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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A. Dienel
- Department of Neurology University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock Arkansas USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology University of New Mexico School of Medicine Albuquerque New Mexico USA
| | - Lisa Gillinder
- Mater Hospital South Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Faculty of Medicine Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Aileen McGonigal
- Mater Hospital South Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Faculty of Medicine Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Karin Borges
- Faculty of Medicine School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
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Dienel GA, Gillinder L, McGonigal A, Borges K. Potential new roles for glycogen in epilepsy. Epilepsia 2023; 64:29-53. [PMID: 36117414 PMCID: PMC10952408 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Seizures often originate in epileptogenic foci. Between seizures (interictally), these foci and some of the surrounding tissue often show low signals with 18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) in many epileptic patients, even when there are no radiologically detectable structural abnormalities. Low FDG-PET signals are thought to reflect glucose hypometabolism. Here, we review knowledge about metabolism of glucose and glycogen and oxidative stress in people with epilepsy and in acute and chronic rodent seizure models. Interictal brain glucose levels are normal and do not cause apparent glucose hypometabolism, which remains unexplained. During seizures, high amounts of fuel are needed to satisfy increased energy demands. Astrocytes consume glycogen as an additional emergency fuel to supplement glucose during high metabolic demand, such as during brain stimulation, stress, and seizures. In rodents, brain glycogen levels drop during induced seizures and increase to higher levels thereafter. Interictally, in people with epilepsy and in chronic epilepsy models, normal glucose but high glycogen levels have been found in the presumed brain areas involved in seizure generation. We present our new hypothesis that as an adaptive response to repeated episodes of high metabolic demand, high interictal glycogen levels in epileptogenic brain areas are used to support energy metabolism and potentially interictal neuronal activity. Glycogenolysis, which can be triggered by stress or oxidative stress, leads to decreased utilization of plasma glucose in epileptogenic brain areas, resulting in low FDG signals that are related to functional changes underlying seizure onset and propagation. This is (partially) reversible after successful surgery. Last, we propose that potential interictal glycogen depletion in epileptogenic and surrounding areas may cause energy shortages in astrocytes, which may impair potassium buffering and contribute to seizure generation. Based on these hypotheses, auxiliary fuels or treatments that support glycogen metabolism may be useful to treat epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald A. Dienel
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansasUSA
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of New Mexico School of MedicineAlbuquerqueNew MexicoUSA
| | - Lisa Gillinder
- Mater HospitalSouth BrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Faculty of MedicineMater Research Institute, University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Aileen McGonigal
- Mater HospitalSouth BrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Faculty of MedicineMater Research Institute, University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Karin Borges
- Faculty of MedicineSchool of Biomedical Sciences, University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
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Glyceryl triacetate feeding in mice increases plasma acetate levels but has no anticonvulsant effects in acute electrical seizure models. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 137:108964. [PMID: 36343532 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acetate has been shown to have neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. It is oxidized by astrocytes and can thus provide auxiliary energy to the brain in addition to glucose. Therefore, we hypothesized that it may protect against seizures, which is investigated here by feeding glyceryl triacetate (GTA), to provide high amounts of acetate without raising sodium or acid levels. METHOD CD1 male mice were fed controlled diets with or without GTA for up to three weeks. Body weights, blood glucose levels, plasma short-chain fatty acid levels, and other hematological parameters were monitored. Seizure thresholds were determined in 6 Hz and maximal electroshock seizure threshold (MEST) tests. Antioxidant capacities were evaluated in the cerebral cortex and plasma using a ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay. RESULTS Body weight gain was similar with both diets with and without GTA in two experiments. Glyceryl triacetate-fed groups showed 2-3- and 1.6-fold increased acetate and propionate levels in plasma, respectively. Glucose levels were unaltered in blood collected from the tail tip but increased in trunk blood. No differences were found in the activity of cerebral cortex acetyl-CoA synthetase. In the 6 Hz threshold test, seizure thresholds were lower by 3 mA and 2.4 mA after 8 and 14 days, respectively, in the GTA compared to the control diet-fed group, but showed no difference on day 16, showing that GTA has small, but inconsistent proconvulsant effects in this model. In MEST tests, a slightly increased seizure threshold (1 mA) was found on day 19 in the GTA-fed group, but not in another experiment on day 21. There were no differences in antioxidant capacity in plasma or cortex between the two groups. CONCLUSION Glyceryl triacetate feeding showed no antioxidant effects nor beneficial changes in acute electrical seizure threshold mouse models, despite its ability to increase plasma acetate levels.
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Abdel-Wahhab KG, Ashry M, El Fakharany EM, Gomaa HF. Modulatory Efficiency of LP/LF Nano-Combination on Neurochemical and Behavioural Retardations in the Brain of Induced-Epileptic Rats. Pak J Biol Sci 2022; 25:929-937. [PMID: 36404747 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2022.929.937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> Epilepsy is one of the normal neurological problems that came about because of strange electrical movements and prompt serious and far-reaching cell misfortune in the mind. This study aimed to investigate if a nano-Chitosan formulation loaded with bovine milk lactoperoxidase (LPO) and lactoferrin (LF) could prevent Lithium Chloride/Pilocarpine-induced epilepsy in rats or not. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Adult male rats (200-250 g) were partitioned into four groups (8 animals each) as follows: Group (1) Normal rats served as control group and received saline orally, group (2) Normal rats ingested with a daily oral dose of LPO and LF-NPS formulation at 50 mg kg<sup></sup><sup>1</sup>, group (3) Pilocarpine-induced epileptic rats and group (4) Epilepsy-modeled rats were treated with LPO+LF NPs (50 mg/kg/day, orally) for 6 weeks. <b>Results:</b> The results revealed that the administration of LPO+LF-NPs markedly improved the induced-epilepsy disorders, this was monitored from the significant reduction in the values of caspase-3, TNF-α, IL-1β, CD4<sup>+</sup>, MDA and NO coupled with remarkable raise in AchE-ase, dopamine, serotonin, SOD and GPx, CAT and GSH values in both brain regions. <b>Conclusion:</b> This study supported the anti-epilepsy features of LPO+LF-NPS against Lithium Chloride/Pilocarpine-induced epilepsy in rats through the improvement of the immune response, reduction of inflammation and restoration of the impaired oxidative stress status.
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Jiang G, Wang S, Chen M, Ding X, He W, Wang L, Wang S, Yu J, Wang X. Linsitinib (OSI-906) modulates brain energy metabolism and seizure activity in the lithium-pilocarpine rat model. ACTA EPILEPTOLOGICA 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s42494-021-00054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Epileptic seizure is a process of energy accumulation, bursting, and depletion accompanied by the production, spread, and termination of epileptic discharges. The energy required for a seizure is mainly provided through mitochondrial production of ATP. Mitochondrial diseases often lead to epileptic seizures, and energy depletion caused by seizures can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction. The energy metabolism has become a key target for treatment of epileptic diseases.
Method
The effect of OSI-906, an insulin receptor (IR)/ insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) inhibitor, on behaviors and electroencephalographic activity in the lithium-pilocarpine rats were tested. 18F-FDG positron emission tomography (PET)/ computed tomography (CT) was performed to detect the relative whole-brain glucose uptake values. Electron microscopy was performed to observe the ultrastructure of neuronal and mitochondrial damage. The changes in blood glucose at different time points before and after the intervention were tested and the effects of OSI-906 on IR/IGF-1R and downstream Akt signaling in the context of seizures were evaluated.
Results
The OSI-906 treatment applied 3 days before the pilocarpine-induced seizures significantly reduced the seizure severity, prolonged the seizure latency and decreased the EEG energy density. MicroPET/CT revealed that 50 mg/kg of OSI-906 inhibited the 18F-FDG glucose uptake after epileptic seizures, suggesting that OSI-906, through inhibiting IR/IGF-1R and the downstream AKT signaling, may regulate the excessive energy consumption of the epileptic brain. The OSI-906 treatment also reduced the mitochondrial damage caused by epileptic seizures.
Conclusion
The IR/IGF-1R inhibitor OSI-906 can significantly reduce the sensitivity and severity of pilocarpine-induced seizures by inhibiting the IR/IGF-1R and the downstream Akt signaling pathway.
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Schönhoff K, von Rüden EL, Koska I, Seiffert I, Potschka H. Hippocampal and Septal 5-HT 1A Receptor Expression in Two Rat Models of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Neuroscience 2021; 465:219-230. [PMID: 33836244 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and clinical data suggest an impact of serotonergic signaling on seizure susceptibility and epilepsy-associated psychiatric comorbidities. Previous µPET studies revealed increased binding of the 5-HT1A receptor ligand [18F]MPPF in two rat models with spontaneous recurrent seizures. These findings raised the question whether these alterations are due to altered 5-HT1A receptor expression or a modification of extracellular serotonin concentrations. 5-HT1A receptor expression rates were quantitatively analyzed in rat brain tissue from an electrical and a chemical post-status epilepticus model. Based on the µPET findings, stereological analysis was focused on hippocampal subregions and the septum. Evaluation of 5-HT1A receptor expression in the electrical post-status epilepticus model revealed a decreased optical density in hippocampal CA3 region. In all other brain regions of interest, the analysis demonstrated comparable 5-HT1A receptor expression rates among all experimental groups in the brain regions evaluated. Moreover, 5-HT1A total receptor volume did not differ between groups. A model-specific correlation was demonstrated between 5-HT1A receptor expression and selected seizure and behavioral parameters. In conclusion, analysis in post-status epilepticus models in rats argued against widespread and pronounced alterations in 5-HT1A receptor expression. In view of previous µPET findings, the present data indicate that alterations in in-vivo receptor binding are due to a reduction in extracellular serotonin concentrations rather than changes in receptor density. Correlation analysis points to a possible link between 5-HT1A receptor expression and ictogenesis, seizure termination and behavioral patterns. However, as these findings proved to be model specific, the relevance needs to be further assessed in future studies focusing on other models and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schönhoff
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Eva-Lotta von Rüden
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Ines Koska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Isabel Seiffert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.
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Sadanandan N, Saft M, Gonzales-Portillo B, Borlongan CV. Multipronged Attack of Stem Cell Therapy in Treating the Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Epilepsy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:596287. [PMID: 33815100 PMCID: PMC8010689 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.596287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy stands as a life-threatening disease that is characterized by unprovoked seizures. However, an important characteristic of epilepsy that needs to be examined is the neuropsychiatric aspect. Epileptic patients endure aggression, depression, and other psychiatric illnesses. Therapies for epilepsy can be divided into two categories: antiepileptic medications and surgical resection. Antiepileptic drugs are used to attenuate heightened neuronal firing and to lessen seizure frequency. Alternatively, surgery can also be conducted to physically cut out the area of the brain that is assumed to be the root cause for the anomalous firing that triggers seizures. While both treatments serve as viable approaches that aim to regulate seizures and ameliorate the neurological detriments spurred by epilepsy, they do not serve to directly counteract epilepsy's neuropsychiatric traits. To address this concern, a potential new treatment involves the use of stem cells. Stem cell therapy has been employed in experimental models of neurological maladies, such as Parkinson's disease, and neuropsychiatric illnesses like depression. Cell-based treatments for epilepsy utilizing stem cells such as neural stem cells (NSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and interneuron grafts have been explored in preclinical and clinical settings, highlighting both the acute and chronic stages of epilepsy. However, it is difficult to create an animal model to capitalize on all the components of epilepsy due to the challenges in delineating the neuropsychiatric aspect. Therefore, further preclinical investigation into the safety and efficacy of stem cell therapy in addressing both the neurological and the neuropsychiatric components of epilepsy is warranted in order to optimize cell dosage, delivery, and timing of cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cesar V. Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
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Social isolation in rats: Effects on animal welfare and molecular markers for neuroplasticity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240439. [PMID: 33108362 PMCID: PMC7591026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life stress compromises brain development and can contribute to the development of mental illnesses. A common animal model used to study different facets of psychiatric disorders is social isolation from early life on. In rats, this isolation can induce long-lasting alterations in molecular expression and in behavior. Since social isolation models severe psychiatric symptoms, it is to be expected that it affects the overall wellbeing of the animals. As also promoted by the 3Rs principle, though, it is pivotal to decrease the burden of laboratory animals by limiting the number of subjects (reduce, replace) and by improving the animals’ wellbeing (refine). The aim of this study was therefore to test possible refinement strategies such as resocialization and mere adult social isolation. We examined whether the alternatives still triggered the necessary phenotype while minimizing the stress load on the animals. Interestingly, we did not find reduced wellbeing-associated burrowing performance in isolated rats. The hyperactive phenotype seen in socially isolated animals was observed for rats undergoing the adult-only isolation, but resocializing ameliorated the locomotor abnormality. Isolation strongly affected markers of neuroplasticity in the prefrontal cortex independent of timing: mRNA levels of Arc, Bdnf and the pool of Bdnf transcripts with the 3’ long UTR were reduced in all groups. Bdnf splice variant IV expression was reduced in lifelong-isolated animals. Some of these deficits normalized after resocialization; likewise, exon VI Bdnf mRNA levels were reduced only in animals persistently isolated. Conversely, social deprivation did not affect the expression of Gad67 and Pvb, two GABAergic markers, whereas changes occurred in the expression of dopamine d1 and d2 receptors. As adult isolation was sufficient to trigger the hyperactive phenotype and impaired neuroplasticity in the prefrontal cortex, it could be a candidate for a refinement strategy for certain research questions. To fully grade the severity of post-weaning social isolation and the alternatives, adult isolation and resocialization, a more profound and multimodal assessment approach is necessary.
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Buchecker V, Waldron AM, van Dijk RM, Koska I, Brendel M, von Ungern-Sternberg B, Lindner S, Gildehaus FJ, Ziegler S, Bartenstein P, Potschka H. [ 18F]MPPF and [ 18F]FDG μPET imaging in rats: impact of transport and restraint stress. EJNMMI Res 2020; 10:112. [PMID: 32990819 PMCID: PMC7524912 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-020-00693-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stress exposure can significantly affect serotonergic signaling with a particular impact on 5-HT1A receptor expression. Positron emission tomography (PET) provides opportunities for molecular imaging of alterations in 5-HT1A receptor binding following stress exposure. Considering the possible role of 5-HT1A receptors in stress coping mechanisms, respective imaging approaches are of particular interest. Material and methods For twelve consecutive days, Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to daily transport with a 1 h stay in a laboratory or daily transport plus 1 h restraint in a narrow tube. Following, animals were subjected to μPET imaging with 2′-methoxyphenyl-(N-2′-pyridinyl)-p-[18F]fluoro-benzamidoethylpiperazine ([18F]MPPF) and 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]FDG). Behavioral and biochemical parameters were analyzed to obtain additional information. Results In rats with repeated transport, hippocampal [18F]MPPF binding exceeded that in the naive group, while no difference in [18F]FDG uptake was detected between the groups. A transient decline in body weight was observed in rats with transport or combined transport and restraint. Thereby, body weight development correlated with [18F]MPPF binding. Conclusions Mild-to-moderate stress associated with daily transport and exposure to a laboratory environment can trigger significant alterations in hippocampal binding of the 5-HT1A receptor ligand [18F]MPPF. This finding indicates that utmost care is necessary to control and report transport and associated handling procedures for animals used in μPET studies analyzing the serotonergic system in order to enhance the robustness of conclusions and allow replicability of findings. In view of earlier studies indicating that an increase in hippocampal 5-HT1A receptor expression may be associated with a resilience to stress, it would be of interest to further evaluate 5-HT1A receptor imaging approaches as a candidate biomarker for the vulnerability to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Buchecker
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Königinstr. 16, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Ann-Marie Waldron
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Königinstr. 16, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - R Maarten van Dijk
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Königinstr. 16, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Ines Koska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Königinstr. 16, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Simon Lindner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Josef Gildehaus
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sibylle Ziegler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Königinstr. 16, 80539, Munich, Germany.
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van Dijk RM, Koska I, Bleich A, Tolba R, Seiffert I, Möller C, Di Liberto V, Talbot SR, Potschka H. Design of composite measure schemes for comparative severity assessment in animal-based neuroscience research: A case study focussed on rat epilepsy models. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230141. [PMID: 32413036 PMCID: PMC7228039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative severity assessment of animal models and experimental interventions is of utmost relevance for harm-benefit analysis during ethical evaluation, an animal welfare-based model prioritization as well as the validation of refinement measures. Unfortunately, there is a lack of evidence-based approaches to grade an animal's burden in a sensitive, robust, precise, and objective manner. Particular challenges need to be considered in the context of animal-based neuroscientific research because models of neurological disorders can be characterized by relevant changes in the affective state of an animal. Here, we report about an approach for parameter selection and development of a composite measure scheme designed for precise analysis of the distress of animals in a specific model category. Data sets from the analysis of several behavioral and biochemical parameters in three different epilepsy models were subjected to a principal component analysis to select the most informative parameters. The top-ranking parameters included burrowing, open field locomotion, social interaction, and saccharin preference. These were combined to create a composite measure scheme (CMS). CMS data were subjected to cluster analysis enabling the allocation of severity levels to individual animals. The results provided information for a direct comparison between models indicating a comparable severity of the electrical and chemical post-status epilepticus models, and a lower severity of the kindling model. The new CMS can be directly applied for comparison of other rat models with seizure activity or for assessment of novel refinement approaches in the respective research field. The respective online tool for direct application of the CMS or for creating a new CMS based on other parameters from different models is available at https://github.com/mytalbot/cms. However, the robustness and generalizability needs to be further assessed in future studies. More importantly, our concept of parameter selection can serve as a practice example providing the basis for comparable approaches applicable to the development and validation of CMS for all kinds of disease models or interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roelof Maarten van Dijk
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ines Koska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Andre Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Central Animal Facility, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rene Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Central Animal Facility, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Isabel Seiffert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Möller
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Valentina Di Liberto
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Steven Roger Talbot
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Central Animal Facility, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Odorcyk FK, Duran-Carabali LE, Rocha DS, Sanches EF, Martini AP, Venturin GT, Greggio S, da Costa JC, Kucharski LC, Zimmer ER, Netto CA. Differential glucose and beta-hydroxybutyrate metabolism confers an intrinsic neuroprotection to the immature brain in a rat model of neonatal hypoxia ischemia. Exp Neurol 2020; 330:113317. [PMID: 32304750 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia ischemia (HI) is the main cause of newborn mortality and morbidity. Preclinical studies have shown that the immature rat brain is more resilient to HI injury, suggesting innate mechanisms of neuroprotection. During neonatal period brain metabolism experience changes that might greatly affect the outcome of HI injury. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate how changes in brain metabolism interfere with HI outcome in different stages of CNS development. For this purpose, animals were divided into 6 groups: HIP3, HIP7 and HIP11 (HI performed at postnatal days 3, 7 and 11, respectively), and their respective shams. In vivo [18F]FDG micro positron emission tomography (microPET) imaging was performed 24 and 72 h after HI, as well as ex-vivo assessments of glucose and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) oxidation. At adulthood behavioral tests and histology were performed. Behavioral and histological analysis showed greater impairments in HIP11 animals, while HIP3 rats were not affected. Changes in [18F]FDG metabolism were found only in the lesion area of HIP11, where a substantial hypometabolism was detected. Furthermore, [18F]FDG hypometabolism predicted impaired cognition and worst histological outcomes at adulthood. Finally, substrate oxidation assessments showed that glucose oxidation remained unaltered and higher level of BHB oxidation found in P3 animals, suggesting a more resilient metabolism. Overall, present results show [18F]FDG microPET predicts long-term injury outcome and suggests that higher BHB utilization is one of the mechanisms that confer the intrinsic neuroprotection to the immature brain and should be explored as a therapeutic target for treatment of HI.
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Affiliation(s)
- F K Odorcyk
- Graduate Program in Phisiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - L E Duran-Carabali
- Graduate Program in Phisiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - D S Rocha
- Graduate Program in Phisiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - E F Sanches
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - A P Martini
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - G T Venturin
- Preclinical Research Center, Brain Institute (BraIns) of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - S Greggio
- Preclinical Research Center, Brain Institute (BraIns) of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - J C da Costa
- Preclinical Research Center, Brain Institute (BraIns) of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - L C Kucharski
- Graduate Program in Phisiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - E R Zimmer
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacology and therapeutics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - C A Netto
- Graduate Program in Phisiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Mazarati A. Can we and should we use animal models to study neurobehavioral comorbidities of epilepsy? Epilepsy Behav 2019; 101:106566. [PMID: 31699663 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Animal systems have been widely used to examine mechanisms of neurobehavioral comorbidities of epilepsy and to help in developing their effective therapies. Despite the progress made in the field, animal studies have their limitations stemming both from issues with modeling neuropsychiatric disorders in the laboratory and from drawbacks of animal models of epilepsy themselves. This review discusses advantages and weaknesses of experimental paradigms and approaches used to model and to analyze neurobehavioral comorbidities of epilepsy, from the perspectives of their needs, interpretation, ways of improvement, and clinical relevance. Developmental studies are required to adequately address age-specific aspects of the comorbidities. The deployment of preclinical Common Data Elements (pCDEs) for epilepsy research should facilitate the standardization and the harmonization of studies in question, while the application of Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) to characterize neurobehavioral disorders in animals with epilepsy should help in closing the bench-to-bedside gap. Special Issue: Epilepsy & Behavior's 20th Anniversary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Mazarati
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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13
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Canzian J, Müller TE, Franscescon F, Michelotti P, Fontana BD, Costa FV, Rosemberg DB. Modeling psychiatric comorbid symptoms of epileptic seizures in zebrafish. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 119:14-22. [PMID: 31542703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a debilitating neurological disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. Anxiety, cognitive deficits, depressive-like symptoms, and social dysfunction are psychiatric comorbidities with high prevalence in epileptic patients. Due to the genetic and behavioral tractability, the zebrafish is a promising model organism to understand the neural bases involved in epilepsy-related comorbidities. Here, we aimed to characterize some behavioral phenotypes paralleling those observed in epilepsy-related comorbidities after a single pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) exposure in zebrafish. We also analyzed the influence of whole-body cortisol levels in the behavioral responses measured. Fish were exposed to 10 mM PTZ for 20 min to induce epileptic seizures. After 24 h recovery period, locomotion and anxiety-like responses (novel tank and light-dark tests), social interaction (shoaling behavior task), and memory retention (inhibitory avoidance protocol) were assessed. Basically, PTZ impaired habituation to novelty stress, evoked anxiogenic-like behaviors, disrupted shoaling, and caused memory consolidation deficits in zebrafish without changing whole-body cortisol levels. In conclusion, our novel findings further validate the use of zebrafish as a suitable tool for modeling epilepsy-related comorbidities in translational neuropsychiatric research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Canzian
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Talise E Müller
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Francini Franscescon
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Paula Michelotti
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Barbara D Fontana
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, UK
| | - Fabiano V Costa
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Denis B Rosemberg
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropsychobiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Natural and Exact Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, 1000 Roraima Avenue, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil; The International Zebrafish Neuroscience Research Consortium (ZNRC), 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA, 70458, USA.
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14
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Avendaño-Estrada A, Velasco F, Velasco AL, Cuellar-Herrera M, Saucedo-Alvarado PE, Marquez-Franco R, Rivera-Bravo B, Ávila-Rodríguez MA. Quantitative Analysis of [18F]FFMZ and [18F]FDG PET Studies in the Localization of Seizure Onset Zone in Drug-Resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2019; 97:232-240. [PMID: 31722358 DOI: 10.1159/000503692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in epilepsy is an in vivo technique that allows the localization of a possible seizure onset zone (SOZ) during the interictal period. Stereo-electro-encephalography (SEEG) is the gold standard to define the SOZ. The objective of this research was to evaluate the accuracy of PET imaging in localizing the site of SOZ compared with SEEG. METHODS Seven patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (Ep) and 2 healthy controls (HC) underwent 2 PET scans, one with 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) and another with 2'-[18F]fluoroflumazenil (FFMZ), acquired 1 day apart. FDG was acquired for 10 min (static scan) 1 h after administration. An FFMZ scan was acquired for 60 min from radiopharmaceutical administration in a dynamic mode. Each brain PET image was segmented using a standard template implemented in PMOD 3.8. The pons was used as the reference region for modeling of the nondisplaceable binding potential (BPND)for FFMZ, and to obtain uptake ratios for FDG. SEEG studies of patients were performed as a part of their surgical evaluation to define the SOZ. RESULTS Well-defined differences between HC and Ep were found with both radiopharmaceuticals, showing the utility to identify abnormal brain regions using quantitative PET imaging. Lateralization of the SOZ findings by PET (lower uptake/binding in a specific brain hemisphere) matched in 86% for FFMZ and 71% for FDG with SEEG data. CONCLUSION Quantitative PET imaging is an excellent complementary tool that matches reasonably well with SEEG to define SOZ in presurgical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Avendaño-Estrada
- Unidad Radiofarmacia-Ciclotrón, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco Velasco
- Unit for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Luisa Velasco
- Unit for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Manola Cuellar-Herrera
- Unit for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pablo E Saucedo-Alvarado
- Unit for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rene Marquez-Franco
- Unit for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Hospital General de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Belen Rivera-Bravo
- Unidad PET/CT, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Ávila-Rodríguez
- Unidad Radiofarmacia-Ciclotrón, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico,
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15
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Gualtieri F, Nowakowska M, von Rüden EL, Seiffert I, Potschka H. Epileptogenesis-Associated Alterations of Heat Shock Protein 70 in a Rat Post-Status Epilepticus Model. Neuroscience 2019; 415:44-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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16
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Koska I, van Dijk RM, Seiffert I, Di Liberto V, Möller C, Palme R, Hellweg R, Potschka H. Toward evidence-based severity assessment in rat models with repeated seizures: II. Chemical post-status epilepticus model. Epilepsia 2019; 60:2114-2127. [PMID: 31471910 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Considering the complexity of neuronal circuits and their epilepsy-associated alterations, epilepsy models cannot be completely replaced by in vitro experimental approaches. Decisions about ethical approval of in vivo studies require a thorough weighing of the animal's burden and the benefit regarding the expected gain in knowledge. METHODS Based on combined behavioral, biochemical, and physiological analyses, we assessed the impact on animal well-being and condition in different phases of the pilocarpine post-status epilepticus (SE) model in rats. RESULTS As a consequence of SE, increased levels of impairment were evident in the early postinsult phase and late chronic phase, whereas only mild impairment was observed in the interim phase. Parameters that stood out as sensitive indicators of animal distress include burrowing, which proved to be affected throughout all experimental phases, saccharin preference, fecal corticosterone metabolites, heart rate, and heart rate variability. SIGNIFICANCE The cumulative burden with temporary but not long-lasting phases of more pronounced impairment suggests a classification of severe as a basis for laboratory-specific prospective and retrospective evaluation. Among the parameters analyzed, burrowing behavior and saccharin preference stand out as candidate parameters that seem to be well suited to obtain information about animal distress in epileptogenesis models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Koska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roelof Maarten van Dijk
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Isabel Seiffert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Valentina Di Liberto
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Christina Möller
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rupert Palme
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer Hellweg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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17
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Abstract
Nest building behavior has been intensely applied as a parameter for severity assessment in mice. In contrast, only a limited number of studies have reported nest building data from rats. Here, we assessed nest building in rats in two different facilities addressing the hypotheses that the vendor, previous experience with the nesting material as well as sex of the rats has an impact on the performance. Data from two study sites and three raters were compared to obtain information about the robustness of nest complexity scoring. The findings demonstrate a generally poor nest building performance in rats with a pronounced day-to-day fluctuation, and site-specific differences. Application of a newly developed scoring system resulted in an intermediate inter-rater reliability. Previous experience with the nesting material did not exert a consistent impact on nest complexity scores. Sex differences proved to depend on vendor and animal facility without consistent findings supporting a superior performance in female or male rats. In conclusion, our findings argue against a robust and consistent influence of sex and familiarity with the nesting material. The comparison between facilities suggests that local conditions need to be considered as influencing factors, which should be explored in more detail by future multicenter approaches. Considering the day-to-day fluctuation and the intermediate inter-rater reliability, we highly recommend to base nest complexity evaluation on means from several subsequent days analyzed by a group of experienced raters.
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18
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Seiffert I, van Dijk RM, Koska I, Di Liberto V, Möller C, Palme R, Hellweg R, Potschka H. Toward evidence-based severity assessment in rat models with repeated seizures: III. Electrical post-status epilepticus model. Epilepsia 2019; 60:1539-1551. [PMID: 31247135 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ethical approval of experiments in chronic epilepsy models requires a careful balancing of the expected gain-in-knowledge with the level of distress. Thus recommendations for evidence-based severity assessment and classification are urgently needed for preclinical epilepsy research. METHODS Therefore, we have completed a comprehensive analysis of alterations in behavioral, biochemical, and physiological parameters in a rat electrical post-status epilepticus model. Selected parameters were repeatedly analyzed during different experimental phases to obtain information about the level of distress throughout the course of the model. RESULTS Behavioral patterns comprised an increase in activity along with a reduction in risk assessment behavior, active social interaction, saccharin preference as well as nonessential, but evolutionary-determined behavior such as nest building and burrowing. Among the biochemical parameters, fecal corticosterone metabolites proved to be increased in different phases of the experiment. In the early post-insult phase, this increase was reflected by elevated serum corticosterone concentrations. Telemetric recordings demonstrated increases in home cage activity and heart rate in selected experimental phases but argued against relevant changes in heart rate variability. Comparison between animals with tethered or telemetric recordings including a principal component analysis revealed differences between both groups. SIGNIFICANCE The present findings further confirm that burrowing behavior and saccharin preference might serve as valid parameters for severity assessment in chronic epilepsy models. Considering the course of alterations providing evidence for a more pronounced level of distress in the early phase following status epilepticus (SE), we suggest a classification of the electrical post-SE model as severe. This suggestion may serve as a guidance for laboratory-specific evaluations. Comparison between data from animals with tethered and telemetric recordings indicated an impact of the mode of recordings. However, further research is necessary to analyze the validity of telemetry as a putative refinement measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Seiffert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roelof Maarten van Dijk
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ines Koska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Valentina Di Liberto
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Christina Möller
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rupert Palme
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer Hellweg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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19
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Bascuñana P, García-García L, Javela J, Fernández de la Rosa R, Shiha AA, Kelly J, Delgado M, Pozo MÁ. PET Neuroimaging Reveals Serotonergic and Metabolic Dysfunctions in the Hippocampal Electrical Kindling Model of Epileptogenesis. Neuroscience 2019; 409:101-110. [PMID: 31034972 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glucose metabolism and serotonergic neurotransmission have been reported to play an important role in epileptogenesis. We therefore aimed to use neuroimaging to evaluate potential alterations in serotonin 5-HT1A receptor and glucose metabolism during epileptogenesis in the rat electrical kindling model. To achieve this goal, we performed positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in a rat epileptogenesis model triggered by electrical stimulation of the hippocampus using 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG), a radiolabeled analog of glucose, and 2'-methoxyphenyl-(N-2'-pyridinyl)-p-18F-fluoro-benzamidoethylpiperazine (18F-MPPF), a radiolabeled 5-HT1A receptor ligand, to evaluate brain metabolism and 5-HT1A receptor functionality. Since the 5-HT1A receptor is also highly expressed in astrocytes, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunofluorescence was performed to detect astrogliosis arising from the kindling procedure once the study was finalized. Lastly, in vitro18F-MPPF autoradiography was performed to evaluate changes in 5HT1A receptor expression. 18F-FDG PET showed reduction of glucose uptake in cortical structures, whereas 18F-MPPF PET revealed an enhancement of tracer binding potential (BPND) in key areas rich in 5-HT1A receptor involved in epilepsy, including septum, hippocampus and entorhinal cortex of kindled animals compared to controls. However, in vitro 5-HT1A receptor autoradiography showed no changes in densitometric signal in any brain region, suggesting that the augmentation in BPND found by PET could be caused by reduction of synaptic serotonin. Importantly, astroglial activation was detected in the hippocampus of kindled rats. Overall, electrical kindling induced hypometabolism, astrogliosis and serotonergic alterations in epilepsy-related regions. Furthermore, the present findings point to 5-HT1A receptor as a valuable epileptogenesis biomarker candidate and a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Bascuñana
- Unidad de Cartografía Cerebral, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII, 1, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis García-García
- Unidad de Cartografía Cerebral, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII, 1, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Javela
- Grupo de Clínica y Salud Mental, Programa de Psicología, Universidad Católica de Pereira, Av Sur/Las Américas, Pereira, Colombia
| | - Rubén Fernández de la Rosa
- Unidad de Cartografía Cerebral, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII, 1, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ahmed Anis Shiha
- Unidad de Cartografía Cerebral, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII, 1, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - James Kelly
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Curium Pharma Spain (formerly Instituto Tecnológico PET), C/ Manuel Bartolomé Cossío, 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Delgado
- Unidad de Cartografía Cerebral, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII, 1, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Pozo
- Unidad de Cartografía Cerebral, Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII, 1, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Curium Pharma Spain (formerly Instituto Tecnológico PET), C/ Manuel Bartolomé Cossío, 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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20
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van Dijk RM, Di Liberto V, Brendel M, Waldron AM, Möller C, Gildehaus FJ, von Ungern-Sternberg B, Lindner M, Ziegler S, Hellweg R, Gass P, Bartenstein P, Potschka H. Imaging biomarkers of behavioral impairments: A pilot micro-positron emission tomographic study in a rat electrical post-status epilepticus model. Epilepsia 2018; 59:2194-2205. [PMID: 30370531 DOI: 10.1111/epi.14586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In patients with epilepsy, psychiatric comorbidities can significantly affect the disease course and quality of life. Detecting and recognizing these comorbidities is central in determining an optimal treatment plan. One promising tool in detecting biomarkers for psychiatric comorbidities in epilepsy is positron emission tomography (PET). METHODS Behavioral and biochemical variables were cross-correlated with the results from two μPET scans using the tracers [18 F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([18 F]FDG) and 2'-methoxyphenyl-(N-2'-pyridinyl)-p-18 F-fluoro-benzamidoethylpiperazine ([18 F]MPPF) to explore potential biomarkers for neurobehavioral comorbidities in an electrically induced post-status epilepticus rat model of epilepsy. RESULTS In rats with epilepsy, μPET analysis revealed a local reduction in hippocampal [18 F]FDG uptake, and a local increase in [18 F]MPPF binding. These changes exhibited a correlation with burrowing as a "luxury" behavior, social interaction, and anxiety-associated behavioral patterns. Interestingly, hippocampal [18 F]FDG uptake did not correlate with spontaneous recurrent seizure activity. SIGNIFICANCE In the electrically induced post-status epilepticus rat model, we demonstrated hippocampal hypometabolism and its correlation with a range of neurobehavioral alterations. These findings require further confirmation in other preclinical models and patients with epilepsy and psychiatric disorders to address the value of [18 F]FDG uptake as an imaging biomarker candidate for psychiatric comorbidities in patients as well as for severity assessment in rodent epilepsy models.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Maarten van Dijk
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Valentina Di Liberto
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ann Marie Waldron
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Möller
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Josef Gildehaus
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara von Ungern-Sternberg
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Magdalena Lindner
- German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sibylle Ziegler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rainer Hellweg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Gass
- Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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