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Ng XY, Cao M. Dysfunction of synaptic endocytic trafficking in Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2649-2660. [PMID: 38595283 PMCID: PMC11168511 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by the selective degeneration of dopamine neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway and dopamine deficiency in the striatum. The precise reasons behind the specific degeneration of these dopamine neurons remain largely elusive. Genetic investigations have identified over 20 causative PARK genes and 90 genomic risk loci associated with both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease. Notably, several of these genes are linked to the synaptic vesicle recycling process, particularly the clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway. This suggests that impaired synaptic vesicle recycling might represent an early feature of Parkinson's disease, followed by axonal degeneration and the eventual loss of dopamine cell bodies in the midbrain via a "dying back" mechanism. Recently, several new animal and cellular models with Parkinson's disease-linked mutations affecting the endocytic pathway have been created and extensively characterized. These models faithfully recapitulate certain Parkinson's disease-like features at the animal, circuit, and cellular levels, and exhibit defects in synaptic membrane trafficking, further supporting the findings from human genetics and clinical studies. In this review, we will first summarize the cellular and molecular findings from the models of two Parkinson's disease-linked clathrin uncoating proteins: auxilin (DNAJC6/PARK19) and synaptojanin 1 (SYNJ1/PARK20). The mouse models carrying these two PARK gene mutations phenocopy each other with specific dopamine terminal pathology and display a potent synergistic effect. Subsequently, we will delve into the involvement of several clathrin-mediated endocytosis-related proteins (GAK, endophilin A1, SAC2/INPP5F, synaptotagmin-11), identified as Parkinson's disease risk factors through genome-wide association studies, in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. We will also explore the direct or indirect roles of some common Parkinson's disease-linked proteins (alpha-synuclein (PARK1/4), Parkin (PARK2), and LRRK2 (PARK8)) in synaptic endocytic trafficking. Additionally, we will discuss the emerging novel functions of these endocytic proteins in downstream membrane traffic pathways, particularly autophagy. Given that synaptic dysfunction is considered as an early event in Parkinson's disease, a deeper understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying synaptic vesicle endocytic trafficking may unveil novel targets for early diagnosis and the development of interventional therapies for Parkinson's disease. Future research should aim to elucidate why generalized synaptic endocytic dysfunction leads to the selective degeneration of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi Ng
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mian Cao
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Yoshida S, Hasegawa T, Nakamura T, Sato K, Sugeno N, Ishiyama S, Sekiguchi K, Tobita M, Takeda A, Aoki M. Dysregulation of SNX1-retromer axis in pharmacogenetic models of Parkinson's disease. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:290. [PMID: 38886344 PMCID: PMC11183211 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the identification of vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) 35, as a causative molecule for familial Parkinson's disease (PD), retromer-mediated endosomal machinery has been a rising factor in the pathogenesis of the disease. The retromer complex cooperates with sorting nexin (SNX) dimer and DNAJC13, another causal molecule in PD, to transport cargoes from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network, and is also involved in mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy. Retromer dysfunction may induce neuronal death leading to PD via several biological cascades, including misfolded, insoluble α-synuclein (aS) accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction; however, the detailed mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we showed that the stagnation of retromer-mediated retrograde transport consistently occurs in different PD-mimetic conditions, i.e., overexpression of PD-linked mutant DNAJC13, excess aS induction, or toxin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Mechanistically, DNAJC13 was found to be involved in clathrin-dependent retromer transport as a functional modulator of SNX1 together with heat shock cognate 70 kDa protein (Hsc70), which was controlled by the binding and dissociation of DNAJC13 and SNX1 in an Hsc70 activity-dependent manner. In addition, excess amount of aS decreased the interaction between SNX1 and VPS35, the core component of retromer. Furthermore, R33, a pharmacological retromer chaperone, reduced insoluble aS and mitigated rotenone-induced neuronal apoptosis. These findings suggest that retrograde transport regulated by SNX1-retromer may be profoundly involved in the pathogenesis of PD and is a potential target for disease-modifying therapy for the disease.
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Grants
- 20K07896 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- 23K06823 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- 19K16998 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- 23K14769 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- 20K07862 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- 23K19557 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Yoshida
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
- Department of Neurology, NHO Yonezawa National Hospital, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-1202, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hasegawa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan.
- Department of Neurology, NHO Sendai-Nishitaga Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, 982-8555, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Nakamura
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
- Department of Neurology, NHO Miyagi National Hospital, Watari, Miyagi, 989-2202, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sato
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Naoto Sugeno
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Shun Ishiyama
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kiyotoshi Sekiguchi
- Division of Matrixome Research and Application, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Muneshige Tobita
- Department of Neurology, NHO Yonezawa National Hospital, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-1202, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takeda
- Department of Neurology, NHO Sendai-Nishitaga Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi, 982-8555, Japan
| | - Masashi Aoki
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
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Song P, Krainc D. Diverse Functions of Parkin in Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons. Mov Disord 2024. [PMID: 38858837 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by preferential degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons that contributes to its typical clinical manifestation. Mutations in the parkin gene (PARK2) represent a relatively common genetic cause of early onset PD. Parkin has been implicated in PINK1-dependent mitochondrial quantity control by targeting dysfunctional mitochondria to lysosomes via mitophagy. Recent evidence suggests that parkin can be activated in PINK1-independent manner to regulate synaptic function in human dopaminergic neurons. Neuronal activity triggers CaMKII-mediated activation of parkin and its recruitment to synaptic vesicles where parkin promotes binding of synaptojanin-1 to endophilin A1 and facilitates vesicle endocytosis. In PD patient neurons, disruption of this pathway on loss of parkin leads to defective recycling of synaptic vesicles and accumulation of toxic oxidized dopamine that at least in part explains preferential vulnerability of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. These findings suggest a convergent mechanism for PD-linked mutations in parkin, synaptojanin-1, and endophilin A1 and highlight synaptic dysfunction as an early pathogenic event in PD. © 2024 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Song
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Jin X, Si X, Lei X, Liu H, Shao A, Li L. Disruption of Dopamine Homeostasis Associated with Alteration of Proteins in Synaptic Vesicles: A Putative Central Mechanism of Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1204-1226. [PMID: 37815908 PMCID: PMC11081171 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0821-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Vestigial dopaminergic cells in PD have selectivity for a sub-class of hypersensitive neurons with the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) tract. DA is modulated in pre-synaptic nerve terminals to remain stable. To be specific, proteins at DA release sites that have a function of synthesizing and packing DA in cytoplasm, modulating release and reingestion, and changing excitability of neurons, display regional discrepancies that uncover relevancy of the observed sensitivity to neurodegenerative changes. Although the reasons of a majority of PD cases are still indistinct, heredity and environment are known to us to make significant influences. For decades, genetic analysis of PD patients with heredity in family have promoted our comprehension of pathogenesis to a great extent, which reveals correlative mechanisms including oxidative stress, abnormal protein homeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, we review the constitution of presynaptic vesicle related to DA homeostasis and describe the genetic and environmental evidence of presynaptic dysfunction that increase risky possibility of PD concerning intracellular vesicle transmission and their functional outcomes. We summarize alterations in synaptic vesicular proteins with great involvement in the reasons of some DA neurons highly vulnerable to neurodegenerative changes. We generalize different potential targets and therapeutic strategies for different pathogenic mechanisms, providing a reference for further studies of PD treatment in the future. But it remains to be further researched on this recently discovered and converging mechanism of vesicular dynamics and PD, which will provide a more profound comprehension and put up with new therapeutic tactics for PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxiang Jin
- The First School of Medicine, School of Information and Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaoli Si
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, the First School of Clinical Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China.
| | - Huifang Liu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Precise Treatment and Clinical Translational Research of Neurological Disease, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Lingfei Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Nadiminti SSP, Dixit SB, Ratnakaran N, Deb A, Hegde S, Boyanapalli SPP, Swords S, Grant BD, Koushika SP. LRK-1/LRRK2 and AP-3 regulate trafficking of synaptic vesicle precursors through active zone protein SYD-2/Liprin-α. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011253. [PMID: 38722918 PMCID: PMC11081264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Synaptic vesicle proteins (SVps) are transported by the motor UNC-104/KIF1A. We show that SVps travel in heterogeneous carriers in C. elegans neuronal processes, with some SVp carriers co-transporting lysosomal proteins (SV-lysosomes). LRK-1/LRRK2 and the clathrin adaptor protein complex AP-3 play a critical role in the sorting of SVps and lysosomal proteins away from each other at the SV-lysosomal intermediate trafficking compartment. Both SVp carriers lacking lysosomal proteins and SV-lysosomes are dependent on the motor UNC-104/KIF1A for their transport. In lrk-1 mutants, both SVp carriers and SV-lysosomes can travel in axons in the absence of UNC-104, suggesting that LRK-1 plays an important role to enable UNC-104 dependent transport of synaptic vesicle proteins. Additionally, LRK-1 acts upstream of the AP-3 complex and regulates its membrane localization. In the absence of the AP-3 complex, the SV-lysosomes become more dependent on the UNC-104-SYD-2/Liprin-α complex for their transport. Therefore, SYD-2 acts to link upstream trafficking events with the transport of SVps likely through its interaction with the motor UNC-104. We further show that the mistrafficking of SVps into the dendrite in lrk-1 and apb-3 mutants depends on SYD-2, likely by regulating the recruitment of the AP-1/UNC-101. SYD-2 acts in concert with AP complexes to ensure polarized trafficking & transport of SVps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravanthi S. P. Nadiminti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shirley B. Dixit
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neena Ratnakaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anushka Deb
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sneha Hegde
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Sierra Swords
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Barth D. Grant
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sandhya P. Koushika
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Singh V, Menard MA, Serrano GE, Beach TG, Zhao HT, Riley-DiPaolo A, Subrahmanian N, LaVoie MJ, Volpicelli-Daley LA. Cellular and subcellular localization of Rab10 and phospho-T73 Rab10 in the mouse and human brain. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:201. [PMID: 38110990 PMCID: PMC10726543 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant pathogenic mutations in Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) cause Parkinson's disease (PD). The most common mutation, G2019S-LRRK2, increases the kinase activity of LRRK2 causing hyper-phosphorylation of its substrates. One of these substrates, Rab10, is phosphorylated at a conserved Thr73 residue (pRab10), and is one of the most abundant LRRK2 Rab GTPases expressed in various tissues. The involvement of Rab10 in neurodegenerative disease, including both PD and Alzheimer's disease makes pinpointing the cellular and subcellular localization of Rab10 and pRab10 in the brain an important step in understanding its functional role, and how post-translational modifications could impact function. To establish the specificity of antibodies to the phosphorylated form of Rab10 (pRab10), Rab10 specific antisense oligonucleotides were intraventricularly injected into the brains of mice. Further, Rab10 knock out induced neurons, differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells were used to test the pRab10 antibody specificity. To amplify the weak immunofluorescence signal of pRab10, tyramide signal amplification was utilized. Rab10 and pRab10 were expressed in the cortex, striatum and the substantia nigra pars compacta. Immunofluorescence for pRab10 was increased in G2019S-LRRK2 knockin mice. Neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes all showed Rab10 and pRab10 expression. While Rab10 colocalized with endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome and trans-Golgi network markers, pRab10 did not localize to these organelles. However, pRab10, did overlap with markers of the presynaptic terminal in both mouse and human cortex, including α-synuclein. Results from this study suggest Rab10 and pRab10 are expressed in all brain areas and cell types tested in this study, but pRab10 is enriched at the presynaptic terminal. As Rab10 is a LRRK2 kinase substrate, increased kinase activity of G2019S-LRRK2 in PD may affect Rab10 mediated membrane trafficking at the presynaptic terminal in neurons in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Singh
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Marissa A Menard
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Geidy E Serrano
- Department of Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, 85351, USA
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Department of Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, 85351, USA
| | - Hien T Zhao
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc, Carlsbad, CA, 92010, USA
| | - Alexis Riley-DiPaolo
- Department of Neuroscience at the University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Nitya Subrahmanian
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Fixel Institute for Neurologic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Matthew J LaVoie
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Fixel Institute for Neurologic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Laura A Volpicelli-Daley
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Zhou S, Zhou Y, Zhong W, Su Z, Qin Z. Involvement of protein L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase in the physiopathology of neurodegenerative diseases: Possible substrates associated with synaptic function. Neurochem Int 2023; 170:105606. [PMID: 37657764 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction is a typical pathophysiologic change in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Hintington's disease (HD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which involves protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) including L-isoaspartate (L-isoAsp) formed by isomerization of aspartate or deamidation of asparagine. The formation of L-isoAsp could be repaired by protein L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase (PIMT). Some synaptic proteins have been identified as PIMT potential substrates and play an essential role in ensuring synaptic function. In this review, we discuss the role of certain synaptic proteins as PIMT substrates in neurodegenerative disease, thus providing therapeutic synapse-centered targets for the treatment of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirui Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yancheng Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wanyu Zhong
- Department of Anatomy, School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhonghao Su
- Department of Febrile Disease, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhenxia Qin
- Department of Anatomy, School of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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8
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Zhu C, Herbst S, Lewis PA. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 at a glance. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs259724. [PMID: 37698513 PMCID: PMC10508695 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a multidomain scaffolding protein with dual guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) and kinase enzymatic activities, providing this protein with the capacity to regulate a multitude of signalling pathways and act as a key mediator of diverse cellular processes. Much of the interest in LRRK2 derives from mutations in the LRRK2 gene being the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease, and from the association of the LRRK2 locus with a number of other human diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease. Therefore, the LRRK2 research field has focused on the link between LRRK2 and pathology, with the aim of uncovering the underlying mechanisms and, ultimately, finding novel therapies and treatments to combat them. From the biochemical and cellular functions of LRRK2, to its relevance to distinct disease mechanisms, this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster deliver a snapshot of our current understanding of LRRK2 function, dysfunction and links to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Zhu
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London NW1 0TU, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Susanne Herbst
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London NW1 0TU, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Patrick A. Lewis
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London NW1 0TU, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
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Nabizadeh F, Mohamadzadeh O, Hosseini H, Rasouli K, Afyouni NE. Serum neurofilament light chain in LRRK2 related Parkinson's disease: A five years follow-up. J Clin Neurosci 2023; 110:12-18. [PMID: 36780781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2023.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies revealed that serum neurofilament light chain (NFL) levels not only increase considerably over time in Parkinson's disease (PD) but also have a significant association with disease progression. However, there is no evidence of the level of serum NFL in PD patients with leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutation (LRRK2-PD) which is the most common mutation that causes familial and sporadic PD. AIM Here we aimed to investigate the difference and longitudinal alteration of the serum level of NFL in LRRK2-PD and idiopathic PD (iPD) patients. METHODS We entered 228 iPD and 103 LRRK2-PD patients and 176 healthy controls (HCs) from PPMI. We compared the level of serum NFL at baseline, six months, one year, two years, three years, and five years visits. Also, we used linear mixed models to assess longitudinal changes of serum NFL over six months, one year, two years, three years, and five years within groups. RESULTS We found a significant difference in the level of serum NFL between three groups at baseline, two years, three years, and five years time points. Also, our analysis showed that LRRK2-PD patients had significantly lower serum NFL compared to iPD subjects at baseline. In the longitudinal analysis, there was no significant change in the HCs group over five years. The level of serum NFL was significantly increased after two, three, and five years from baseline in LRRK2-PD patients. Also, we found similar results for iPD subjects after three and five years from baseline. CONCLUSION We can conclude that the overall neurodegeneration might be similar in LRRK2-PD and healthy subjects and lower than the idiopathic form of PD at the early stages, which may disappear in the later stages. Moreover, our findings suggest that the serum NFL might be a more accurate biomarker to distinguish iPD from healthy subjects rather than all PD patients or LRRK2-PD from healthy subjects at the early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fardin Nabizadeh
- Neuroscience Research Group (NRG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Omid Mohamadzadeh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Helia Hosseini
- Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Kimia Rasouli
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Nazgol Esmalian Afyouni
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Alzahra Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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10
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Nadiminti SSP, Dixit SB, Ratnakaran N, Hegde S, Swords S, Grant BD, Koushika SP. Active zone protein SYD-2/Liprin- α acts downstream of LRK-1/LRRK2 to regulate polarized trafficking of synaptic vesicle precursors through clathrin adaptor protein complexes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.26.530068. [PMID: 36865111 PMCID: PMC9980171 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.26.530068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic vesicle proteins (SVps) are thought to travel in heterogeneous carriers dependent on the motor UNC-104/KIF1A. In C. elegans neurons, we found that some SVps are transported along with lysosomal proteins by the motor UNC-104/KIF1A. LRK-1/LRRK2 and the clathrin adaptor protein complex AP-3 are critical for the separation of lysosomal proteins from SVp transport carriers. In lrk-1 mutants, both SVp carriers and SVp carriers containing lysosomal proteins are independent of UNC-104, suggesting that LRK-1 plays a key role in ensuring UNC-104-dependent transport of SVps. Additionally, LRK-1 likely acts upstream of the AP-3 complex and regulates the membrane localization of AP-3. The action of AP-3 is necessary for the active zone protein SYD-2/Liprin-α to facilitate the transport of SVp carriers. In the absence of the AP-3 complex, SYD-2/Liprin-α acts with UNC-104 to instead facilitate the transport of SVp carriers containing lysosomal proteins. We further show that the mistrafficking of SVps into the dendrite in lrk-1 and apb-3 mutants depends on SYD-2, likely by regulating the recruitment of the AP-1/UNC-101. We propose that SYD-2 acts in concert with both the AP-1 and AP-3 complexes to ensure polarized trafficking of SVps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravanthi S P Nadiminti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra - 400 005, India
| | - Shirley B Dixit
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra - 400 005, India
| | - Neena Ratnakaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra - 400 005, India
| | - Sneha Hegde
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra - 400 005, India
| | - Sierra Swords
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Barth D Grant
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sandhya P Koushika
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra - 400 005, India
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11
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Mamais A, Wallings R, Rocha EM. Disease mechanisms as subtypes: Lysosomal dysfunction in the endolysosomal Parkinson's disease subtype. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 193:33-51. [PMID: 36803821 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85555-6.00009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) remains one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders. It has become increasingly recognized that PD is not one disease but a constellation of many, with distinct cellular mechanisms driving pathology and neuronal loss in each given subtype. Endolysosomal trafficking and lysosomal degradation are crucial to maintain neuronal homeostasis and vesicular trafficking. It is clear that deficits in endolysosomal signaling data support the existence of an endolysosomal PD subtype. This chapter describes how cellular pathways involved in endolysosomal vesicular trafficking and lysosomal degradation in neurons and immune cells can contribute to PD. Last, as inflammatory processes including phagocytosis and cytokine release are central in glia-neuron interactions, a spotlight on the role of neuroinflammation plays in the pathogenesis of this PD subtype is also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamantios Mamais
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Rebecca Wallings
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Emily M Rocha
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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12
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Boecker CA. The Role of LRRK2 in Intracellular Organelle Dynamics. J Mol Biol 2023:167998. [PMID: 36764357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.167998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene hyperactivate LRRK2 kinase activity and lead to the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Membrane recruitment of LRRK2 and the identification of RAB GTPases as bona fide LRRK2 substrates strongly indicate that LRRK2 regulates intracellular trafficking. This review highlights the current literature on the role of LRRK2 in intracellular organelle dynamics. With a focus on the effects of LRRK2 on microtubule function, mitochondrial dynamics, the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, and synaptic vesicle trafficking, it summarizes our current understanding of how intracellular dynamics are altered upon pathogenic LRRK2 hyperactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alexander Boecker
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.
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13
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Regulators of proteostasis are translationally repressed in fibroblasts from patients with sporadic and LRRK2-G2019S Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:20. [PMID: 36746972 PMCID: PMC9902458 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00460-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficits in protein synthesis are associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it is not known which proteins are affected or if there are synthesis differences between patients with sporadic and Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) G2019S PD, the most common monogenic form. Here we used bio-orthogonal non-canonical amino acid tagging for global analysis of newly translated proteins in fibroblasts from sporadic and LRKK2-G2019S patients. Quantitative proteomic analysis revealed that several nascent proteins were reduced in PD samples compared to healthy without any significant change in mRNA levels. Using targeted proteomics, we validated which of these proteins remained dysregulated at the static proteome level and found that regulators of endo-lysosomal sorting, mRNA processing and components of the translation machinery remained low. These proteins included autophagy-related protein 9A (ATG9A) and translational stability regulator YTH N6-ethyladenosine RNA binding protein 3 (YTHDF3). Notably, 77% of the affected proteins in sporadic patients were also repressed in LRRK2-G2019S patients (False discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05) in both sporadic and LRRK2-G2019S samples. This analysis of nascent proteomes from PD patient skin cells reveals that regulators of proteostasis are repressed in both sporadic and LRRK2-G2019S PD.
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14
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Nilsson J, Constantinescu J, Nellgård B, Jakobsson P, Brum WS, Gobom J, Forsgren L, Dalla K, Constantinescu R, Zetterberg H, Hansson O, Blennow K, Bäckström D, Brinkmalm A. Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Synaptic Dysfunction are Altered in Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders. Mov Disord 2023; 38:267-277. [PMID: 36504237 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synaptic dysfunction and degeneration are central contributors to the pathogenesis and progression of parkinsonian disorders. Therefore, identification and validation of biomarkers reflecting pathological synaptic alterations are greatly needed and could be used in prognostic assessment and to monitor treatment effects. OBJECTIVE To explore candidate biomarkers of synaptic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD) and related disorders. METHODS Mass spectrometry was used to quantify 15 synaptic proteins in two clinical cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cohorts, including PD (n1 = 51, n2 = 101), corticobasal degeneration (CBD) (n1 = 11, n2 = 3), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) (n1 = 22, n2 = 21), multiple system atrophy (MSA) (n1 = 31, n2 = 26), and healthy control (HC) (n1 = 48, n2 = 30) participants, as well as Alzheimer's disease (AD) (n2 = 23) patients in the second cohort. RESULTS Across both cohorts, lower levels of the neuronal pentraxins (NPTX; 1, 2, and receptor) were found in PD, MSA, and PSP, compared with HC. In MSA and PSP, lower neurogranin, AP2B1, and complexin-2 levels compared with HC were observed. In AD, levels of 14-3-3 zeta/delta, beta- and gamma-synuclein were higher compared with the parkinsonian disorders. Lower pentraxin levels in PD correlated with Mini-Mental State Exam scores and specific cognitive deficits (NPTX2; rho = 0.25-0.32, P < 0.05) and reduced dopaminergic pre-synaptic integrity as measured by DaTSCAN (NPTX2; rho = 0.29, P = 0.023). Additionally, lower levels were associated with the progression of postural imbalance and gait difficulty symptoms (All NPTX; β-estimate = -0.025 to -0.038, P < 0.05) and cognitive decline (NPTX2; β-estimate = 0.32, P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS These novel findings show different alterations of synaptic proteins in parkinsonian disorders compared with AD and HC. The neuronal pentraxins may serve as prognostic CSF biomarkers for both cognitive and motor symptom progression in PD. © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Nilsson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Julius Constantinescu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bengt Nellgård
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Protik Jakobsson
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Wagner S Brum
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Johan Gobom
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lars Forsgren
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Keti Dalla
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Radu Constantinescu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
| | - Oskar Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - David Bäckström
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ann Brinkmalm
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
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15
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Gu YZ, Vlasakova K, Miller G, Gatto NT, Ciaccio PJ, Kuruvilla S, Besteman EG, Smith R, Reynolds SJ, Amin RP, Glaab WE, Wollenberg G, Lebron J, Sistare FD. Early-Onset albuminuria and Associated Renal Pathology in Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 Knockout Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2023; 51:15-26. [PMID: 37078689 DOI: 10.1177/01926233231162809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Activating mutations of the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are associated with Parkinson disease (PD), prompting development of LRRK2 inhibitors as potential treatment for PD. However, kidney safety concerns have surfaced from LRRK2 knockout (KO) mice and rats and from repeat-dose studies in rodents administered LRRK2 inhibitors. To support drug development of this therapeutic target, we conducted a study of 26 weeks' duration in 2-month-old wild-type and LRRK2 KO Long-Evans Hooded rats to systematically examine the performance of urinary safety biomarkers and to characterize the nature of the morphological changes in the kidneys by light microscopy and by ultrastructural evaluation. Our data reveal the time course of early-onset albuminuria at 3 and 4 months in LRRK2 KO female and male rats, respectively. The increases in urine albumin were not accompanied by concurrent increases in serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, or renal safety biomarkers such as kidney injury molecule 1 or clusterin, although morphological alterations in both glomerular and tubular structure were identified by light and transmission electron microscopy at 8 months of age. Diet optimization with controlled food intake attenuated the progression of albuminuria and associated renal changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Zhong Gu
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Glen Miller
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Roger Smith
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jose Lebron
- Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
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16
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Cuttler K, Fortuin S, Müller-Nedebock AC, Vlok M, Cloete R, Bardien S. Proteomics analysis of the p.G849D variant in neurexin 2 alpha may reveal insight into Parkinson’s disease pathobiology. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1002777. [DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1002777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), the fastest-growing neurological disorder globally, has a complex etiology. A previous study by our group identified the p.G849D variant in neurexin 2 (NRXN2), encoding the synaptic protein, NRXN2α, as a possible causal variant of PD. Therefore, we aimed to perform functional studies using proteomics in an attempt to understand the biological pathways affected by the variant. We hypothesized that this may reveal insight into the pathobiology of PD. Wild-type and mutant NRXN2α plasmids were transfected into SH-SY5Y cells. Thereafter, total protein was extracted and prepared for mass spectrometry using a Thermo Scientific Fusion mass spectrometer equipped with a Nanospray Flex ionization source. The data were then interrogated against the UniProt H. sapiens database and afterward, pathway and enrichment analyses were performed using in silico tools. Overexpression of the wild-type protein led to the enrichment of proteins involved in neurodegenerative diseases, while overexpression of the mutant protein led to the decline of proteins involved in ribosomal functioning. Thus, we concluded that the wild-type NRXN2α may be involved in pathways related to the development of neurodegenerative disorders, and that biological processes related to the ribosome, transcription, and tRNA, specifically at the synapse, could be an important mechanism in PD. Future studies targeting translation at the synapse in PD could therefore provide further information on the pathobiology of the disease.
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17
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Bonet-Ponce L, Cookson MR. LRRK2 recruitment, activity, and function in organelles. FEBS J 2022; 289:6871-6890. [PMID: 34196120 PMCID: PMC8744135 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein coding mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) cause familial Parkinson's disease (PD), and noncoding variations around the gene increase the risk of developing sporadic PD. It is generally accepted that pathogenic LRRK2 mutations increase LRRK2 kinase activity, resulting in a toxic hyperactive protein that is inferred to lead to the PD phenotype. LRRK2 has long been linked to different membrane trafficking events, but the specific role of LRRK2 in these events has been difficult to resolve. Recently, several papers have reported the activation and translocation of LRRK2 to cellular organelles under specific conditions, which suggests that LRRK2 may influence intracellular membrane trafficking. Here, we review what is known about the role of LRRK2 at various organelle compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Correspondence: Mark R. Cookson, Ph.D., Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 35 Convent Drive, Room 1A–116, Bethesda, MD, 20892–3707, USA. Phone: 301–451–3870,
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18
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K A, Mishra A, Singh S. Implications of intracellular protein degradation pathways in Parkinson's disease and therapeutics. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:1834-1844. [PMID: 35819247 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology is the most common motor neurodegenerative disease that occurs due to the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway of the brain. The histopathological hallmark of the disease is fibrillary aggregate called Lewy bodies which majorly contain α-synuclein, suggesting the critical implication of diminished protein degradation mechanisms in disease pathogenesis. This α-synuclein-containing Lewy bodies are evident in both experimental models as well as in postmortem PD brain and are speculated to be pathogenic but still, the lineal association between these aggregates and the complexity of disease pathology is not yet well established and needs further attention. However, it has been reported that α-synuclein aggregates have consorted with the declined proteasome and lysosome activities. Therefore, in this review, we reappraise intracellular protein degradation mechanisms during PD pathology. This article focused on the findings of the last two decades suggesting the implications of protein degradation mechanisms in disease pathogenesis and based on shreds of evidence, some of the approaches are also suggested which may be adopted to find out the novel therapeutic targets for the management of PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrutha K
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
| | - Sarika Singh
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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19
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The Roc domain of LRRK2 as a hub for protein-protein interactions: a focus on PAK6 and its impact on RAB phosphorylation. Brain Res 2022; 1778:147781. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Mamais A, Kluss JH, Bonet-Ponce L, Landeck N, Langston RG, Smith N, Beilina A, Kaganovich A, Ghosh MC, Pellegrini L, Kumaran R, Papazoglou I, Heaton GR, Bandopadhyay R, Maio N, Kim C, LaVoie MJ, Gershlick DC, Cookson MR. Mutations in LRRK2 linked to Parkinson disease sequester Rab8a to damaged lysosomes and regulate transferrin-mediated iron uptake in microglia. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001480. [PMID: 34914695 PMCID: PMC8675653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) cause autosomal dominant Parkinson disease (PD), while polymorphic LRRK2 variants are associated with sporadic PD. PD-linked mutations increase LRRK2 kinase activity and induce neurotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. The small GTPase Rab8a is a LRRK2 kinase substrate and is involved in receptor-mediated recycling and endocytic trafficking of transferrin, but the effect of PD-linked LRRK2 mutations on the function of Rab8a is poorly understood. Here, we show that gain-of-function mutations in LRRK2 induce sequestration of endogenous Rab8a to lysosomes in overexpression cell models, while pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity reverses this phenotype. Furthermore, we show that LRRK2 mutations drive association of endocytosed transferrin with Rab8a-positive lysosomes. LRRK2 has been nominated as an integral part of cellular responses downstream of proinflammatory signals and is activated in microglia in postmortem PD tissue. Here, we show that iPSC-derived microglia from patients carrying the most common LRRK2 mutation, G2019S, mistraffic transferrin to lysosomes proximal to the nucleus in proinflammatory conditions. Furthermore, G2019S knock-in mice show a significant increase in iron deposition in microglia following intrastriatal LPS injection compared to wild-type mice, accompanied by striatal accumulation of ferritin. Our data support a role of LRRK2 in modulating iron uptake and storage in response to proinflammatory stimuli in microglia. Brain iron deposition is a feature of Parkinson’s disease pathology, but how this contributes to neurodegeneration is unclear. This study show that Parkinson’s disease-linked mutations in LRRK2 cause aberrant brain iron accumulation in vivo and iron dyshomeostasis in vitro, supporting a role of LRRK2 in modulating iron uptake and storage in response to proinflammatory stimuli in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamantios Mamais
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jillian H. Kluss
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Luis Bonet-Ponce
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Natalie Landeck
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rebekah G. Langston
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nathan Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and the Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Beilina
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alice Kaganovich
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Manik C. Ghosh
- Molecular Medicine Branch, ‘Eunice Kennedy Shriver’ National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Ravindran Kumaran
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ioannis Papazoglou
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George R. Heaton
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rina Bandopadhyay
- UCL Institute of Neurology and Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nunziata Maio
- Molecular Medicine Branch, ‘Eunice Kennedy Shriver’ National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Changyoun Kim
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. LaVoie
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - David C. Gershlick
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Schechter M, Sharon R. An Emerging Role for Phosphoinositides in the Pathophysiology of Parkinson’s Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2021; 11:1725-1750. [PMID: 34151859 PMCID: PMC8609718 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Recent data support an involvement of defects in homeostasis of phosphoinositides (PIPs) in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Genetic mutations have been identified in genes encoding for PIP-regulating and PIP-interacting proteins, that are associated with familial and sporadic PD. Many of these proteins are implicated in vesicular membrane trafficking, mechanisms that were recently highlighted for their close associations with PD. PIPs are phosphorylated forms of the membrane phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol. Their composition in the vesicle’s membrane of origin, as well as membrane of destination, controls vesicular membrane trafficking. We review the converging evidence that points to the involvement of PIPs in PD. The review describes PD- and PIP-associated proteins implicated in clathrin-mediated endocytosis and autophagy, and highlights the involvement of α-synuclein in these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meir Schechter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ronit Sharon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
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22
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Chandler R, Cogo S, Lewis P, Kevei E. Modelling the functional genomics of Parkinson's disease in Caenorhabditis elegans: LRRK2 and beyond. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:BSR20203672. [PMID: 34397087 PMCID: PMC8415217 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20203672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, Parkinson's disease (PD) cases have been genetically categorised into familial, when caused by mutations in single genes with a clear inheritance pattern in affected families, or idiopathic, in the absence of an evident monogenic determinant. Recently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed how common genetic variability can explain up to 36% of PD heritability and that PD manifestation is often determined by multiple variants at different genetic loci. Thus, one of the current challenges in PD research stands in modelling the complex genetic architecture of this condition and translating this into functional studies. Caenorhabditis elegans provide a profound advantage as a reductionist, economical model for PD research, with a short lifecycle, straightforward genome engineering and high conservation of PD relevant neural, cellular and molecular pathways. Functional models of PD genes utilising C. elegans show many phenotypes recapitulating pathologies observed in PD. When contrasted with mammalian in vivo and in vitro models, these are frequently validated, suggesting relevance of C. elegans in the development of novel PD functional models. This review will discuss how the nematode C. elegans PD models have contributed to the uncovering of molecular and cellular mechanisms of disease, with a focus on the genes most commonly found as causative in familial PD and risk factors in idiopathic PD. Specifically, we will examine the current knowledge on a central player in both familial and idiopathic PD, Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and how it connects to multiple PD associated GWAS candidates and Mendelian disease-causing genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanna Cogo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AH, U.K
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35121, Italy
| | - Patrick A. Lewis
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, NW1 0TU, U.K
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, U.K
| | - Eva Kevei
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AH, U.K
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23
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Liu Q, Bautista-Gomez J, Higgins DA, Yu J, Xiong Y. Dysregulation of the AP2M1 phosphorylation cycle by LRRK2 impairs endocytosis and leads to dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/693/eabg3555. [PMID: 34315807 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abg3555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the kinase LRRK2 and impaired endocytic trafficking are both implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Expression of the PD-associated LRRK2 mutant in mouse dopaminergic neurons was shown to disrupt clathrin-mediated endocytic trafficking. Here, we explored the molecular mechanism linking LRRK2 to endocytosis and found that LRRK2 bound to and phosphorylated the μ2 subunit of the adaptor protein AP2 (AP2M1), a core component of the clathrin-mediated endocytic machinery. Analysis of human SH-SY5Y cells and mouse neurons and tissues revealed that loss of LRRK2 abundance or kinase function resulted in decreased phosphorylation of AP2M1, which is required for the initial formation of clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs). In contrast, overexpression of LRRK2 or expression of a Parkinson's disease-associated gain-of-function mutant LRRK2 (G2019S) inhibited the uncoating of AP2M1 from CCVs at later stages and prevented new cycles of CCV formation. Thus, the abundance and activity of LRRK2 must be calibrated to ensure proper endocytosis. Dysregulated phosphorylation of AP2M1 from the brain but not thyroid tissues of LRRK2 knockout and G2019S-knockin mice suggests a tissue-specific regulatory mechanism of endocytosis. Furthermore, we found that LRRK2-dependent phosphorylation of AP2M1 mediated dopaminergic neurodegeneration in a Drosophila model of PD. Together, our findings provide a mechanistic link between LRRK2, AP2, and endocytosis in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinfang Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | - Daniel A Higgins
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jianzhong Yu
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA. .,Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Yulan Xiong
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA. .,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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24
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Reelin Alleviates Mesenchymal Stem Cell Senescence and Reduces Pathological α-Synuclein Expression in an In Vitro Model of Parkinson's Disease. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071066. [PMID: 34356083 PMCID: PMC8308051 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. The mechanisms underlying PD remain to be fully elucidated, and research into treatments for this condition is ongoing. Recent advances in genetic research have shed light on the mechanisms underlying PD. In this study, we used PD and control mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) obtained from adipose tissues to confirm the differences between groups at the cellular and molecular levels. The results revealed that in PD MSCs, cell viability was clearly lower, and the rate of cell senescence was higher compared to the controls. Next, to compare the gene expression in PD and control cells, transcriptome analysis was performed. Genes in pathways, including extracellular matrix (ECM) receptor interaction, P53 signaling, and focal adhesion, were down-regulated in PD. Among genes related to ECM receptor interaction, RELN gene expression was markedly decreased in PD cells; however, after being treated with recombinant Reelin protein, a significant increase in cell viability and a decrease in α-Synuclein aggregation and cell senescence were observed. In conclusion, Reelin affects PD by positively influencing the cell characteristics. Our findings will facilitate research into new treatments for PD.
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25
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Redlingshöfer L, Brodsky FM. Antagonistic regulation controls clathrin-mediated endocytosis: AP2 adaptor facilitation vs restraint from clathrin light chains. Cells Dev 2021; 168:203714. [PMID: 34182181 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Orchestration of a complex network of protein interactions drives clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). A central role for the AP2 adaptor complex beyond cargo recognition and clathrin recruitment has emerged in recent years. It is now apparent that AP2 serves as a pivotal hub for protein interactions to mediate clathrin coated pit maturation, and couples lattice formation to membrane deformation. As a key driver for clathrin assembly, AP2 complements the attenuating role of clathrin light chain subunits, which enable dynamic lattice rearrangement needed for budding. This review summarises recent insights into AP2 function with respect to CME dynamics and biophysics, and its relationship to the role of clathrin light chains in clathrin assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Redlingshöfer
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck and University College London, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom.
| | - Frances M Brodsky
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck and University College London, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom.
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26
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Follett J, Farrer MJ. LRRK2; a dynamic regulator of cellular trafficking. Brain Res 2021; 1761:147394. [PMID: 33662339 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) represents the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, characterized clinically by bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity and postural instability, and a variety of non-motor features. The etiology of PD is unknown, however genetic, environmental and inflammatory factors may influence disease onset and progression. Genetic variability in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 confers significant genotypic and population-attributable risk for LRRK2-parkinsonism that is clinically indistinguishable from idiopathic PD. Nevertheless, the age-associated midbrain pathology observed post-mortem in LRRK2-parkinsonism may involve the abnormal accumulation of either α-synuclein or tau, or just the loss of dopaminergic neurons and gliosis. While diverse biological functions have been described for this multi-domain protein in many cell types, evidence suggests LRRK2 may sense endosomal trafficking to orchestrate dynamic changes in vesicular flux and cytoskeletal architecture. This review posits the long-held belief that synaptic-axonal dysfunction and terminal degeneration may precede dopaminergic cell loss, and provocatively questions how facets of LRRK2 biology may influence this molecular pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Follett
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Matthew J Farrer
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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27
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Pischedda F, Piccoli G. LRRK2 at the pre-synaptic site: A 16-years perspective. J Neurochem 2021; 157:297-311. [PMID: 33206398 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder and is clinically characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, and resting tremor. Missense mutations in the leucine-rich repeat protein kinase-2 gene (LRRK2) are a recognized cause of inherited Parkinson's disease. The physiological and pathological impact of LRRK2 is still obscure, but accumulating evidence indicates that LRRK2 orchestrates diverse aspects of membrane trafficking, such as membrane fusion and vesicle formation and transport along actin and tubulin tracks. In the present review, we focus on the special relation between LRRK2 and synaptic vesicles. LRRK2 binds and phosphorylates key actors within the synaptic vesicle cycle. Accordingly, alterations in dopamine and glutamate transmission have been described upon LRRK2 manipulations. However, the different modeling strategies and phenotypes observed require a critical approach to decipher the outcome of LRRK2 at the pre-synaptic site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pischedda
- CIBIO, Università degli Studi di Trento, Italy & Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Trento, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- CIBIO, Università degli Studi di Trento, Italy & Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Trento, Italy
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28
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Overhoff M, De Bruyckere E, Kononenko NL. Mechanisms of neuronal survival safeguarded by endocytosis and autophagy. J Neurochem 2020; 157:263-296. [PMID: 32964462 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple aspects of neuronal physiology crucially depend on two cellular pathways, autophagy and endocytosis. During endocytosis, extracellular components either unbound or recognized by membrane-localized receptors (termed "cargo") become internalized into plasma membrane-derived vesicles. These can serve to either recycle the material back to the plasma membrane or send it for degradation to lysosomes. Autophagy also uses lysosomes as a terminal degradation point, although instead of degrading the plasma membrane-derived cargo, autophagy eliminates detrimental cytosolic material and intracellular organelles, which are transported to lysosomes by means of double-membrane vesicles, referred to as autophagosomes. Neurons, like all non-neuronal cells, capitalize on autophagy and endocytosis to communicate with the environment and maintain protein and organelle homeostasis. Additionally, the highly polarized, post-mitotic nature of neurons made them adopt these two pathways for cell-specific functions. These include the maintenance of the synaptic vesicle pool in the pre-synaptic terminal and the long-distance transport of signaling molecules. Originally discovered independently from each other, it is now clear that autophagy and endocytosis are closely interconnected and share several common participating molecules. Considering the crucial role of autophagy and endocytosis in cell type-specific functions in neurons, it is not surprising that defects in both pathways have been linked to the pathology of numerous neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we highlight the recent knowledge of the role of endocytosis and autophagy in neurons with a special focus on synaptic physiology and discuss how impairments in genes coding for autophagy and endocytosis proteins can cause neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Overhoff
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elodie De Bruyckere
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Natalia L Kononenko
- CECAD Cluster of Excellence, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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29
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Rivero-Ríos P, Romo-Lozano M, Fernández B, Fdez E, Hilfiker S. Distinct Roles for RAB10 and RAB29 in Pathogenic LRRK2-Mediated Endolysosomal Trafficking Alterations. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071719. [PMID: 32709066 PMCID: PMC7407826 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary Statement Pathogenic LRRK2 expression causes endolysosomal trafficking alterations by impairing RAB10 function, and these alterations are rescued by RAB29 independent of its Golgi localization. Abstract Mutations in the gene encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) cause familial Parkinson’s disease, and sequence variations are associated with the sporadic form of the disease. LRRK2 phosphorylates a subset of RAB proteins implicated in secretory and recycling trafficking pathways, including RAB8A and RAB10. Another RAB protein, RAB29, has been reported to recruit LRRK2 to the Golgi, where it stimulates its kinase activity. Our previous studies revealed that G2019S LRRK2 expression or knockdown of RAB8A deregulate epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) trafficking, with a concomitant accumulation of the receptor in a RAB4-positive recycling compartment. Here, we show that the G2019S LRRK2-mediated EGFR deficits are mimicked by knockdown of RAB10 and rescued by expression of active RAB10. By contrast, RAB29 knockdown is without effect, but expression of RAB29 also rescues the pathogenic LRRK2-mediated trafficking deficits independently of Golgi integrity. Our data suggest that G2019S LRRK2 deregulates endolysosomal trafficking by impairing the function of RAB8A and RAB10, while RAB29 positively modulates non-Golgi-related trafficking events impaired by pathogenic LRRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Rivero-Ríos
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine “López-Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Granada, Spain; (P.R.-R.); (M.R.-L.); (B.F.); (E.F.)
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Maria Romo-Lozano
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine “López-Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Granada, Spain; (P.R.-R.); (M.R.-L.); (B.F.); (E.F.)
| | - Belén Fernández
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine “López-Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Granada, Spain; (P.R.-R.); (M.R.-L.); (B.F.); (E.F.)
| | - Elena Fdez
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine “López-Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Granada, Spain; (P.R.-R.); (M.R.-L.); (B.F.); (E.F.)
| | - Sabine Hilfiker
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
- Correspondence:
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