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Happer JP, Beaton LE, Wagner LC, Hodgkinson CA, Goldman D, Marinkovic K. Neural indices of heritable impulsivity: Impact of the COMT Val158Met polymorphism on frontal beta power during early motor preparation. Biol Psychol 2024; 191:108826. [PMID: 38862067 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Studies of COMT Val158Met suggest that the neural circuitry subserving inhibitory control may be modulated by this functional polymorphism altering cortical dopamine availability, thus giving rise to heritable differences in behaviors. Using an anatomically-constrained magnetoencephalography method and stratifying the sample by COMT genotype, from a larger sample of 153 subjects, we examined the spatial and temporal dynamics of beta oscillations during motor execution and inhibition in 21 healthy Met158/Met158 (high dopamine) or 21 Val158/Val158 (low dopamine) genotype individuals during a Go/NoGo paradigm. While task performance was unaffected, Met158 homozygotes demonstrated an overall increase in beta power across regions essential for inhibitory control during early motor preparation (∼100 ms latency), suggestive of a global motor "pause" on behavior. This increase was especially evident on Go trials with slow response speed and was absent during inhibition failures. Such a pause could underlie the tendency of Met158 allele carriers to be more cautious and inhibited. In contrast, Val158 homozygotes exhibited a beta drop during early motor preparation, indicative of high response readiness. This decrease was associated with measures of behavioral disinhibition and consistent with greater extraversion and impulsivity observed in Val homozygotes. These results provide mechanistic insight into genetically-determined interindividual differences of inhibitory control with higher cortical dopamine associated with momentary response hesitation, and lower dopamine leading to motor impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Happer
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lauren E Beaton
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Laura C Wagner
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - David Goldman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ksenija Marinkovic
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Liu Q, Zhou B, Zhang X, Qing P, Zhou X, Zhou F, Xu X, Zhu S, Dai J, Huang Y, Wang J, Zou Z, Kendrick KM, Becker B, Zhao W. Abnormal multi-layered dynamic cortico-subcortical functional connectivity in major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 167:23-31. [PMID: 37820447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Comorbidity has been frequently observed between generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD), however, common and distinguishable alterations in the topological organization of functional brain networks remain poorly understood. We sought to determine a robust and sensitive functional connectivity marker for diagnostic classification and symptom severity prediction. Multi-layered dynamic functional connectivity including whole brain, network-node and node-node layers via graph theory and gradient analyses were applied to functional MRI resting-state data obtained from 31 unmedicated GAD and 34 unmedicated MDD patients as well as 33 age and education matched healthy controls (HC). GAD and MDD symptoms were assessed using Penn State Worry Questionnaire and Beck Depression Inventory II, respectively. Three network measures including global properties (i.e., global efficiency, characteristic path length), regional nodal property (i.e., degree) and connectivity gradients were computed. Results showed that both patient groups exhibited abnormal dynamic cortico-subcortical topological organization compared to healthy controls, with MDD > GAD > HC in degree of randomization. Furthermore, our multi-layered dynamic functional connectivity network model reached 77% diagnostic accuracy between GAD and MDD and was highly predictive of symptom severity, respectively. Gradients of functional connectivity for superior frontal cortex-subcortical regions, middle temporal gyrus-subcortical regions and amygdala-cortical regions contributed more in this model compared to other gradients. We found shared and distinct cortico-subcortical connectivity features in dynamic functional brain networks between GAD and MDD, which together can promote the understanding of common and disorder-specific topological organization dysregulations and facilitate early neuroimaging-based diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Peng Qing
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Xinqi Zhou
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Faculty of Psychology, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Siyu Zhu
- School of Sport Training, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Dai
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Yulan Huang
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Jinyu Wang
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Zhili Zou
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Keith M Kendrick
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Benjamin Becker
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.
| | - Weihua Zhao
- The Center of Psychosomatic Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China; The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.
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Preferential Modulatory Action of 5-HT 2A Receptors on the Dynamic Regulation of Basal Ganglia Circuits. J Neurosci 2023; 43:56-67. [PMID: 36400530 PMCID: PMC9838704 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1181-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In rodents, cortical information is transferred to the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) through motor and medial prefrontal (mPF) basal ganglia (BG) circuits implicated in motor and cognitive/motivational behaviors, respectively. The serotonergic 5-HT2A receptors are located in both of these neuronal networks, displaying topographical differences with a high expression in the associative/limbic territories, and a very low expression in the subthalamic nucleus. This study investigated whether the stimulation of 5-HT2A receptors could have a specific signature on the dynamic regulation of BG circuits, preferentially modulating the mPF information processing through trans-striatal pathways. We performed in vivo single-unit extracellular recordings to assess the effect of the 5-HT2A agonist TCB-2 on the spontaneous and cortically evoked activity of lateral and medial SNr neurons in male rats (involved in motor and mPF circuits, respectively). TCB-2 (50-200 µg/kg, i.v.) increased the basal firing rate and enhanced the cortically evoked inhibitory response of medial SNr neurons (transmission through the direct striato-nigral pathway). A prior administration of the preferential 5-HT2A receptor antagonist MDL11939 (200 µg/kg, i.v.) did not modify any electrophysiological parameter, but occluded TCB-2-induced effects. In animals treated with the 5-HT synthesis inhibitor pCPA (4-chloro-dl-phenylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride), TCB-2 failed to induce the above-mentioned effects, thus suggesting the contribution of endogenous 5-HT. However, the mobilization of 5-HT induced by the acute administration of fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) did not mimic the effects triggered by TCB-2. Overall, these data suggest that 5-HT2A receptors have a preferential modulatory action on the dynamic regulation of BG circuitry.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Motor and medial prefrontal (mPF) basal ganglia (BG) circuits play an important role in integrative brain functions like movement control or cognitive/motivational behavior, respectively. Although these neuronal networks express 5-HT2A receptors, the expression is higher in associative/limbic structures than in the motor ones. We show a topographical-dependent dissociation in the effects triggered by the 5HT2A agonist TCB-2, which specifically increases the medial substantia nigra pars reticulata neuron activity and has a preferential action on mPF information processing through the striato-nigral direct pathway. These are very likely to be 5-HT2A receptor-mediated effects that require mobilization of the endogenous 5-HT system. These findings provide evidence about the specific signature of 5-HT2A receptors on the dynamic regulation of BG circuits.
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Kudryavtseva VA, Moiseeva AV, Mukhamedova SG, Piavchenko GA, Kuznetsov SL. Age- and sex-related dynamics of structural and functional motor behavior interactions in striatum neurons in rats. SECHENOV MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.47093/2218-7332.2022.13.2.20-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aim. To study the age-related dynamics of structural and functional interactions of striatal neurons in the implementation of acts of motor behaviour in rats of both sexes.Materials and methods. The study was carried out on 36 Wistar rats of both sexes aged 2, 7 and 16 months (n = 6 per group). In animals of all groups, locomotor activity was determined using a Laboras device (Metris, the Netherlands) for15 minutes, after which the brain was sampled to determine the number and size of neurons in the striatum. The median and interquartile range of the index of motor activity and the number of neurons were determined, and to study the relationship between these indicators, a correlation and regression analysis was performed with the construction of linear and polynomial trends, and the coefficient of determination R2 was calculated.Results. The size of neurons did not change significantly with age in the rats of both sexes. The number of neurons differed statistically in the rats of different sexes in all age groups. In male rats, the maximum number of neurons was noted at the age of 7 months with a decrease to 16 months. In female rats, the maximum number of neurons was recorded at the age of 2 months with a further decrease to 7 and 16 months. According to the regression analysis, a linear strong relationship (R2 =0.80 for males, R2 = 0.79 for females) was established between the number of neurons in the striatum and motor activity in 2-month-old animals. At the age of 7 and 16 months the relationship is non-linear.Conclusion. The number of neurons in the striatum is subject to sex and age dynamics, while their size remains unchanged from 2 to 16 months. For animals of both sexes, a decrease in the role of the striatum in providing motor activity in the process of growing up was noted. This relationship reaches its maximum in 2-month-old rats and then decreases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. V. Moiseeva
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
| | - S. G. Mukhamedova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
| | - G. A. Piavchenko
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
| | - S. L. Kuznetsov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
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Vegas-Suárez S, Morera-Herreras T, Requejo C, Lafuente JV, Moratalla R, Miguélez C, Ugedo L. Motor cortico-nigral and cortico-entopeduncular information transmission and its modulation by buspirone in control and after dopaminergic denervation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:953652. [PMID: 36133803 PMCID: PMC9483552 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.953652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical information is transferred to the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and the entopeduncular nucleus (EP), the output structures of the basal ganglia (BG), through three different pathways: the hyperdirect trans-subthalamic and the direct and indirect trans-striatal pathways. The nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) and the activation of 5-HT1A receptors, distributed all along the BG, may modulate cortical information transmission. We aimed to investigate the effect of buspirone (5-HT1A receptor partial agonist) and WAY-100635 (5-HT1A receptor antagonist) on cortico-nigral and cortico-entopeduncular transmission in normal and DA loss conditions. Herein, simultaneous electrical stimulation of the motor cortex and single-unit extracellular recordings of SNr or EP neurons were conducted in urethane-anesthetized sham and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats before and after drug administrations. Motor cortex stimulation evoked monophasic, biphasic, or triphasic responses, combination of an early excitation, an inhibition, and a late excitation in both the SNr and EP, while an altered pattern of evoked response was observed in the SNr after 6-OHDA lesion. Systemic buspirone potentiated the direct cortico-SNr and cortico-EP transmission in sham animals since increased duration of the inhibitory response was observed. In DA denervated animals, buspirone administration enhanced early excitation amplitude in the cortico-SNr transmission. In both cases, the observed effects were mediated via a 5-HT1A-dependent mechanism as WAY-100635 administration blocked buspirone’s effect. These findings suggest that in control condition, buspirone potentiates direct pathway transmission and DA loss modulates responses related to the hyperdirect pathway. Overall, the results may contribute to understanding the role of 5-HT1A receptors and DA in motor cortico-BG circuitry functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Vegas-Suárez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Autonomic and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.,Cajal Institute, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Morera-Herreras
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Autonomic and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Catalina Requejo
- Cajal Institute, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Rosario Moratalla
- Cajal Institute, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Miguélez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Autonomic and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Luisa Ugedo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Autonomic and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
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Bai Y, Diao Y, Gan L, Zhuo Z, Yin Z, Hu T, Cheng D, Xie H, Wu D, Fan H, Zhang Q, Duan Y, Meng F, Liu Y, Jiang Y, Zhang J. Deep Brain Stimulation Modulates Multiple Abnormal Resting-State Network Connectivity in Patients With Parkinson’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:794987. [PMID: 35386115 PMCID: PMC8978802 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.794987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Deep brain stimulation (DBS) improves motor and non-motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Researchers mainly investigated the motor networks to reveal DBS mechanisms, with few studies extending to other networks. This study aimed to investigate multi-network modulation patterns using DBS in patients with PD. Methods Twenty-four patients with PD underwent 1.5 T functional MRI (fMRI) scans in both DBS-on and DBS-off states, with twenty-seven age-matched healthy controls (HCs). Default mode, sensorimotor, salience, and left and right frontoparietal networks were identified by using the independent component analysis. Power spectra and functional connectivity of these networks were calculated. In addition, multiregional connectivity was established from 15 selected regions extracted from the abovementioned networks. Comparisons were made among groups. Finally, correlation analyses were performed between the connectivity changes and symptom improvements. Results Compared with HCs, PD-off showed abnormal power spectra and functional connectivity both within and among these networks. Some of the abovementioned abnormalities could be corrected by DBS, including increasing the power spectra in the sensorimotor network and modulating the parts of the ipsilateral functional connectivity in different regions centered in the frontoparietal network. Moreover, the DBS-induced functional connectivity changes were correlated with motor and depression improvements in patients with PD. Conclusion DBS modulated the abnormalities in multi-networks. The functional connectivity alterations were associated with motor and psychiatric improvements in PD. This study lays the foundation for large-scale brain network research on multi-network DBS modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Diao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Gan
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhizheng Zhuo
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zixiao Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianqi Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hutao Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Delong Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Houyou Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunyun Duan
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangang Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaou Liu
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yaou Liu,
| | - Yin Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China
- Yin Jiang,
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing, China
- Jianguo Zhang,
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Repetitive and Inflexible Active Coping and Addiction-like Neuroplasticity in Stressed Mice of a Helplessness-Resistant Inbred Strain. Behav Sci (Basel) 2021; 11:bs11120174. [PMID: 34940109 PMCID: PMC8698352 DOI: 10.3390/bs11120174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctional coping styles are involved in the development, persistence, and relapse of psychiatric diseases. Passive coping with stress challenges (helplessness) is most commonly used in animal models of dysfunctional coping, although active coping strategies are associated with generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic, and phobias as well as obsessive-compulsive and post-traumatic stress disorder. This paper analyzes the development of dysfunctional active coping strategies of mice of the helplessness–resistant DBA/2J (D2) inbred strain, submitted to temporary reduction in food availability in an uncontrollable and unavoidable condition. The results indicate that food-restricted D2 mice developed a stereotyped form of food anticipatory activity and dysfunctional reactive coping in novel aversive contexts and acquired inflexible and perseverant escape strategies in novel stressful situations. The evaluation of FosB/DeltaFosB immunostaining in different brain areas of food-restricted D2 mice revealed a pattern of expression typically associated with behavioral sensitization to addictive drugs and compulsivity. These results support the conclusion that an active coping style represents an endophenotype of mental disturbances characterized by perseverant and inflexible behavior.
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Oleson EB, Hamilton LR, Gomez DM. Cannabinoid Modulation of Dopamine Release During Motivation, Periodic Reinforcement, Exploratory Behavior, Habit Formation, and Attention. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:660218. [PMID: 34177546 PMCID: PMC8222827 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.660218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivational and attentional processes energize action sequences to facilitate evolutionary competition and promote behavioral fitness. Decades of neuropharmacology, electrophysiology and electrochemistry research indicate that the mesocorticolimbic DA pathway modulates both motivation and attention. More recently, it was realized that mesocorticolimbic DA function is tightly regulated by the brain's endocannabinoid system and greatly influenced by exogenous cannabinoids-which have been harnessed by humanity for medicinal, ritualistic, and recreational uses for 12,000 years. Exogenous cannabinoids, like the primary psychoactive component of cannabis, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, produce their effects by acting at binding sites for naturally occurring endocannabinoids. The brain's endocannabinoid system consists of two G-protein coupled receptors, endogenous lipid ligands for these receptor targets, and several synthetic and metabolic enzymes involved in their production and degradation. Emerging evidence indicates that the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol is necessary to observe concurrent increases in DA release and motivated behavior. And the historical pharmacology literature indicates a role for cannabinoid signaling in both motivational and attentional processes. While both types of behaviors have been scrutinized under manipulation by either DA or cannabinoid agents, there is considerably less insight into prospective interactions between these two important signaling systems. This review attempts to summate the relevance of cannabinoid modulation of DA release during operant tasks designed to investigate either motivational or attentional control of behavior. We first describe how cannabinoids influence DA release and goal-directed action under a variety of reinforcement contingencies. Then we consider the role that endocannabinoids might play in switching an animal's motivation from a goal-directed action to the search for an alternative outcome, in addition to the formation of long-term habits. Finally, dissociable features of attentional behavior using both the 5-choice serial reaction time task and the attentional set-shifting task are discussed along with their distinct influences by DA and cannabinoids. We end with discussing potential targets for further research regarding DA-cannabinoid interactions within key substrates involved in motivation and attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik B. Oleson
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Lindsey R. Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Devan M. Gomez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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