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Chang Y, Zhu J, Li X, Deng Y, Lai B, Ma Y, Tong J, Liu H, Li J, Yang C, Chen Q, Lu C, Liang Y, Qi S, Wang X, Kong E. Palmitoylation regulates myelination by modulating the ZDHHC3-Cadm4 axis in the central nervous system. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:254. [PMID: 39327467 PMCID: PMC11427461 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01971-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The downregulation of Cadm4 (Cell adhesion molecular 4) is a prominent feature in demyelination diseases, yet, the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, we reveal that Cadm4 undergoes specific palmitoylation at cysteine-347 (C347), which is crucial for its stable localization on the plasma membrane (PM). Mutation of C347 to alanine (C347A), blocking palmitoylation, causes Cadm4 internalization from the PM and subsequent degradation. In vivo experiments introducing the C347A mutation (Cadm4-KI) lead to severe myelin abnormalities in the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by loss, demyelination, and hypermyelination. We further identify ZDHHC3 (Zinc finger DHHC-type palmitoyltransferase 3) as the enzyme responsible for catalyzing Cadm4 palmitoylation. Depletion of ZDHHC3 reduces Cadm4 palmitoylation and diminishes its PM localization. Remarkably, genetic deletion of ZDHHC3 results in decreased Cadm4 palmitoylation and defects in CNS myelination, phenocopying the Cadm4-KI mouse model. Consequently, altered Cadm4 palmitoylation impairs neuronal transmission and cognitive behaviors in both Cadm4-KI and ZDHHC3 knockout mice. Importantly, attenuated ZDHHC3-Cadm4 signaling significantly influences neuroinflammation in diverse demyelination diseases. Mechanistically, we demonstrate the predominant expression of Cadm4 in the oligodendrocyte lineage and its potential role in modulating cell differentiation via the WNT-β-Catenin pathway. Together, our findings propose that dysregulated ZDHHC3-Cadm4 signaling contributes to myelin abnormalities, suggesting a common pathological mechanism underlying demyelination diseases associated with neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Chang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Protein Palmitoylation and Major Human Diseases, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jiangli Zhu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and National Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yi Deng
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Protein Palmitoylation and Major Human Diseases, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Birou Lai
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Protein Palmitoylation and Major Human Diseases, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yidan Ma
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jia Tong
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Protein Palmitoylation and Major Human Diseases, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Huicong Liu
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Protein Palmitoylation and Major Human Diseases, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Protein Palmitoylation and Major Human Diseases, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Chenyu Yang
- Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiao Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chengbiao Lu
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Protein Palmitoylation and Major Human Diseases, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yinming Liang
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Protein Palmitoylation and Major Human Diseases, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Shiqian Qi
- Department of Urology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and National Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Eryan Kong
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Protein Palmitoylation and Major Human Diseases, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
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2
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Zhang H, Chen S, Li J, Yang H, Luo YB. Primary neurolymphomatosis with MAG antibody: a case report. BMC Neurol 2024; 24:320. [PMID: 39237863 PMCID: PMC11375887 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-024-03798-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurolymphomatosis (NL) is a rare neurologic manifestation of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) with poor prognosis. Investigations including MRI, PET/CT, nerve biopsy and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis can aid the diagnosis of NL. In this study, we presented a case of NL with co-existing myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) antibody. The patient first presented with symptoms of peripheral neuropathy involving multiple cranial nerves and cauda equina, and later developed obstructive hydrocephalus and deep matter lesions. He also had persistently positive MAG antibody, but did not develop electrophysiologically proven neuropathy and monoclonal immunoglobulin. The final brain biopsy confirmed diffuse large B cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglian Zhang
- Department of neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Jiangxi, National Regional Center for Neurological Diseases, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Yue-Bei Luo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China.
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3
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Klinkovskij A, Shepelev M, Isaakyan Y, Aniskin D, Ulasov I. Advances of Genome Editing with CRISPR/Cas9 in Neurodegeneration: The Right Path towards Therapy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3333. [PMID: 38137554 PMCID: PMC10741756 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The rate of neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs) is rising rapidly as the world's population ages. Conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and dementia are becoming more prevalent and are now the fourth leading cause of death, following heart disease, cancer, and stroke. Although modern diagnostic techniques for detecting NDDs are varied, scientists are continuously seeking new and improved methods to enable early and precise detection. In addition to that, the present treatment options are limited to symptomatic therapy, which is effective in reducing the progression of neurodegeneration but lacks the ability to target the root cause-progressive loss of neuronal functioning. As a result, medical researchers continue to explore new treatments for these conditions. Here, we present a comprehensive summary of the key features of NDDs and an overview of the underlying mechanisms of neuroimmune dysfunction. Additionally, we dive into the cutting-edge treatment options that gene therapy provides in the quest to treat these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Klinkovskij
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostics, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, World-Class Research Centre “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.K.); (D.A.)
| | - Mikhail Shepelev
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilova Str., Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Yuri Isaakyan
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 8 Trubetskaya Str., Moscow 119991, Russia;
| | - Denis Aniskin
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostics, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, World-Class Research Centre “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.K.); (D.A.)
| | - Ilya Ulasov
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostics, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, World-Class Research Centre “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (A.K.); (D.A.)
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Steyer AM, Buscham TJ, Lorenz C, Hümmert S, Eichel-Vogel MA, Schadt LC, Edgar JM, Köster S, Möbius W, Nave KA, Werner HB. Focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy links pathological myelin outfoldings to axonal changes in mice lacking Plp1 or Mag. Glia 2023; 71:509-523. [PMID: 36354016 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Healthy myelin sheaths consist of multiple compacted membrane layers closely encasing the underlying axon. The ultrastructure of CNS myelin requires specialized structural myelin proteins, including the transmembrane-tetraspan proteolipid protein (PLP) and the Ig-CAM myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG). To better understand their functional relevance, we asked to what extent the axon/myelin-units display similar morphological changes if PLP or MAG are lacking. We thus used focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) to re-investigate axon/myelin-units side-by-side in Plp- and Mag-null mutant mice. By three-dimensional reconstruction and morphometric analyses, pathological myelin outfoldings extend up to 10 μm longitudinally along myelinated axons in both models. More than half of all assessed outfoldings emerge from internodal myelin. Unexpectedly, three-dimensional reconstructions demonstrated that both models displayed complex axonal pathology underneath the myelin outfoldings, including axonal sprouting. Axonal anastomosing was additionally observed in Plp-null mutant mice. Importantly, normal-appearing axon/myelin-units displayed significantly increased axonal diameters in both models according to quantitative assessment of electron micrographs. These results imply that healthy CNS myelin sheaths facilitate normal axonal diameters and shape, a function that is impaired when structural myelin proteins PLP or MAG are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Steyer
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Electron Microscopy-City Campus, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias J Buscham
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Charlotta Lorenz
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sophie Hümmert
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maria A Eichel-Vogel
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Leonie C Schadt
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia M Edgar
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sarah Köster
- Institute for X-Ray Physics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence 'Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells' (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Electron Microscopy-City Campus, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence 'Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells' (MBExC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
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Tozza S, Spina E, Iovino A, Iodice R, Dubbioso R, Ruggiero L, Nolano M, Manganelli F. Value of Antibody Determinations in Chronic Dysimmune Neuropathies. Brain Sci 2022; 13:37. [PMID: 36672019 PMCID: PMC9856104 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic dysimmune neuropathies encompass a group of neuropathies that share immune-mediated pathomechanism. Chronic dysimmune antibody-related neuropathies include anti-MAG neuropathy, multifocal motor neuropathy, and neuropathies related to immune attack against paranodal antigens. Such neuropathies exhibit distinguishing pathomechanism, clinical and response to therapy features with respect to chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy and its variants, which represent the most frequent form of chronic dysimmune neuropathy. This narrative review provides an overview of pathomechanism; clinical, electrophysiological, and biochemical features; and treatment response of the antibody-mediated neuropathies, aiming to establish when and why to look for antibodies in chronic dysimmune neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Tozza
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuele Spina
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Aniello Iovino
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Iodice
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Dubbioso
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Ruggiero
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Nolano
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Neurology Department, Skin Biopsy Laboratory, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 82037 Telese Terme, Italy
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
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6
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Behroozi Z, Ramezani F, Nasirinezhad F. Human umbilical cord blood-derived platelet -rich plasma: a new window for motor function recovery and axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury. Physiol Behav 2022; 252:113840. [PMID: 35525286 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are complex mechanisms for reducing intrinsic repairability and neuronal regeneration following spinal cord injury (SCI). Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a rich source of growth factors and has been used to motivate the regeneration of peripheral nerves in neurodegenerative disorders. However, only a few studies have shown the effects of PRP on the SCI models. METHODS We investigated whether PRP derived from human umbilical cord blood (HUCB-PRP) could recover motor function in animals with spinal cord injury. Sixty adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=60) as control, sham (laminectomy without induction of spinal cord injury), SCI, vehicle (SCI+ Platelet-Poor Plasma), PRP2day (SCI+PRP injection 2 days after SCI), and PRP14day (SCI+PRP injection 14 days after SCI). SCI was performed at the T12-T13 level. BBB test was carried out weekly after injury for six weeks. Caspase3 expression was determined using the Immunohistochemistry technique. The expression of GSK3β, CSF-tau, and MAG was determined using the Western blot technique. Data were analyzed by PRISM & SPSS software. RESULTS HUCB-PRP treated animals showed a higher locomotor function recovery than those in the SCI group (p<0.0001). The level of caspase3, GSK3β and CSF- Tau reduced and the MAG level in the spinal cord increased by the injection of HUCB-PRP in SCI animals. CONCLUSION Injection of HUCB-PRP enhanced hind limb locomotor performance by modulation of caspase3, GSK3β, CSF-tau, and MAG expression. Using HUCB-PRP could be a new therapeutic option for recovering motor function and axonal regeneration after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Behroozi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Kerman, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Ramezani
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farinaz Nasirinezhad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Physiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences; Center for Experimental and Comparative Study, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Duman M, Jaggi S, Enz LS, Jacob C, Schaeren-Wiemers N. Theophylline Induces Remyelination and Functional Recovery in a Mouse Model of Peripheral Neuropathy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061418. [PMID: 35740439 PMCID: PMC9219657 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a large group of inherited peripheral neuropathies that are primarily due to demyelination and/or axonal degeneration. CMT type 1A (CMT1A), which is caused by the duplication of the peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) gene, is a demyelinating and the most frequent CMT subtype. Hypermyelination, demyelination, and secondary loss of large-caliber axons are hallmarks of CMT1A, and there is currently no cure and no efficient treatment to alleviate the symptoms of the disease. We previously showed that histone deacetylases 1 and 2 (HDAC1/2) are critical for Schwann cell developmental myelination and remyelination after a sciatic nerve crush lesion. We also demonstrated that a short-term treatment with Theophylline, which is a potent activator of HDAC2, enhances remyelination and functional recovery after a sciatic nerve crush lesion in mice. In the present study, we tested whether Theophylline treatment could also lead to (re)myelination in a PMP22-overexpressing mouse line (C22) modeling CMT1A. Indeed, we show here that a short-term treatment with Theophylline in C22 mice increases the percentage of myelinated large-caliber axons and the expression of the major peripheral myelin protein P0 and induces functional recovery. This pilot study suggests that Theophylline treatment could be beneficial to promote myelination and thereby prevent axonal degeneration and enhance functional recovery in CMT1A patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert Duman
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland;
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephanie Jaggi
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (S.J.); (L.S.E.); (N.S.-W.)
| | - Lukas Simon Enz
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (S.J.); (L.S.E.); (N.S.-W.)
| | - Claire Jacob
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland;
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Nicole Schaeren-Wiemers
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (S.J.); (L.S.E.); (N.S.-W.)
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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Koike H, Furukawa S, Mouri N, Fukami Y, Iijima M, Katsuno M. Dosage effects of PMP22 on nonmyelinating Schwann cells in hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies. Neuromuscul Disord 2022; 32:503-511. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Anti-MAG neuropathy: From biology to clinical management. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 361:577725. [PMID: 34610502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The acquired chronic demyelinating neuropathies include a growing number of disease entities that have characteristic, often overlapping, clinical presentations, mediated by distinct immune mechanisms, and responding to different therapies. After the discovery in the early 1980s, that the myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG) is a target antigen in an autoimmune demyelinating neuropathy, assays to measure the presence of anti-MAG antibodies were used as the basis to diagnose the anti-MAG neuropathy. The route was open for describing the clinical characteristics of this new entity as a chronic distal large fiber sensorimotor neuropathy, for studying its pathogenesis and devising specific treatment strategies. The initial use of chemotherapeutic agents was replaced by the introduction in the late 1990s of rituximab, a monoclonal antibody against CD20+ B-cells. Since then, other anti-B cells agents have been introduced. Recently a novel antigen-specific immunotherapy neutralizing the anti-MAG antibodies with a carbohydrate-based ligand mimicking the natural HNK-1 glycoepitope has been described.
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Dietary Protein Source Influences Brain Inflammation and Memory in a Male Senescence-Accelerated Mouse Model of Dementia. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:1312-1329. [PMID: 33169333 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dementia is a pathological condition characterized by a decline in memory, as well as in other cognitive and social functions. The cellular and molecular mechanisms of brain damage in dementia are not completely understood; however, neuroinflammation is involved. Evidence suggests that chronic inflammation may impair cognitive performance and that dietary protein source may differentially influence this process. Dietary protein source has previously been shown to modify systemic inflammation in mouse models. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effect of chronic dietary protein source substitution in an ageing and dementia male mouse model, the senescence-accelerated mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8) model. We observed that dietary protein source differentially modified memory as shown by inhibitory avoidance testing at 4 months of age. Also, dietary protein source differentially modified neuroinflammation and gliosis in male SAMP8 mice. Our results suggest that chronic dietary protein source substitution may influence brain ageing and memory-related mechanisms in male SAMP8 mice. Moreover, the choice of dietary protein source in mouse diets for experimental purposes may need to be carefully considered when interpreting results.
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Novel MAG Variant Causes Cerebellar Ataxia with Oculomotor Apraxia: Molecular Basis and Expanded Clinical Phenotype. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9041212. [PMID: 32340215 PMCID: PMC7230264 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Homozygous variants in MAG, encoding myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), have been associated with complicated forms of hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). MAG is a glycoprotein member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, expressed by myelination cells. In this study, we identified a novel homozygous missense variant in MAG (c.124T>C; p.Cys42Arg) in a Portuguese family with early-onset autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia with neuropathy and oculomotor apraxia. We used homozygosity mapping and exome sequencing to identify the MAG variant, and cellular studies to confirm its detrimental effect. Our results showed that this variant reduces protein stability and impairs the post-translational processing (N-linked glycosylation) and subcellular localization of MAG, thereby associating a loss of protein function with the phenotype. Therefore, MAG variants should be considered in the diagnosis of hereditary cerebellar ataxia with oculomotor apraxia, in addition to spastic paraplegia.
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12
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Kanduc D, Shoenfeld Y. Human Papillomavirus Epitope Mimicry and Autoimmunity: The Molecular Truth of Peptide Sharing. Pathobiology 2019; 86:285-295. [PMID: 31593963 DOI: 10.1159/000502889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define the cross-reactivity potential and the consequent autoimmunity intrinsic to viral versus human peptide sharing. METHODS Using human papillomavirus (HPV) infection/active immunization as a research model, the experimentally validated HPV L1 epitopes catalogued at the Immune Epitope DataBase were analyzed for peptide sharing with the human proteome. RESULTS The final data show that the totality of the immunoreactive HPV L1 epi-topes is mostly composed by peptides present in human proteins. CONCLUSIONS Immunologically, the high extent of peptide sharing between the HPV L1 epitopes and human proteins invites to revise the concept of the negative selection of self-reactive lymphocytes. Pathologically, the data highlight a cross-reactive potential for a spectrum of autoimmune diseases that includes ovarian failure, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), breast cancer and sudden death, among others. Therapeutically, analyzing already validated immunoreactive epitopes filters out the peptide sharing possibly exempt of self-reactivity, defines the effective potential for pathologic autoimmunity, and allows singling out peptide epitopes for safe immunotherapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darja Kanduc
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy,
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Affiliated to Tel-Aviv, University School of Medicine, Ramat Gan, Israel.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian, Federation, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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13
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Multiple pharmacological and toxicological investigations on Tanacetum parthenium and Salix alba extracts: Focus on potential application as anti-migraine agents. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 133:110783. [PMID: 31491430 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Migraine is one of the most common neurological disorder, which has long been related to brain serotonin (5-HT) depletion and neuro-inflammation. Despite many treatment options are available, the frequent occurrence of unacceptable adverse effects further supports the research toward nutraceuticals and herbal preparations, among which Tanacetum parthenium and Salix alba showed promising anti-inflammatory and neuro-modulatory activities. The impact of extract treatment on astrocyte viability, spontaneous migration and apoptosis was evaluated. Anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidant effects were investigated on isolated rat cortexes exposed to a neurotoxic stimulus. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, nitrite levels and 5-HT turnover were evaluated, as well. A proteomic analysis was focused on specific neuronal proteins and a fingerprint analysis was carried out on selected phenolic compounds. Both extracts appeared able to exert in vitro anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic effects. S. alba and T. parthenium extracts reduced LDH release, nitrite levels and 5-HT turnover induced by neurotoxic stimulus. The downregulation of selected proteins suggest a neurotoxicity, which could be ascribed to an elevated content of gallic acid in both S. alba and T. parthenium extracts. Concluding, both extracts exert neuroprotective effects, although the downregulation of key proteins involved in neuron physiology suggest caution in their use as food supplements.
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Myllykoski M, Eichel MA, Jung RB, Kelm S, Werner HB, Kursula P. High-affinity heterotetramer formation between the large myelin-associated glycoprotein and the dynein light chain DYNLL1. J Neurochem 2018; 147:764-783. [PMID: 30261098 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The close association of myelinated axons and their myelin sheaths involves numerous intercellular molecular interactions. For example, myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) mediates myelin-to-axon adhesion and signalling via molecules on the axonal surface. However, knowledge about intracellular binding partners of myelin proteins, including MAG, has remained limited. The two splice isoforms of MAG, S- and L-MAG, display distinct cytoplasmic domains and spatiotemporal expression profiles. We used yeast two-hybrid screening to identify interaction partners of L-MAG and found the dynein light chain DYNLL1 (also termed dynein light chain 8). DYNLL1 homodimers are known to facilitate dimerization of target proteins. L-MAG and DYNLL1 associate with high affinity, as confirmed with recombinant proteins in vitro. Structural analyses of the purified complex indicate that the DYNLL1-binding segment is localized close to the L-MAG C terminus, next to the Fyn kinase Tyr phosphorylation site. The crystal structure of the complex between DYNLL1 and its binding segment on L-MAG shows 2 : 2 binding in a parallel arrangement, indicating a heterotetrameric complex. The homology between L-MAG and previously characterized DYNLL1-ligands is limited, and some details of binding site interactions are unique for L-MAG. The structure of the complex between the entire L-MAG cytoplasmic domain and DYNLL1, as well as that of the extracellular domain of MAG, were modelled based on small-angle X-ray scattering data, allowing structural insights into L-MAG interactions on both membrane surfaces. Our data imply that DYNLL1 dimerizes L-MAG, but not S-MAG, through the formation of a specific 2 : 2 heterotetramer. This arrangement is likely to affect, in an isoform-specific manner, the functions of MAG in adhesion and myelin-to-axon signalling. OPEN SCIENCE BADGES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 712.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Myllykoski
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Maria A Eichel
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Georg August University School of Science, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ramona B Jung
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sørge Kelm
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen (CBIB), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Petri Kursula
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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15
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Wu R, Lv H, Zhang W, Wang Z, Zuo Y, Liu J, Yuan Y. Clinical and Pathological Variation of Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A in a Large Chinese Cohort. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:6481367. [PMID: 28835897 PMCID: PMC5556987 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6481367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A (CMT1A) caused by peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) gene duplication is the most common form of hereditary polyneuropathy. Twenty-four genetically confirmed CMT1A patients with sural nerve biopsies were enrolled in this study. The clinical picture included a great variability of phenotype with mean onset age of 22.2 ± 14.5 years (1-55 years). Pathologically, we observed a severe reduction in myelinated fiber density showing three types of changes: pure onion bulb formation in 3 cases (12.5%), onion bulb formation with axonal sprouts in 10 cases (41.7%), and focally thickened myelin with onion bulb formation or/and axonal sprouts in 11 cases (45.8%). We observed no significant correlation between nerve fiber density and disease duration. There was no significant difference between the 3 pathological types in terms of clinical manifestations, nerve fiber density, and g-ratio. Our study indicates that there is marked variability in the age of onset of CMT1A, as well as significant pathological changes without deterioration with the development of the disease. Focally thickened myelin is another common morphological feature of demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - He Lv
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yuehuan Zuo
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yun Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
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16
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Lafon Hughes LI, Romeo Cardeillac CJ, Cal Castillo KB, Vilchez Larrea SC, Sotelo Sosa JR, Folle Ungo GA, Fernández Villamil SH, Kun González AE. Poly(ADP-ribosylation) is present in murine sciatic nerve fibers and is altered in a Charcot-Marie-Tooth-1E neurodegenerative model. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3318. [PMID: 28503382 PMCID: PMC5428328 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poly-ADP-ribose (PAR) is a polymer synthesized by poly-ADP-ribose polymerases (PARPs) as a postranslational protein modification and catabolized mainly by poly-ADP-ribose glycohydrolase (PARG). In spite of the existence of cytoplasmic PARPs and PARG, research has been focused on nuclear PARPs and PAR, demonstrating roles in the maintenance of chromatin architecture and the participation in DNA damage responses and transcriptional regulation. We have recently detected non-nuclear PAR structurally and functionally associated to the E-cadherin rich zonula adherens and the actin cytoskeleton of VERO epithelial cells. Myelinating Schwann cells (SC) are stabilized by E-cadherin rich autotypic adherens junctions (AJ). We wondered whether PAR would map to these regions. Besides, we have demonstrated an altered microfilament pattern in peripheral nerves of Trembler-J (Tr-J) model of CMT1-E. We hypothesized that cytoplasmic PAR would accompany such modified F-actin pattern. Methods Wild-type (WT) and Tr-J mice sciatic nerves cryosections were subjected to immunohistofluorescence with anti-PAR antibodies (including antibody validation), F-actin detection with a phalloidin probe and DAPI/DNA counterstaining. Confocal image stacks were subjected to a colocalization highlighter and to semi-quantitative image analysis. Results We have shown for the first time the presence of PAR in sciatic nerves. Cytoplasmic PAR colocalized with F-actin at non-compact myelin regions in WT nerves. Moreover, in Tr-J, cytoplasmic PAR was augmented in close correlation with actin. In addition, nuclear PAR was detected in WT SC and was moderately increased in Tr-J SC. Discussion The presence of PAR associated to non-compact myelin regions (which constitute E-cadherin rich autotypic AJ/actin anchorage regions) and the co-alterations experienced by PAR and the actin cytoskeleton in epithelium and nerves, suggest that PAR may be a constitutive component of AJ/actin anchorage regions. Is PAR stabilizing the AJ-actin complexes? This question has strong implications in structural cell biology and cell signaling networks. Moreover, if PAR played a stabilizing role, such stabilization could participate in the physiological control of axonal branching. PARP and PAR alterations exist in several neurodegenerative pathologies including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Hungtington’s diseases. Conversely, PARP inhibition decreases PAR and promotes neurite outgrowth in cortical neurons in vitro. Coherently, the PARP inhibitor XAV939 improves myelination in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. Until now such results have been interpreted in terms of nuclear PARP activity. Our results indicate for the first time the presence of PARylation in peripheral nerve fibers, in a healthy environment. Besides, we have evidenced a PARylation increase in Tr-J, suggesting that the involvement of cytoplasmic PARPs and PARylation in normal and neurodegenerative conditions should be re-evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura I Lafon Hughes
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlos J Romeo Cardeillac
- Departamento de Proteínas y Acidos Nucleicos, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Karina B Cal Castillo
- Departamento de Proteínas y Acidos Nucleicos, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Salomé C Vilchez Larrea
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José R Sotelo Sosa
- Departamento de Proteínas y Acidos Nucleicos, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gustavo A Folle Ungo
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Silvia H Fernández Villamil
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular "Dr. Héctor N. Torres, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra E Kun González
- Departamento de Proteínas y Acidos Nucleicos, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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17
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Pronker MF, Lemstra S, Snijder J, Heck AJR, Thies-Weesie DME, Pasterkamp RJ, Janssen BJC. Structural basis of myelin-associated glycoprotein adhesion and signalling. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13584. [PMID: 27922006 PMCID: PMC5150538 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) is a myelin-expressed cell-adhesion and bi-directional signalling molecule. MAG maintains the myelin–axon spacing by interacting with specific neuronal glycolipids (gangliosides), inhibits axon regeneration and controls myelin formation. The mechanisms underlying MAG adhesion and signalling are unresolved. We present crystal structures of the MAG full ectodomain, which reveal an extended conformation of five Ig domains and a homodimeric arrangement involving membrane-proximal domains Ig4 and Ig5. MAG-oligosaccharide complex structures and biophysical assays show how MAG engages axonal gangliosides at domain Ig1. Two post-translational modifications were identified—N-linked glycosylation at the dimerization interface and tryptophan C-mannosylation proximal to the ganglioside binding site—that appear to have regulatory functions. Structure-guided mutations and neurite outgrowth assays demonstrate MAG dimerization and carbohydrate recognition are essential for its regeneration-inhibiting properties. The combination of trans ganglioside binding and cis homodimerization explains how MAG maintains the myelin–axon spacing and provides a mechanism for MAG-mediated bi-directional signalling. Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) maintains myelin-axon spacing. Here, the authors report the crystal structures of the MAG full ectodomain in complex with oligosaccharide, and use additional assays to provide insights into the mechanism of MAG-mediated signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti F Pronker
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Lemstra
- Department for Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Snijder
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dominique M E Thies-Weesie
- Van't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R Jeroen Pasterkamp
- Department for Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert J C Janssen
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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18
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Patzig J, Erwig MS, Tenzer S, Kusch K, Dibaj P, Möbius W, Goebbels S, Schaeren-Wiemers N, Nave KA, Werner HB. Septin/anillin filaments scaffold central nervous system myelin to accelerate nerve conduction. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27504968 PMCID: PMC4978525 DOI: 10.7554/elife.17119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelination of axons facilitates rapid impulse propagation in the nervous system. The axon/myelin-unit becomes impaired in myelin-related disorders and upon normal aging. However, the molecular cause of many pathological features, including the frequently observed myelin outfoldings, remained unknown. Using label-free quantitative proteomics, we find that the presence of myelin outfoldings correlates with a loss of cytoskeletal septins in myelin. Regulated by phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2)-levels, myelin septins (SEPT2/SEPT4/SEPT7/SEPT8) and the PI(4,5)P2-adaptor anillin form previously unrecognized filaments that extend longitudinally along myelinated axons. By confocal microscopy and immunogold-electron microscopy, these filaments are localized to the non-compacted adaxonal myelin compartment. Genetic disruption of these filaments in Sept8-mutant mice causes myelin outfoldings as a very specific neuropathology. Septin filaments thus serve an important function in scaffolding the axon/myelin-unit, evidently a late stage of myelin maturation. We propose that pathological or aging-associated diminishment of the septin/anillin-scaffold causes myelin outfoldings that impair the normal nerve conduction velocity. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17119.001 Normal communication within the brain or between the brain and other parts of the body requires information to flow quickly around the nervous system. This information travels along nerve cells in the form of electrical signals. To speed up the signals, a part of the nerve cell called the axon is frequently wrapped in an electrically insulating sheath made up of a membrane structure called myelin. The myelin sheath becomes impaired as a result of disease or ageing. In order to understand what might produce these changes, Patzig et al. have used biochemical and microscopy techniques to study mice that had similar defects in their myelin sheaths. The study reveals that forming a normal myelin sheath around an axon requires a newly identified ‘scaffold’ made of a group of proteins called the septins. Combining with another protein called anillin, septins assemble into filaments in the myelin sheath. These filaments then knit together into a scaffold that grows lengthways along the myelin-wrapped axon. Without this scaffold, the myelin sheath grew defects known as outfoldings. Axons transmitted electrical signals much more slowly than normal when the septin scaffold was missing from the myelin sheath. Future studies are needed to understand the factors that control how the septin scaffold forms. This could help to reveal ways of reversing the changes that alter the myelin sheath during ageing and disease. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17119.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Patzig
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michelle S Erwig
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kusch
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Payam Dibaj
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany.,Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Goebbels
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany.,Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
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19
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Vallat JM, Magy L, Ciron J, Corcia P, Le Masson G, Mathis S. Therapeutic options and management of polyneuropathy associated with anti-MAG antibodies. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:1111-9. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2016.1198257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Visigalli D, Castagnola P, Capodivento G, Geroldi A, Bellone E, Mancardi G, Pareyson D, Schenone A, Nobbio L. Alternative Splicing in the HumanPMP22Gene: Implications in CMT1A Neuropathy. Hum Mutat 2015; 37:98-109. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.22921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Visigalli
- Department of Neurosciences; Rehabilitation Ophthalmology; Genetics and Maternal-Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI) and CEBR; University of Genoa; Genoa Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Capodivento
- Department of Neurosciences; Rehabilitation Ophthalmology; Genetics and Maternal-Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI) and CEBR; University of Genoa; Genoa Italy
| | - Alessandro Geroldi
- Department of Neurosciences; Rehabilitation Ophthalmology; Genetics and Maternal-Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI) - Section of Medical Genetics; University of Genoa IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST; UOC Medical Genetics; Genoa Italy
| | - Emilia Bellone
- Department of Neurosciences; Rehabilitation Ophthalmology; Genetics and Maternal-Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI) - Section of Medical Genetics; University of Genoa IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST; UOC Medical Genetics; Genoa Italy
| | - Gianluigi Mancardi
- Department of Neurosciences; Rehabilitation Ophthalmology; Genetics and Maternal-Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI) and CEBR; University of Genoa; Genoa Italy
| | - Davide Pareyson
- Clinic of Central and Peripheral Degenerative Neuropathies Unit; IRCCS Foundation; C. Besta Neurological Institute; Milan Italy
| | - Angelo Schenone
- Department of Neurosciences; Rehabilitation Ophthalmology; Genetics and Maternal-Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI) and CEBR; University of Genoa; Genoa Italy
| | - Lucilla Nobbio
- Department of Neurosciences; Rehabilitation Ophthalmology; Genetics and Maternal-Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI) and CEBR; University of Genoa; Genoa Italy
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21
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Fujita Y, Yamashita T. Axon growth inhibition by RhoA/ROCK in the central nervous system. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:338. [PMID: 25374504 PMCID: PMC4205828 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho kinase (ROCK) is a serine/threonine kinase and a downstream target of the small GTPase Rho. The RhoA/ROCK pathway is associated with various neuronal functions such as migration, dendrite development, and axonal extension. Evidence from animal studies reveals that RhoA/ROCK signaling is involved in various central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including optic nerve and spinal cord injuries, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases. Given that RhoA/ROCK plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of CNS diseases, the development of therapeutic agents targeting this pathway is expected to contribute to the treatment of CNS diseases. The RhoA/ROCK pathway mediates the effects of myelin-associated axon growth inhibitors—Nogo, myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein (OMgp), and repulsive guidance molecule (RGM). Blocking RhoA/ROCK signaling can reverse the inhibitory effects of these molecules on axon outgrowth, and promotes axonal sprouting and functional recovery in animal models of CNS injury. To date, several RhoA/ROCK inhibitors have been under development or in clinical trials as therapeutic agents for neurological disorders. In this review, we focus on the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway in neurological disorders. We also discuss the potential therapeutic approaches of RhoA/ROCK inhibitors for various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University Osaka, Japan ; Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University Osaka, Japan ; Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology Tokyo, Japan
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Schmid D, Zeis T, Sobrio M, Schaeren-Wiemers N. MAL overexpression leads to disturbed expression of genes that influence cytoskeletal organization and differentiation of Schwann cells. ASN Neuro 2014; 6:1759091414548916. [PMID: 25290060 PMCID: PMC4187015 DOI: 10.1177/1759091414548916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the developing peripheral nervous system, a coordinated reciprocal signaling between Schwann cells and axons is crucial for accurate myelination. The myelin and lymphocyte protein MAL is a component of lipid rafts that is important for targeting proteins and lipids to distinct domains. MAL overexpression impedes peripheral myelinogenesis, which is evident by a delayed onset of myelination and reduced expression of the myelin protein zero (Mpz/P0) and the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75(NTR). This study shows that MAL overexpression leads to a significant reduction of Mpz and p75(NTR) expression in primary mouse Schwann cell cultures, which was already evident before differentiation, implicating an effect of MAL in early Schwann cell development. Their transcription was robustly reduced, despite normal expression of essential transcription factors and receptors. Further, the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathways important for Schwann cell differentiation were correctly induced, highlighting that other so far unknown rate limiting factors do exist. We identified novel genes expressed by Schwann cells in a MAL-dependent manner in vivo and in vitro. A number of those, including S100a4, RhoU and Krt23, are implicated in cytoskeletal organization and plasma membrane dynamics. We showed that S100a4 is predominantly expressed by nonmyelinating Schwann cells, whereas RhoU was localized within myelin membranes, and Krt23 was detected in nonmyelinating as well as in myelinating Schwann cells. Their differential expression during early peripheral nerve development further underlines their possible role in influencing Schwann cell differentiation and myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Schmid
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Zeis
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Monia Sobrio
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
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23
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Schmid D, Zeis T, Schaeren-Wiemers N. Transcriptional regulation induced by cAMP elevation in mouse Schwann cells. ASN Neuro 2014; 6:137-57. [PMID: 24641305 PMCID: PMC4834722 DOI: 10.1042/an20130031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In peripheral nerves, Schwann cell development is regulated by a variety of signals. Some of the aspects of Schwann cell differentiation can be reproduced in vitro in response to forskolin, an adenylyl cyclase activator elevating intracellular cAMP levels. Herein, the effect of forskolin treatment was investigated by a comprehensive genome-wide expression study on primary mouse Schwann cell cultures. Additional to myelin-related genes, many so far unconsidered genes were ascertained to be modulated by forskolin. One of the strongest differentially regulated gene transcripts was the transcription factor Olig1 (oligodendrocyte transcription factor 1), whose mRNA expression levels were reduced in treated Schwann cells. Olig1 protein was localized in myelinating and nonmyelinating Schwann cells within the sciatic nerve as well as in primary Schwann cells, proposing it as a novel transcription factor of the Schwann cell lineage. Data analysis further revealed that a number of differentially expressed genes in forskolin-treated Schwann cells were associated with the ECM (extracellular matrix), underlining its importance during Schwann cell differentiation in vitro. Comparison of samples derived from postnatal sciatic nerves and from both treated and untreated Schwann cell cultures showed considerable differences in gene expression between in vivo and in vitro, allowing us to separate Schwann cell autonomous from tissue-related changes. The whole data set of the cell culture microarray study is provided to offer an interactive search tool for genes of interest.
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Key Words
- camp
- forskolin
- in vitro
- microarray
- schwann cell differentiation
- bmp, bone morphogenetic protein
- camp, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- cns, central nervous system
- creb, camp-response-element-binding protein
- david, database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery
- dgc, dystrophin–glycoprotein complex
- ecm, extracellular matrix
- fdr, false discovery rate
- go, gene ontology
- ipa, ingenuity pathway analysis
- mag, myelin-associated glycoprotein
- mapk, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- mbp, myelin basic protein
- mpz/p0, myelin protein zero
- nf-κb, nuclear factor κb
- olig1, oligodendrocyte transcription factor 1
- pca, principal component analysis
- pfa, paraformaldehyde
- pka, protein kinase a
- pns, peripheral nervous system
- qrt–pcr, quantitative rt–pcr
- s.d., standard deviation
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Schmid
- *Neurobiology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel,
University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Zeis
- *Neurobiology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel,
University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Schaeren-Wiemers
- *Neurobiology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel,
University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
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24
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Myelin-associated inhibitors in axonal growth after CNS injury. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 27:31-8. [PMID: 24608164 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There are multiple barriers to axonal growth after CNS injury. Myelin-associated inhibitors represent one group of barriers extrinsic to the injured neurons. Nogo, MAG and OMgp are three prototypical myelin inhibitors that signal through multiple neuronal receptors to exert growth inhibition. Targeting myelin inhibition alone modulates the compensatory sprouting of uninjured axons but the effect on the regeneration of injured axons is limited. Meanwhile, modulating sprouting, a naturally occurring repair mechanism, may be a more attainable therapeutic goal for promoting functional repair after CNS injury in the near term.
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25
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Beirowski B. Concepts for regulation of axon integrity by enwrapping glia. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:256. [PMID: 24391540 PMCID: PMC3867696 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Long axons and their enwrapping glia (EG; Schwann cells (SCs) and oligodendrocytes (OLGs)) form a unique compound structure that serves as conduit for transport of electric and chemical information in the nervous system. The peculiar cytoarchitecture over an enormous length as well as its substantial energetic requirements make this conduit particularly susceptible to detrimental alterations. Degeneration of long axons independent of neuronal cell bodies is observed comparatively early in a range of neurodegenerative conditions as a consequence of abnormalities in SCs and OLGs . This leads to the most relevant disease symptoms and highlights the critical role that these glia have for axon integrity, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. The quest to understand why and how axons degenerate is now a crucial frontier in disease-oriented research. This challenge is most likely to lead to significant progress if the inextricable link between axons and their flanking glia in pathological situations is recognized. In this review I compile recent advances in our understanding of the molecular programs governing axon degeneration, and mechanisms of EG’s non-cell autonomous impact on axon-integrity. A particular focus is placed on emerging evidence suggesting that EG nurture long axons by virtue of their intimate association, release of trophic substances, and neurometabolic coupling. The correction of defects in these functions has the potential to stabilize axons in a variety of neuronal diseases in the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system (PNS and CNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Beirowski
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis, MO, USA
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26
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Genetic deletion of Cadm4 results in myelin abnormalities resembling Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy. J Neurosci 2013; 33:10950-61. [PMID: 23825401 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0571-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between myelinating Schwann cells and the axons they ensheath is mediated by cell adhesion molecules of the Cadm/Necl/SynCAM family. This family consists of four members: Cadm4/Necl4 and Cadm1/Necl2 are found in both glia and axons, whereas Cadm2/Necl3 and Cadm3/Necl1 are expressed by sensory and motor neurons. By generating mice lacking each of the Cadm genes, we now demonstrate that Cadm4 plays a role in the establishment of the myelin unit in the peripheral nervous system. Mice lacking Cadm4 (PGK-Cre/Cadm4(fl/fl)), but not Cadm1, Cadm2, or Cadm3, develop focal hypermyelination characterized by tomacula and myelin outfoldings, which are the hallmark of several Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathies. The absence of Cadm4 also resulted in abnormal axon-glial contact and redistribution of ion channels along the axon. These neuropathological features were also found in transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative mutant of Cadm4 lacking its cytoplasmic domain in myelinating glia Tg(mbp-Cadm4dCT), as well as in mice lacking Cadm4 specifically in Schwann cells (DHH-Cre/Cadm4(fl/fl)). Consistent with these abnormalities, both PGK-Cre/Cadm4(fl/fl) and Tg(mbp-Cadm4dCT) mice exhibit impaired motor function and slower nerve conduction velocity. These findings indicate that Cadm4 regulates the growth of the myelin unit and the organization of the underlying axonal membrane.
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27
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Li J, Parker B, Martyn C, Natarajan C, Guo J. The PMP22 gene and its related diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 47:673-98. [PMID: 23224996 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral myelin protein-22 (PMP22) is primarily expressed in the compact myelin of the peripheral nervous system. Levels of PMP22 have to be tightly regulated since alterations of PMP22 levels by mutations of the PMP22 gene are responsible for >50 % of all patients with inherited peripheral neuropathies, including Charcot-Marie-Tooth type-1A (CMT1A) with trisomy of PMP22, hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) with heterozygous deletion of PMP22, and CMT1E with point mutations of PMP22. While overexpression and point-mutations of the PMP22 gene may produce gain-of-function phenotypes, deletion of PMP22 results in a loss-of-function phenotype that reveals the normal physiological functions of the PMP22 protein. In this article, we will review the basic genetics, biochemistry and molecular structure of PMP22, followed by discussion of the current understanding of pathogenic mechanisms involving in the inherited neuropathies with mutations in PMP22 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, 1310 24th Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
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