongly affected in movement assays (RotaRod and DigiGait) while females were not. Male Gnao1+/G203R mice also showed enhanced seizure propensity in the pentylenetetrazole kindling test. Mice with a G184S GOF knock-in also showed movement-related behavioral phenotypes but females were more strongly affected than males. CONCLUSIONS Gnao1+/G203R mice phenocopy children with heterozygous GNAO1 G203R mutations, showing both movement disorder and a relatively mild epilepsy pattern. This mouse model should be useful in mechanistic and preclinical studies of GNAO1-related movement disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Feng
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Casandra L. Larrivee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Elena Y. Demireva
- Transgenic and Genome Editing Facility, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Huirong Xie
- Transgenic and Genome Editing Facility, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Jeff R. Leipprandt
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Richard R. Neubig
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Iacono D, Geraci-Erck M, Peng H, Rabin ML, Kurlan R. Hypertrophy of nigral neurons in Torsin1A deletion (DYT1) carriers manifesting dystonia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 58:63-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
46
|
Dystonia: Are animal models relevant in therapeutics? Rev Neurol (Paris) 2018; 174:608-614. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
47
|
Beauvais G, Watson JL, Aguirre JA, Tecedor L, Ehrlich ME, Gonzalez-Alegre P. Efficient RNA interference-based knockdown of mutant torsinA reveals reversibility of PERK-eIF2α pathway dysregulation in DYT1 transgenic rats in vivo. Brain Res 2018; 1706:24-31. [PMID: 30366018 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
DYT1 dystonia is a neurological disease caused by a dominant mutation that results in the loss of a glutamic acid in the endoplasmic reticulum-resident protein torsinA. Currently, treatments are symptomatic and only provide partial relief. Multiple reports support the hypothesis that selectively reducing expression of mutant torsinA without affecting levels of the wild type protein should be beneficial. Published cell-based studies support this hypothesis. It is unclear, however, if phenotypes are reversible by targeting the molecular defect once established in vivo. Here, we generated adeno-associated virus encoding artificial microRNA targeting human mutant torsinA and delivered them to the striatum of symptomatic transgenic rats that express the full human TOR1A mutant gene. We achieved efficient suppression of human mutant torsinA expression in DYT1 transgenic rats, partly reversing its accumulation in the nuclear envelope. This intervention rescued PERK-eIF2α pathway dysregulation in striatal projection neurons but not behavioral abnormalities. Moreover, we found abnormal expression of components of dopaminergic neurotransmission in DYT1 rat striatum, which were not normalized by suppressing mutant torsinA expression. Our findings demonstrate the reversibility of translational dysregulation in DYT1 neurons and confirm the presence of abnormal dopaminergic neurotransmission in DYT1 dystonia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Beauvais
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular & Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Jaime L Watson
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular & Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Jose A Aguirre
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Malaga, Malaga 29071, Spain
| | - Luis Tecedor
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular & Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Michelle E Ehrlich
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Pedro Gonzalez-Alegre
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular & Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Beauvais G, Rodriguez-Losada N, Ying L, Zakirova Z, Watson JL, Readhead B, Gadue P, French DL, Ehrlich ME, Gonzalez-Alegre P. Exploring the Interaction Between eIF2α Dysregulation, Acute Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and DYT1 Dystonia in the Mammalian Brain. Neuroscience 2018; 371:455-468. [PMID: 29289717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
49
|
Fan X, Donsante Y, Jinnah HA, Hess EJ. Dopamine Receptor Agonist Treatment of Idiopathic Dystonia: A Reappraisal in Humans and Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:20-26. [PMID: 29348266 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.246348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Although dystonia is often associated with abnormal dopamine neurotransmission, dopaminergic drugs are not currently used to treat dystonia because there is a general view that dopaminergic drugs are ineffective. However, there is little conclusive evidence to support or refute this assumption. Therefore, to assess the therapeutic potential of these compounds, we analyzed results from multiple trials of dopamine receptor agonists in patients with idiopathic dystonias and also tested the efficacy of dopamine receptor agonists in a mouse model of generalized dystonia. Our results suggest that dopamine receptor agonists were effective in some, but not all, patients tested. Further, the mixed D1/D2 dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine was apparently more effective than subtype selective D2 dopamine receptor agonists. However, rigorously controlled trials are still needed. In a mouse model of dystonia, a selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist was not effective while a selective D2 dopamine receptor had modest efficacy. However, when combined, these receptor-selective agonists acted synergistically to ameliorate the dystonia. Coactivation of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors using apomorphine or by increasing extracellular concentrations of dopamine was also effective. Thus, results from both clinical trials and tests in mice suggest that coactivation of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors may be an effective therapeutic strategy in some patients. These results support a reconsideration of dopamine receptors as targets for the treatment of dystonia, particularly because recent genetic and diagnostic advances may facilitate the identification of the subtypes of dystonia patients who respond and those who do not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Fan
- Department of Pharmacology (X.F., Y.D., E.J.H.), Department of Neurology (H.A.J., E.J.H.), and Department of Human Genetics (H.A.J.), School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yuping Donsante
- Department of Pharmacology (X.F., Y.D., E.J.H.), Department of Neurology (H.A.J., E.J.H.), and Department of Human Genetics (H.A.J.), School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - H A Jinnah
- Department of Pharmacology (X.F., Y.D., E.J.H.), Department of Neurology (H.A.J., E.J.H.), and Department of Human Genetics (H.A.J.), School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ellen J Hess
- Department of Pharmacology (X.F., Y.D., E.J.H.), Department of Neurology (H.A.J., E.J.H.), and Department of Human Genetics (H.A.J.), School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Effects of disulfiram on choice behavior in a rodent gambling task: association with catecholamine levels. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:23-35. [PMID: 29085979 PMCID: PMC5750121 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Gambling disorder is a growing societal concern, as recognized by its recent classification as an addictive disorder in the DSM-5. Case reports have shown that disulfiram reduces gambling-related behavior in humans. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present study was to determine whether disulfiram affects performance on a rat gambling task, a rodent version of the Iowa gambling task in humans, and whether any changes were associated with alterations in dopamine and/or norepinephrine levels. METHODS Rats were administered disulfiram prior to testing on the rat gambling task or prior to analysis of dopamine or norepinephrine levels in brain homogenates. Rats in the behavioral task were divided into two subgroups (optimal vs suboptimal) based on their baseline levels of performance in the rat gambling task. Rats in the optimal group chose the advantageous strategy more, and rats in the suboptimal group (a parallel to problem gambling) chose the disadvantageous strategy more. Rats were not divided into optimal or suboptimal groups prior to neurochemical analysis. RESULTS Disulfiram administered 2 h, but not 30 min, before the task dose-dependently improved choice behavior in the rats with an initial disadvantageous "gambling-like" strategy, while having no effect on the rats employing an advantageous strategy. The behavioral effects of disulfiram were associated with increased striatal dopamine and decreased striatal norepinephrine. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that combined actions on dopamine and norepinephrine may be a useful treatment for gambling disorders.
Collapse
|