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Qi ZX, Yan Q, Fan XJ, Peng JY, Zhu HX, Jiang YM, Chen L, Zhuang QX. Role of HCN channels in the functions of basal ganglia and Parkinson's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:135. [PMID: 38478096 PMCID: PMC10937777 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05163-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a motor disorder resulting from dopaminergic neuron degeneration in the substantia nigra caused by age, genetics, and environment. The disease severely impacts a patient's quality of life and can even be life-threatening. The hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel is a member of the HCN1-4 gene family and is widely expressed in basal ganglia nuclei. The hyperpolarization-activated current mediated by the HCN channel has a distinct impact on neuronal excitability and rhythmic activity associated with PD pathogenesis, as it affects the firing activity, including both firing rate and firing pattern, of neurons in the basal ganglia nuclei. This review aims to comprehensively understand the characteristics of HCN channels by summarizing their regulatory role in neuronal firing activity of the basal ganglia nuclei. Furthermore, the distribution and characteristics of HCN channels in each nucleus of the basal ganglia group and their effect on PD symptoms through modulating neuronal electrical activity are discussed. Since the roles of the substantia nigra pars compacta and reticulata, as well as globus pallidus externus and internus, are distinct in the basal ganglia circuit, they are individually described. Lastly, this investigation briefly highlights that the HCN channel expressed on microglia plays a role in the pathological process of PD by affecting the neuroinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Xin Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, 200030, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, 200030, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Qi Yan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiu-Juan Fan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian-Ya Peng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui-Xian Zhu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Miao Jiang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Qian-Xing Zhuang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Lüttig A, Perl S, Zetsche M, Richter F, Franz D, Heerdegen M, Köhling R, Richter A. Short-term stimulations of the entopeduncular nucleus induce cerebellar changes of c-Fos expression in an animal model of paroxysmal dystonia. Brain Res 2024; 1823:148672. [PMID: 37956748 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus internus (entopeduncular nucleus, EPN, in rodents) is important for the treatment of drug-refractory dystonia. The pathophysiology of this movement disorder and the mechanisms of DBS are largely unknown. Insights into the mechanisms of DBS in animal models of dystonia can be helpful for optimization of DBS and add-on therapeutics. We recently found that short-term EPN-DBS with 130 Hz (50 µA, 60 µs) for 3 h improved dystonia in dtsz hamsters and reduced spontaneous excitatory cortico-striatal activity in brain slices of this model, indicating fast effects on synaptic plasticity. Therefore, in the present study, we examined if these effects are related to changes of c-Fos, a marker of neuronal activity, in brains derived from dtsz hamsters after these short-term DBS or sham stimulations. After DBS vs. sham, c-Fos intensity was increased around the electrode, but the number of c-Fos+ cells was not altered within the whole EPN and projection areas (habenula, thalamus). DBS did not induce changes in striatal and cortical c-Fos+ cells as GABAergic (GAD67+ and parvalbumin-reactive) neurons in motor cortex and striatum. Unexpectedly, c-Fos+ cells were decreased in deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) after DBS, suggesting that cerebellar changes may be involved in antidystonic effects already during short-term DBS. However, the present results do not exclude functional changes within the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical network, which will be further investigated by long-term EPN stimulations. The present study indicates that the cerebellum deserves attention in ongoing examinations on the mechanisms of DBS in dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Lüttig
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Perl
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Zetsche
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Denise Franz
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University Rostock, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Marco Heerdegen
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University Rostock, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Köhling
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University Rostock, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Angelika Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Franz D, Richter A, Köhling R. Electrophysiological insights into deep brain stimulation of the network disorder dystonia. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:1133-1147. [PMID: 37530804 PMCID: PMC10499667 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02845-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS), a treatment for modulating the abnormal central neuronal circuitry, has become the standard of care nowadays and is sometimes the only option to reduce symptoms of movement disorders such as dystonia. However, on the one hand, there are still open questions regarding the pathomechanisms of dystonia and, on the other hand, the mechanisms of DBS on neuronal circuitry. That lack of knowledge limits the therapeutic effect and makes it hard to predict the outcome of DBS for individual dystonia patients. Finding electrophysiological biomarkers seems to be a promising option to enable adapted individualised DBS treatment. However, biomarker search studies cannot be conducted on patients on a large scale and experimental approaches with animal models of dystonia are needed. In this review, physiological findings of deep brain stimulation studies in humans and animal models of dystonia are summarised and the current pathophysiological concepts of dystonia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Franz
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Angelika Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Köhling
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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4
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Deep brain stimulation in animal models of dystonia. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 175:105912. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Zimmermann J, Budde K, Arbeiter N, Molina F, Storch A, Uhrmacher AM, van Rienen U. Using a Digital Twin of an Electrical Stimulation Device to Monitor and Control the Electrical Stimulation of Cells in vitro. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:765516. [PMID: 34957068 PMCID: PMC8693021 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.765516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical stimulation for application in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine has received increasing attention in recent years. A variety of stimulation methods, waveforms and amplitudes have been studied. However, a clear choice of optimal stimulation parameters is still not available and is complicated by ambiguous reporting standards. In order to understand underlying cellular mechanisms affected by the electrical stimulation, the knowledge of the actual prevailing field strength or current density is required. Here, we present a comprehensive digital representation, a digital twin, of a basic electrical stimulation device for the electrical stimulation of cells in vitro. The effect of electrochemical processes at the electrode surface was experimentally characterised and integrated into a numerical model of the electrical stimulation. Uncertainty quantification techniques were used to identify the influence of model uncertainties on relevant observables. Different stimulation protocols were compared and it was assessed if the information contained in the monitored stimulation pulses could be related to the stimulation model. We found that our approach permits to model and simulate the recorded rectangular waveforms such that local electric field strengths become accessible. Moreover, we could predict stimulation voltages and currents reliably. This enabled us to define a controlled stimulation setting and to identify significant temperature changes of the cell culture in the monitored voltage data. Eventually, we give an outlook on how the presented methods can be applied in more complex situations such as the stimulation of hydrogels or tissue in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Zimmermann
- Institute of General Electrical Engineering, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Kai Budde
- Institute for Visual and Analytic Computing, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nils Arbeiter
- Institute of General Electrical Engineering, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Francia Molina
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Storch
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Adelinde M Uhrmacher
- Institute for Visual and Analytic Computing, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Department Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ursula van Rienen
- Institute of General Electrical Engineering, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Department Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Department Ageing of Individuals and Society, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Knorr S, Musacchio T, Paulat R, Matthies C, Endres H, Wenger N, Harms C, Ip CW. Experimental deep brain stimulation in rodent models of movement disorders. Exp Neurol 2021; 348:113926. [PMID: 34793784 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is the preferred treatment for therapy-resistant movement disorders such as dystonia and Parkinson's disease (PD), mostly in advanced disease stages. Although DBS is already in clinical use for ~30 years and has improved patients' quality of life dramatically, there is still limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms of action. Rodent models of PD and dystonia are essential tools to elucidate the mode of action of DBS on behavioral and multiscale neurobiological levels. Advances have been made in identifying DBS effects on the central motor network, neuroprotection and neuroinflammation in DBS studies of PD rodent models. The phenotypic dtsz mutant hamster and the transgenic DYT-TOR1A (ΔETorA) rat proved as valuable models of dystonia for preclinical DBS research. In addition, continuous refinements of rodent DBS technologies are ongoing and have contributed to improvement of experimental quality. We here review the currently existing literature on experimental DBS in PD and dystonia models regarding the choice of models, experimental design, neurobiological readouts, as well as methodological implications. Moreover, we provide an overview of the technical stage of existing DBS devices for use in rodent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Knorr
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Musacchio
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Raik Paulat
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Cordula Matthies
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Heinz Endres
- University of Applied Science Würzburg-Schweinfurt, Schweinfurt, Germany.
| | - Nikolaus Wenger
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christoph Harms
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Chi Wang Ip
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, Würzburg, Germany.
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Plocksties F, Kober M, Niemann C, Heller J, Fauser M, Nüssel M, Uster F, Franz D, Zwar M, Lüttig A, Kröger J, Harloff J, Schulz A, Richter A, Köhling R, Timmermann D, Storch A. The software defined implantable modular platform (STELLA) for preclinical deep brain stimulation research in rodents. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34542029 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac23e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Context.Long-term deep brain stimulation (DBS) studies in rodents are of crucial importance for research progress in this field. However, most stimulation devices require jackets or large head-mounted systems which severely affect mobility and general welfare influencing animals' behavior.Objective.To develop a preclinical neurostimulation implant system for long-term DBS research in small animal models.Approach.We propose a low-cost dual-channel DBS implant called software defined implantable platform (STELLA) with a printed circuit board size of Ø13 × 3.3 mm, weight of 0.6 g and current consumption of 7.6µA/3.1 V combined with an epoxy resin-based encapsulation method.Main results.STELLA delivers charge-balanced and configurable current pulses with widely used commercial electrodes. Whilein vitrostudies demonstrate at least 12 weeks of error-free stimulation using a CR1225 battery, our calculations predict a battery lifetime of up to 3 years using a CR2032. Exemplary application for DBS of the subthalamic nucleus in adult rats demonstrates that fully-implanted STELLA neurostimulators are very well-tolerated over 42 days without relevant stress after the early postoperative phase resulting in normal animal behavior. Encapsulation, external control and monitoring of function proved to be feasible. Stimulation with standard parameters elicited c-Fos expression by subthalamic neurons demonstrating biologically active function of STELLA.Significance.We developed a fully implantable, scalable and reliable DBS device that meets the urgent need for reverse translational research on DBS in freely moving rodent disease models including sensitive behavioral experiments. We thus add an important technology for animal research according to 'The Principle of Humane Experimental Technique'-replacement, reduction and refinement (3R). All hardware, software and additional materials are available under an open source license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Plocksties
- Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering, University of Rostock, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Maria Kober
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christoph Niemann
- Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering, University of Rostock, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jakob Heller
- Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering, University of Rostock, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Mareike Fauser
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Nüssel
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Felix Uster
- Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering, University of Rostock, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Denise Franz
- Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Monique Zwar
- Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Anika Lüttig
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Justin Kröger
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jörg Harloff
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Angelika Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Köhling
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Dirk Timmermann
- Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering, University of Rostock, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Storch
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, 18147 Rostock, Germany
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Heerdegen M, Zwar M, Franz D, Hörnschemeyer MF, Neubert V, Plocksties F, Niemann C, Timmermann D, Bahls C, van Rienen U, Paap M, Perl S, Lüttig A, Richter A, Köhling R. Mechanisms of pallidal deep brain stimulation: Alteration of cortico-striatal synaptic communication in a dystonia animal model. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 154:105341. [PMID: 33753292 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pallidal deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an important option for patients with severe dystonias, which are thought to arise from a disturbance in striatal control of the globus pallidus internus (GPi). The mechanisms of GPi-DBS are far from understood. Although a disturbance of striatal function is thought to play a key role in dystonia, the effects of DBS on cortico-striatal function are unknown. We hypothesised that DBS, via axonal backfiring, or indirectly via thalamic and cortical coupling, alters striatal function. We tested this hypothesis in the dtsz hamster, an animal model of inherited generalised, paroxysmal dystonia. Hamsters (dystonic and non-dystonic controls) were bilaterally implanted with stimulation electrodes in the GPi. DBS (130 Hz), and sham DBS, were performed in unanaesthetised animals for 3 h. Synaptic cortico-striatal field potentials, as well as miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSC) and firing properties of medium spiny striatal neurones were recorded in brain slice preparations obtained immediately after EPN-DBS. The main findings were as follows: a. DBS increased cortico-striatal evoked responses in healthy, but not in dystonic tissue. b. Commensurate with this, DBS increased inhibitory control of these evoked responses in dystonic, and decreased inhibitory control in healthy tissue. c. Further, DBS reduced mEPSC frequency strongly in dystonic, and less prominently in healthy tissue, showing that also a modulation of presynaptic mechanisms is likely involved. d. Cellular properties of medium-spiny neurones remained unchanged. We conclude that DBS leads to dampening of cortico-striatal communication, and restores intrastriatal inhibitory tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Heerdegen
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Germany
| | - Monique Zwar
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Germany
| | - Denise Franz
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Germany
| | | | - Valentin Neubert
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Germany
| | - Franz Plocksties
- Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - Christoph Niemann
- Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - Dirk Timmermann
- Institute of Applied Microelectronics and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - Christian Bahls
- Institute of General Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - Ursula van Rienen
- Institute of General Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Rostock, Germany; Department Life, Light & Matter, University of Rostock, Germany
| | - Maria Paap
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy und Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Perl
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy und Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anika Lüttig
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy und Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Angelika Richter
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy und Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Köhling
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Germany; Department of Ageing of Individuals and Society, University of Rostock, Germany.
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