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Rahmat NL, Zifruddin AN, Yusoff NS, Sulaiman S, Zainal Abidin CMR, Othman NW, Nor Muhammad NA, Hassan M. Transcriptome analysis reveals mechanisms of metabolic detoxification and immune responses following farnesyl acetate treatment in Metisa plana. Comput Biol Chem 2024; 112:108176. [PMID: 39181100 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2024.108176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Metisa plana is a widespread insect pest infesting oil palm plantations in Malaysia. Farnesyl acetate (FA), a juvenile hormone analogue, has been reported to exert in vitro and in vivo insecticidal activity against other insect pests. However, the insecticidal mechanism of FA on M. plana remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to elucidate responsive genes in M. plana in response to FA treatment. The RNA-sequencing reads of FA-treated M. plana were de novo-assembled with existing raw reads from non-treated third instar larvae, and 55,807 transcripts were functionally annotated to multiple protein databases. Several insecticide detoxification-related genes were differentially regulated among the 321 differentially expressed transcripts. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, carboxylesterase, and ATP-binding cassette protein were upregulated, while peptidoglycan recognition protein was downregulated. Innate immune response genes, such as glutathione S-transferases, acetylcholinesterase, and heat shock protein, were also identified in the transcriptome. The findings signify that changes occurred in the insect's receptor and signaling, metabolic detoxification of insecticides, and immune responses upon FA treatment on M. plana. This valuable information on FA toxicity may be used to formulate more effective biorational insecticides for better M. plana pest management strategies in oil palm plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Lina Rahmat
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor 43600 UKM, Malaysia
| | - Anis Nadyra Zifruddin
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor 43600 UKM, Malaysia
| | - Nur Syamimi Yusoff
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor 43600 UKM, Malaysia
| | - Suhaila Sulaiman
- Bioinformatics Unit, FGV R&D Sdn. Bhd., FGV Innovation Centre, PT23417 Lengkuk Teknologi,Bandar Enstek, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan 71760, Malaysia
| | | | - Nurul Wahida Othman
- Centre for Insect Systematics, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor 43600 UKM, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azlan Nor Muhammad
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor 43600 UKM, Malaysia; Bioinformatics and Molecular Simulations Group, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Maizom Hassan
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Selangor 43600 UKM, Malaysia; Systems and Synthetic Biology Group, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Tsap MI, Yatsenko AS, Hegermann J, Beckmann B, Tsikas D, Shcherbata HR. Unraveling the link between neuropathy target esterase NTE/SWS, lysosomal storage diseases, inflammation, abnormal fatty acid metabolism, and leaky brain barrier. eLife 2024; 13:e98020. [PMID: 38660940 PMCID: PMC11090517 DOI: 10.7554/elife.98020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Drosophila Swiss cheese (SWS) gene or its vertebrate orthologue neuropathy target esterase (NTE) lead to progressive neuronal degeneration in flies and humans. Despite its enzymatic function as a phospholipase is well established, the molecular mechanism responsible for maintaining nervous system integrity remains unclear. In this study, we found that NTE/SWS is present in surface glia that forms the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and that NTE/SWS is important to maintain its structure and permeability. Importantly, BBB glia-specific expression of Drosophila NTE/SWS or human NTE in the sws mutant background fully rescues surface glial organization and partially restores BBB integrity, suggesting a conserved function of NTE/SWS. Interestingly, sws mutant glia showed abnormal organization of plasma membrane domains and tight junction rafts accompanied by the accumulation of lipid droplets, lysosomes, and multilamellar bodies. Since the observed cellular phenotypes closely resemble the characteristics described in a group of metabolic disorders known as lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), our data established a novel connection between NTE/SWS and these conditions. We found that mutants with defective BBB exhibit elevated levels of fatty acids, which are precursors of eicosanoids and are involved in the inflammatory response. Also, as a consequence of a permeable BBB, several innate immunity factors are upregulated in an age-dependent manner, while BBB glia-specific expression of NTE/SWS normalizes inflammatory response. Treatment with anti-inflammatory agents prevents the abnormal architecture of the BBB, suggesting that inflammation contributes to the maintenance of a healthy brain barrier. Considering the link between a malfunctioning BBB and various neurodegenerative diseases, gaining a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms causing inflammation due to a defective BBB could help to promote the use of anti-inflammatory therapies for age-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana I Tsap
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andriy S Yatsenko
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Hegermann
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Research Core Unit Electron Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bibiana Beckmann
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Tsikas
- Institute of Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Halyna R Shcherbata
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Bar Harbor, United States
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Variants in the patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 6 (PNPLA6) gene cause a broad spectrum of neurological disorders characterized by gait disturbance, visual impairment, anterior hypopituitarism, and hair anomalies. This review examines the clinical, cellular, and biochemical features found across the five PNPLA6-related diseases, with a focus on future questions to be addressed. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature review was performed on published clinical reports on patients with PNPLA6 variants. Additionally, in vitro and in vivo models used to study the encoded protein, Neuropathy Target Esterase (NTE), are summarized to lend mechanistic perspective to human diseases. RESULTS Biallelic pathogenic PNPLA6 variants cause five systemic neurological disorders: spastic paraplegia type 39, Gordon-Holmes, Boucher-Neuhäuser, Laurence-Moon, and Oliver-McFarlane syndromes. PNPLA6 encodes NTE, an enzyme involved in maintaining phospholipid homeostasis and trafficking in the nervous system. Retinal disease presents with a unique chorioretinal dystrophy that is phenotypically similar to choroideremia and Leber congenital amaurosis. Animal and cellular models support a loss-of-function mechanism. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians should be aware of choroideremia-like ocular presentation in patients who also experience growth defects, motor dysfunction, and/or hair anomalies. Although NTE biochemistry is well characterized, further research on the relationship between genotype and the presence or absence of retinopathy should be explored to improve diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Liu
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert B Hufnagel
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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4
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The phospholipase A 2 superfamily as a central hub of bioactive lipids and beyond. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 244:108382. [PMID: 36918102 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
In essence, "phospholipase A2" (PLA2) means a group of enzymes that release fatty acids and lysophospholipids by hydrolyzing the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids. To date, more than 50 enzymes possessing PLA2 or related lipid-metabolizing activities have been identified in mammals, and these are subdivided into several families in terms of their structures, catalytic mechanisms, tissue/cellular localizations, and evolutionary relationships. From a general viewpoint, the PLA2 superfamily has mainly been implicated in signal transduction, driving the production of a wide variety of bioactive lipid mediators. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that PLA2s also contribute to phospholipid remodeling or recycling for membrane homeostasis, fatty acid β-oxidation for energy production, and barrier lipid formation on the body surface. Accordingly, PLA2 enzymes are considered one of the key regulators of a broad range of lipid metabolism, and perturbation of specific PLA2-driven lipid pathways often disrupts tissue and cellular homeostasis and may be associated with a variety of diseases. This review covers current understanding of the physiological functions of the PLA2 superfamily, focusing particularly on the two major intracellular PLA2 families (Ca2+-dependent cytosolic PLA2s and Ca2+-independent patatin-like PLA2s) as well as other PLA2 families, based on studies using gene-manipulated mice and human diseases in combination with comprehensive lipidomics.
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Miš K, Lulić AM, Marš T, Pirkmajer S, Katalinić M. Insulin, dibutyryl-cAMP, and glucose modulate expression of patatin-like domain containing protein 7 in cultured human myotubes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1139303. [PMID: 37033214 PMCID: PMC10073714 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1139303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of patatin-like phospholipase domain containing protein 7 (PNPLA7), also known as neuropathy target esterase-related esterase (NRE), a lysophospholipase, increases with fasting and decreases with feeding in mouse skeletal muscle, indicating it is regulated by insulin, counterregulatory hormones, such as glucocorticoids and catecholamines, and/or nutrients. In cultured mouse adipocytes insulin reduces Pnpla7 expression, underscoring the possibility that insulin regulates PNPLA7 in skeletal muscle. The first aim of this study was to establish whether PNPLA7 is functionally expressed in cultured human skeletal muscle cells. The second aim was to determine whether PNPLA7 is regulated by insulin, glucocorticoids, cAMP/protein kinase A pathway, and/or glucose. Cultured human skeletal muscle cells expressed PNPLA7 mRNA and protein. Gene silencing of PNPLA7 in myoblasts reduced the phosphorylation of 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase and ribosomal protein S6 as well as the abundance of α1-subunit of Na+,K+-ATPase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase, indirectly suggesting that PNPLA7 is functionally important. In myotubes, insulin suppressed PNPLA7 mRNA at 1 g/L glucose, but not at low (0.5 g/L) or high (4.5 g/L) concentrations. Treatment with synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone and activator of adenylyl cyclase forskolin had no effect on PNPLA7 regardless of glucose concentration, while dibutyryl-cAMP, a cell-permeable cAMP analogue, suppressed PNPLA7 mRNA at 4.5 g/L glucose. The abundance of PNPLA7 protein correlated inversely with the glucose concentrations. Collectively, our results highlight that PNPLA7 in human myotubes is regulated by metabolic signals, implicating a role for PNPLA7 in skeletal muscle energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Miš
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana-Marija Lulić
- Biochemistry and Organic Analytical Chemistry Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomaž Marš
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sergej Pirkmajer
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Sergej Pirkmajer, ; Maja Katalinić,
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Biochemistry and Organic Analytical Chemistry Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
- *Correspondence: Sergej Pirkmajer, ; Maja Katalinić,
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Zhao H, Wang W, Lin T, Gong L. Serum Metabolomics of Benign Essential Blepharospasm Using Liquid Chromatography and Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:6876327. [PMID: 36452462 PMCID: PMC9704060 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6876327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Background Benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) is a form of focal dystonia that causes excessive involuntary spasms of the eyelids. Currently, the pathogenesis of BEB remains unclear. This study is aimed at investigating the serum metabolites profiles in patients with BEB and healthy control and to identify the mechanism and biomarkers of this disease. Methods 30 patients with BEB and 33 healthy controls were recruited for this study. We conducted the quantitative and nontargeted metabolomics analysis of the serum samples from 63 subjects by using liquid chromatography and Orbitrap mass spectrometry (LC-Orbitrap MS). Multivariate statistical analysis was performed to detect and identify different metabolites between the two groups. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of the altered metabolites were performed. Results A total of 134 metabolites were found and identified. The metabolites belonged to several metabolic pathways including phenylalanine metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, arginine biosynthesis, linoleic acid metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, sphingolipid metabolism, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, and vitamin B6 metabolism. Eight metabolites were identified as the potential biomarkers. Conclusions These results demonstrated that serum metabolic profiling of BEB patients was significantly different from healthy controls based on LC-Orbitrap MS. Besides, metabolomics might provide useful information for a better understanding of BEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Laboratory of Myopia, NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Wushuang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Laboratory of Myopia, NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Tong Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Laboratory of Myopia, NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Lan Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye, Ear, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Laboratory of Myopia, NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, China
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Holguín-Céspedes GK, Céspedes-Rubio ÁE, Rondón-Barragán IS. First study on response of astrocytes in alevines of red-bellied pacu (Piaractus brachypomus) to subchronic exposure to chlorpyrifos and trichlorfon. Vet World 2022; 15:1676-1683. [PMID: 36185539 PMCID: PMC9394146 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1676-1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Organophosphate pesticides (OPs) used in agricultural production pose environmental and public health risks whenever non-target organisms are exposed to them. Oxon-type OPs, such as trichlorfon (TCF) and chlorpyrifos (CPF), are frequently used in Colombia and have been detected in water bodies in the vicinity of croplands; however, their effect on aquatic organisms, especially fish, is largely unknown. The neurotoxicity of OPs includes inhibition of esterase enzymes, neuronal damage, and increased glial reactivity. This study aimed to assess the astrocytic response in the brain tissue of juvenile red-bellied pacu (Piaractus brachypomus) exposed to TCF and CPF.
Materials and Methods: A 25-day subchronic assay was conducted in which juvenile red-bellied pacu were exposed to CPF and TCF. After 25 days of exposure, the fish were killed and brain samples were collected and processed for immunohistochemistry to assess the morphology and reactivity of astrocytes; glial acidic fibrillary protein was used as a biomarker.
Results: The brain samples from animals under subchronic exposure to OPs for 25 days showed higher cellular density as well as changes in astrocyte phenotype characterized by shortening of cytoplasmic projections, hypertrophy, and ameboid morphology compared to those from nonexposed animals. Similarly, astrocyte hyperreactivity was detected in the optic tectum and medial longitudinal fasciculus of the exposed group.
Conclusion: Immunoreactivity of brain glial cells under subchronic exposure to OPs measured through immunohistochemical tests as well as OPs-induced neuropathology may be useful as a biomarker for monitoring environmental pollution. The results also indicate that P. brachypomus is a suitable biomonitoring model for studying neurotoxicological and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisella Karina Holguín-Céspedes
- Research Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases – END, Immunotoxicology, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Ángel Enrique Céspedes-Rubio
- Research Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases – END, Immunotoxicology, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Iang S. Rondón-Barragán
- Research Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases – END, Immunotoxicology, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia
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The Catalytic Domain of Neuropathy Target Esterase Influences Lipid Droplet Biogenesis and Lipid Metabolism in Human Neuroblastoma Cells. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12070637. [PMID: 35888761 PMCID: PMC9319352 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12070637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-anchored phospholipase, neuropathy target esterase (NTE) catalyzes the deacylation of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and phosphatidylcholine (PC). The catalytic domain of NTE (NEST) exhibits comparable activity to NTE and binds to lipid droplets (LD). In the current study, the nucleotide monophosphate (cNMP)-binding domains (CBDs) were firstly demonstrated not to be essential for the ER-targeting of NTE, but to be involved in the normal ER distribution and localization to LD. NEST was associated with LD surface and influenced LD formation in human neuroblastoma cells. Overexpression of NEST enhances triacylglycerol (TG) accumulation upon oleic acid loading. Quantitative targeted lipidomic analysis shows that overexpression of NEST does not alter diacylglycerol levels but reduces free fatty acids content. NEST not only lowered levels of LPC and acyl-LPC, but not PC or alkyl-PC, but also widely altered levels of other lipid metabolites. Qualitative PCR indicates that the increase in levels of TG is due to the expression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 gene by NEST overexpression. Thus, NTE may broadly regulate lipid metabolism to play roles in LD biogenesis in cells.
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Zhao J, Zhang H, Fan X, Yu X, Huai J. Lipid Dyshomeostasis and Inherited Cerebellar Ataxia. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3800-3828. [PMID: 35420383 PMCID: PMC9148275 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02826-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia is a form of ataxia that originates from dysfunction of the cerebellum, but may involve additional neurological tissues. Its clinical symptoms are mainly characterized by the absence of voluntary muscle coordination and loss of control of movement with varying manifestations due to differences in severity, in the site of cerebellar damage and in the involvement of extracerebellar tissues. Cerebellar ataxia may be sporadic, acquired, and hereditary. Hereditary ataxia accounts for the majority of cases. Hereditary ataxia has been tentatively divided into several subtypes by scientists in the field, and nearly all of them remain incurable. This is mainly because the detailed mechanisms of these cerebellar disorders are incompletely understood. To precisely diagnose and treat these diseases, studies on their molecular mechanisms have been conducted extensively in the past. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that some common pathogenic mechanisms exist within each subtype of inherited ataxia. However, no reports have indicated whether there is a common mechanism among the different subtypes of inherited cerebellar ataxia. In this review, we summarize the available references and databases on neurological disorders characterized by cerebellar ataxia and show that a subset of genes involved in lipid homeostasis form a new group that may cause ataxic disorders through a common mechanism. This common signaling pathway can provide a valuable reference for future diagnosis and treatment of ataxic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Xinxiang, 453000, China
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Xinxiang, 453000, China
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xueyu Fan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Xinxiang, 453000, China
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xue Yu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Xinxiang, 453000, China
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Jisen Huai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Henan Mental Hospital), Xinxiang, 453000, China.
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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PNPLA6/NTE, an Evolutionary Conserved Phospholipase Linked to a Group of Complex Human Diseases. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040284. [PMID: 35448471 PMCID: PMC9025805 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 6 (PNPLA6), originally called Neuropathy Target Esterase (NTE), belongs to a family of hydrolases with at least eight members in mammals. PNPLA6/NTE was first identified as a key factor in Organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy, a degenerative syndrome that occurs after exposure to organophosphates found in pesticides and nerve agents. More recently, mutations in PNPLA6/NTE have been linked with a number of inherited diseases with diverse clinical symptoms that include spastic paraplegia, ataxia, and chorioretinal dystrophy. A conditional knockout of PNPLA6/NTE in the mouse brain results in age-related neurodegeneration, whereas a complete knockout causes lethality during embryogenesis due to defects in the development of the placenta. PNPLA6/NTE is an evolutionarily conserved protein that in Drosophila is called Swiss-Cheese (SWS). Loss of SWS in the fly also leads to locomotory defects and neuronal degeneration that progressively worsen with age. This review will describe the identification of PNPLA6/NTE, its expression pattern, and normal role in lipid homeostasis, as well as the consequences of altered NPLA6/NTE function in both model systems and patients.
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Drosophila Lysophospholipase Gene swiss cheese Is Required for Survival and Reproduction. INSECTS 2021; 13:insects13010014. [PMID: 35055857 PMCID: PMC8781823 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Biological evolution implies fitness of newly evolved organisms that have inherent adaptive traits because of mutations in genes. However, most mutations are detrimental, and they spoil the organism’s life, its survival and its ability to leave progeny. Some genes are extremely vital for an organism, and therefore, they tend to save their structure and do not mutate or do it very composedly. That is the case of the gene encoding PNPLA6 lysophospholipase domain that evolved in bacteria, and evolution obliged it to save its function in higher animals. In mammals, complete dysfunction of such a gene is lethal because of its high importance in placenta for early embryo development. Why is it conserved in other species, for instance insects, that have no placenta? Here we studied the role of the PNPLA6-encoding gene named swiss cheese in Drosophila melanogaster fitness. We have found that its dysfunction results in premature death of specimens and their inability to leave enough progeny. Thus, we provide the first evidence for significance of the gene that encodes the lysophospholipase enzyme in fitness of insects. Abstract Drosophila melanogaster is one of the most famous insects in biological research. It is widely used to analyse functions of different genes. The phosphatidylcholine lysophospholipase gene swiss cheese was initially shown to be important in the fruit fly nervous system. However, the role of this gene in non-nervous cell types has not been elucidated yet, and the evolutional explanation for the conservation of its function remains elusive. In this study, we analyse expression pattern and some aspects of the role of the swiss cheese gene in the fitness of Drosophila melanogaster. We describe the spatiotemporal expression of swiss cheese throughout the fly development and analyse the survival and productivity of swiss cheese mutants. We found swiss cheese to be expressed in salivary glands, midgut, Malpighian tubes, adipocytes, and male reproductive system. Dysfunction of swiss cheese results in severe pupae and imago lethality and decline of fertility, which is impressive in males. The latter is accompanied with abnormalities of male locomotor activity and courtship behaviour, accumulation of lipid droplets in testis cyst cells and decrease in spermatozoa motility. These results suggest that normal swiss cheese is important for Drosophila melanogaster fitness due to its necessity for both specimen survival and their reproductive success.
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Melentev PA, Ryabova EV, Sarantseva SV. A Private History of Neurogenetics: The swiss cheese Gene and Its Orthologs. RUSS J GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795421090076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Zhang C, van Leeuwen W, Blotenburg M, Aguilera-Gomez A, Brussee S, Grond R, Kampinga HH, Rabouille C. Activation of salt Inducible Kinases, IRE1 and PERK leads to Sec bodies formation in Drosophila S2 cells. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272062. [PMID: 34350957 PMCID: PMC8445602 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The phase separation of the non-membrane bound Sec bodies occurs in Drosophila S2 cells by coalescence of components of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit sites under the stress of amino acid starvation. Here, we address which signaling pathways cause Sec body formation and find that two pathways are critical. The first is the activation of the salt-inducible kinases (SIKs; SIK2 and SIK3) by Na+ stress, which, when it is strong, is sufficient. The second is activation of IRE1 and PERK (also known as PEK in flies) downstream of ER stress induced by the absence of amino acids, which needs to be combined with moderate salt stress to induce Sec body formation. SIK, and IRE1 and PERK activation appear to potentiate each other through the stimulation of the unfolded protein response, a key parameter in Sec body formation. This work shows the role of SIKs in phase transition and re-enforces the role of IRE1 and PERK as a metabolic sensor for the level of circulating amino acids and salt. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: In S2 cells, the phase-separated Sec bodies form upon the combined activation of salt-inducible kinases, IRE1 and PERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chujun Zhang
- Hubrecht Institute of the KNAW & UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Sem Brussee
- Hubrecht Institute of the KNAW & UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne Grond
- Hubrecht Institute of the KNAW & UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harm H Kampinga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences in Cells and Systems, UMC Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Rabouille
- Hubrecht Institute of the KNAW & UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Sciences in Cells and Systems, UMC Groningen, The Netherlands.,Section Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
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14
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Melentev PA, Ryabova EV, Surina NV, Zhmujdina DR, Komissarov AE, Ivanova EA, Boltneva NP, Makhaeva GF, Sliusarenko MI, Yatsenko AS, Mohylyak II, Matiytsiv NP, Shcherbata HR, Sarantseva SV. Loss of swiss cheese in Neurons Contributes to Neurodegeneration with Mitochondria Abnormalities, Reactive Oxygen Species Acceleration and Accumulation of Lipid Droplets in Drosophila Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8275. [PMID: 34361042 PMCID: PMC8347196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Various neurodegenerative disorders are associated with human NTE/PNPLA6 dysfunction. Mechanisms of neuropathogenesis in these diseases are far from clearly elucidated. Hereditary spastic paraplegia belongs to a type of neurodegeneration associated with NTE/PNLPLA6 and is implicated in neuron death. In this study, we used Drosophila melanogaster to investigate the consequences of neuronal knockdown of swiss cheese (sws)-the evolutionarily conserved ortholog of human NTE/PNPLA6-in vivo. Adult flies with the knockdown show longevity decline, locomotor and memory deficits, severe neurodegeneration progression in the brain, reactive oxygen species level acceleration, mitochondria abnormalities and lipid droplet accumulation. Our results suggest that SWS/NTE/PNPLA6 dysfunction in neurons induces oxidative stress and lipid metabolism alterations, involving mitochondria dynamics and lipid droplet turnover in neurodegeneration pathogenesis. We propose that there is a complex mechanism in neurological diseases such as hereditary spastic paraplegia, which includes a stress reaction, engaging mitochondria, lipid droplets and endoplasmic reticulum interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel A. Melentev
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC «Kurchatov Institute», 188300 Gatchina, Russia; (P.A.M.); (E.V.R.); (N.V.S.); (D.R.Z.); (A.E.K.); (E.A.I.)
| | - Elena V. Ryabova
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC «Kurchatov Institute», 188300 Gatchina, Russia; (P.A.M.); (E.V.R.); (N.V.S.); (D.R.Z.); (A.E.K.); (E.A.I.)
| | - Nina V. Surina
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC «Kurchatov Institute», 188300 Gatchina, Russia; (P.A.M.); (E.V.R.); (N.V.S.); (D.R.Z.); (A.E.K.); (E.A.I.)
| | - Darya R. Zhmujdina
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC «Kurchatov Institute», 188300 Gatchina, Russia; (P.A.M.); (E.V.R.); (N.V.S.); (D.R.Z.); (A.E.K.); (E.A.I.)
| | - Artem E. Komissarov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC «Kurchatov Institute», 188300 Gatchina, Russia; (P.A.M.); (E.V.R.); (N.V.S.); (D.R.Z.); (A.E.K.); (E.A.I.)
| | - Ekaterina A. Ivanova
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC «Kurchatov Institute», 188300 Gatchina, Russia; (P.A.M.); (E.V.R.); (N.V.S.); (D.R.Z.); (A.E.K.); (E.A.I.)
| | - Natalia P. Boltneva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (N.P.B.); (G.F.M.)
| | - Galina F. Makhaeva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia; (N.P.B.); (G.F.M.)
| | - Mariana I. Sliusarenko
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (M.I.S.); (A.S.Y.); (H.R.S.)
| | - Andriy S. Yatsenko
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (M.I.S.); (A.S.Y.); (H.R.S.)
| | - Iryna I. Mohylyak
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 79005 Lviv, Ukraine; (I.I.M.); (N.P.M.)
| | - Nataliya P. Matiytsiv
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 79005 Lviv, Ukraine; (I.I.M.); (N.P.M.)
| | - Halyna R. Shcherbata
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; (M.I.S.); (A.S.Y.); (H.R.S.)
| | - Svetlana V. Sarantseva
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named by B.P. Konstantinov of NRC «Kurchatov Institute», 188300 Gatchina, Russia; (P.A.M.); (E.V.R.); (N.V.S.); (D.R.Z.); (A.E.K.); (E.A.I.)
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15
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Solana-Manrique C, Muñoz-Soriano V, Sanz FJ, Paricio N. Oxidative modification impairs SERCA activity in Drosophila and human cell models of Parkinson's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166152. [PMID: 33892078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
DJ-1 is a causative gene for familial Parkinson's disease (PD) with different functions, standing out its role against oxidative stress (OS). Accordingly, PD model flies harboring a mutation in the DJ-1β gene (the Drosophila ortholog of human DJ-1) show high levels of OS markers like protein carbonylation, a common post-translational modification that may alter protein function. To increase our understanding of PD pathogenesis as well as to discover potential therapeutic targets for pharmacological intervention, we performed a redox proteomic assay in DJ-1β mutant flies. Among the proteins that showed increased carbonylation levels in PD model flies, we found SERCA, an endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ channel that plays an important role in Ca2+ homeostasis. Interestingly, several studies have supported the involvement of Ca2+ dyshomeostasis in PD. Thus, we decided to study the relation between SERCA activity and PD physiopathology. Our results showed that SERCA enzymatic activity is significantly reduced in DJ-1β mutant flies, probably as a consequence of OS-induced carbonylation, as well as in a human cell PD model based on DJ-1-deficiency. Indeed, higher carbonylation levels of SERCA were also observed in DJ-1-deficient cells compared to controls. In addition, the specific activator of SERCA, CDN1163, was also able to restore PD-related phenotypes in both familial PD models by increasing SERCA activity. Taken together, our results indicate that impaired SERCA activity due to oxidative modification may play a role in PD physiopathology. Furthermore, we demonstrate that therapeutic strategies addressing SERCA activation could be beneficial to treat this disease as shown for CDN1163.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Solana-Manrique
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Biotecnologia y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Verónica Muñoz-Soriano
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Biotecnologia y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Francisco José Sanz
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Biotecnologia y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Nuria Paricio
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Biotecnologia y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
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16
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Doğan M, Eröz R, Öztürk E. Chorioretinal dystrophy, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and cerebellar ataxia: Boucher-Neuhauser syndrome due to a homozygous (c.3524C>G (p.Ser1175Cys)) variant in PNPLA6 gene. Ophthalmic Genet 2021; 42:276-282. [PMID: 33650466 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2021.1894461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The current study aims to raise awareness of Boucher - Neuhauser syndrome (BNHS) that occurs as a rare phenotype due to biallelic pathogenic variants in the PNPLA6 gene.Methods: Detailed family histories and clinical data were recorded. Whole exome sequencing was performed and co-segregation analysis of the family was done by sanger sequencing. Also, review of 28 molecularly confirmed patients with BNHS from the literature was evaluated.Results: We identified a missense homozygous variant (c.3524 C > G (p.Ser1175Cys)) in the PNPLA6 gene, which explains the phenotype of the patient and neurologic, ophthalmologic, endocrine, and genetic evaluations established a diagnosis of BNHS. Symptoms, ethnicity, clinical and genetic findings of 28 molecularly confirmed patients with BNHS from the literature were also presented.Conclusion: We present the main findings of a Turkish family with BNHS together with detailed clinical and genetic profiles of patients diagnosed as BNHS that have been molecularly confirmed in the literature so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Doğan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Malatya Turgut Özal University Medical Faculty, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Recep Eröz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Duzce University Medical Faculty, Duzce, Turkey
| | - Emrah Öztürk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Malatya Training and Research Hospital, Malatya, Turkey
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17
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Morpho-Functional Consequences of Swiss Cheese Knockdown in Glia of Drosophila melanogaster. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030529. [PMID: 33801404 PMCID: PMC7998100 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glia are crucial for the normal development and functioning of the nervous system in many animals. Insects are widely used for studies of glia genetics and physiology. Drosophila melanogaster surface glia (perineurial and subperineurial) form a blood–brain barrier in the central nervous system and blood–nerve barrier in the peripheral nervous system. Under the subperineurial glia layer, in the cortical region of the central nervous system, cortex glia encapsulate neuronal cell bodies, whilst in the peripheral nervous system, wrapping glia ensheath axons of peripheral nerves. Here, we show that the expression of the evolutionarily conserved swiss cheese gene is important in several types of glia. swiss cheese knockdown in subperineurial glia leads to morphological abnormalities of these cells. We found that the number of subperineurial glia nuclei is reduced under swiss cheese knockdown, possibly due to apoptosis. In addition, the downregulation of swiss cheese in wrapping glia causes a loss of its integrity. We reveal transcriptome changes under swiss cheese knockdown in subperineurial glia and in cortex + wrapping glia and show that the downregulation of swiss cheese in these types of glia provokes reactive oxygen species acceleration. These results are accompanied by a decline in animal mobility measured by the negative geotaxis performance assay.
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18
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Li M, Shen X, Liu H, Yang B, Lu S, Tang M, Ling Y, Li Y, Kuang H. Reduced neuropathy target esterase in pre-eclampsia suppresses tube formation of HUVECs via dysregulation of phospholipid metabolism. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:4435-4444. [PMID: 33184906 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, studies have shown that neuropathy target esterase (NTE) is essential to placental and normal blood vessel development. However, whether it is involved in abnormal placenta angiogenesis of pre-eclampsia remains unknown. Thus, our aim was to observe the expression of NTE in pre-eclamptic placentas and its effects and mechanism of NTE on the migration and the tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Immunohistochemical staining showed that the NTE protein was intensely located in blood vessels of the normal pregnant placenta. However, western blot revealed that the expression level of NTE protein was significantly reduced in pre-eclamptic placenta. The results indicated that overexpression of NTE significantly promoted the migration and the tube formation of HUVECs compared with those of the control and scramble short hairpin RNA (shRNA) group. Conversely, NTE shRNA obviously inhibited the migration and the tube formation of HUVECs. Additionally, chromatography assay evidenced that NTE overexpression significantly reduced the level of phosphatidylcholine (PC) of HUVECs, but NTE shRNA obviously increased the level of PC of HUVECs. Furthermore, exogenous PC and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) significantly inhibited the tube formation of HUVECs in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, our results suggest that reduced NTE in placenta may contribute to abnormal placenta angiogenesis of pre-eclampsia via the dysregulation of PC and LPC metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Li
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Shen
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Yang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Siying Lu
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Tang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Ling
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuezhen Li
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology, Medical Experimental Teaching Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibin Kuang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.,Department of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology, Medical Experimental Teaching Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
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19
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Richardson RJ, Fink JK, Glynn P, Hufnagel RB, Makhaeva GF, Wijeyesakere SJ. Neuropathy target esterase (NTE/PNPLA6) and organophosphorus compound-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN). ADVANCES IN NEUROTOXICOLOGY 2020; 4:1-78. [PMID: 32518884 PMCID: PMC7271139 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ant.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inhibition of neuropathy target esterase (NTE) with certain organophosphorus (OP) compounds produces OP compound-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN), a distal degeneration of axons in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), thereby providing a powerful model for studying a spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. Axonopathies are important medical entities in their own right, but in addition, illnesses once considered primary neuronopathies are now thought to begin with axonal degeneration. These disorders include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Moreover, conditional knockout of NTE in the mouse CNS produces vacuolation and other degenerative changes in large neurons in the hippocampus, thalamus, and cerebellum, along with degeneration and swelling of axons in ascending and descending spinal cord tracts. In humans, NTE mutations cause a variety of neurodegenerative conditions resulting in a range of deficits including spastic paraplegia and blindness. Mutations in the Drosophila NTE orthologue SwissCheese (SWS) produce neurodegeneration characterized by vacuolization that can be partially rescued by expression of wild-type human NTE, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach for certain human neurological disorders. This chapter defines NTE and OPIDN, presents an overview of OP compounds, provides a rationale for NTE research, and traces the history of discovery of NTE and its relationship to OPIDN. It then briefly describes subsequent studies of NTE, including practical applications of the assay; aspects of its domain structure, subcellular localization, and tissue expression; abnormalities associated with NTE mutations, knockdown, and conventional or conditional knockout; and hypothetical models to help guide future research on elucidating the role of NTE in OPIDN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy J. Richardson
- Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Michigan Institute for Computational Discovery and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Corresponding author:
| | - John K. Fink
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Paul Glynn
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Robert B. Hufnagel
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Galina F. Makhaeva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Sanjeeva J. Wijeyesakere
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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20
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Characterization of the Interaction of Neuropathy Target Esterase with the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Lipid Droplets. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120848. [PMID: 31835418 PMCID: PMC6995513 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathy target esterase (NTE) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized phospholipase that deacylates phosphatidylcholine (PC) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). Loss-of-function mutations in the human NTE gene have been associated with a spectrum of neurodegenerative disorders such as hereditary spastic paraplegia, ataxia and chorioretinal dystrophy. Despite this, little is known about structure–function relationships between NTE protein domains, enzymatic activity and the interaction with cellular organelles. In the current study we show that the C-terminal region of NTE forms a catalytically active domain that exhibits high affinity for lipid droplets (LDs), cellular storage organelles for triacylglycerol (TAG), which have been recently implicated in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Ectopic expression of the C domain in cultured cells decreases cellular PC, elevates TAG and induces LD clustering. LD interactions of NTE are inhibited by default by a non-enzymatic regulatory (R) region with three putative nucleotide monophosphate binding sites. Together with a N-terminal TMD the R region promotes proper distribution of the catalytic C-terminal region to the ER network. Taken together, our data indicate that NTE may exhibit dynamic interactions with the ER and LDs depending on the interplay of its functional regions. Mutations that disrupt this interplay may contribute to NTE-associated disorders by affecting NTE positioning.
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21
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Sunderhaus ER, Law AD, Kretzschmar D. Disease-Associated PNPLA6 Mutations Maintain Partial Functions When Analyzed in Drosophila. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1207. [PMID: 31780887 PMCID: PMC6852622 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 6 (PNPLA6) have been linked with a number of inherited diseases with clinical symptoms that include spastic paraplegia, ataxia, and chorioretinal dystrophy. PNPLA6 is an evolutionary conserved protein whose ortholog in Drosophila is Swiss-Cheese (SWS). Both proteins are phospholipases hydrolyzing lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and phosphatidylcholine (PC). Consequently, loss of SWS/PNPLA6 in flies and mice increases both lipids and leads to locomotion deficits and neurodegeneration. PNPLA6 knock-out mice are embryonic lethal, and a mutation creating an early stop codon in human PNPLA6 has only been identified in compound heterozygote patients. In contrast, disease-causing point mutations are found in homozygous patients, with some localized in the phospholipase domain while others are in a region that contains several cNMP binding sites. To investigate how different mutations affect the function of PNPLA6 in an in vivo model, we expressed them in the Drosophila sws1 null mutant. Expressing wild-type PNPLA6 suppressed the locomotion and degenerative phenotypes in sws 1 and restored lipid levels, confirming that the human protein can replace fly SWS. In contrast, none of the mutant proteins restored lipid levels, although they suppressed the behavioral and degenerative phenotypes, at least in early stages. These results show that these mutant forms of PNPLA6 retain some biological function, indicating that disruption of lipid homeostasis is only part of the pathogenic mechanism. Furthermore, our finding that mutations in the cNMP binding sites prevented the restoration of normal lipid levels supports previous evidence that cNMP regulates the phospholipase activity of PNPLA6.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Doris Kretzschmar
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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