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Jamal GA, Jahangirian E, Hamblin MR, Mirzaei H, Tarrahimofrad H, Alikowsarzadeh N. Proteases, a powerful biochemical tool in the service of medicine, clinical and pharmaceutical. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024:1-25. [PMID: 38909284 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2024.2364234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Proteases, enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds, have various applications in medicine, clinical applications, and pharmaceutical development. They are used in cancer treatment, wound debridement, contact lens cleaning, prion degradation, biofilm removal, and fibrinolytic agents. Proteases are also crucial in cardiovascular disease treatment, emphasizing the need for safe, affordable, and effective fibrinolytic drugs. Proteolytic enzymes and protease biosensors are increasingly used in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Advanced technologies, such as nanomaterials-based sensors, are being developed to enhance the sensitivity, specificity, and versatility of protease biosensors. These biosensors are becoming effective tools for disease detection due to their precision and rapidity. They can detect extracellular and intracellular proteases, as well as fluorescence-based methods for real-time and label-free detection of virus-related proteases. The active utilization of proteolytic enzymatic biosensors is expected to expand significantly in biomedical research, in-vitro model systems, and drug development. We focused on journal articles and books published in English between 1982 and 2024 for this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadir A Jamal
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ehsan Jahangirian
- Department of Molecular, Zist Tashkhis Farda Company (tBioDx), Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Faculty of Health Science, Laser Research Center, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Neda Alikowsarzadeh
- Molecular and Life Science Department, Han University of Applied Science, Arnhem, Nederland
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2
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Sardelli L, Campanile M, Boeri L, Donnaloja F, Fanizza F, Perottoni S, Petrini P, Albani D, Giordano C. A novel on-a-chip system with a 3D-bioinspired gut mucus suitable to investigate bacterial endotoxins dynamics. Mater Today Bio 2024; 24:100898. [PMID: 38204482 PMCID: PMC10776420 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The possible pathogenic impact of pro-inflammatory molecules produced by the gut microbiota is one of the hypotheses considered at the basis of the biomolecular dialogue governing the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Among these molecules, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) produced by Gram-negative gut microbiota strains may have a potential key role due to their toxic effects in both the gut and the brain. In this work, we engineered a new dynamic fluidic system, the MINERVA device (MI-device), with the potential to advance the current knowledge of the biological mechanisms regulating the microbiota-gut molecular crosstalk. The MI-device supported the growth of bacteria that are part of the intestinal microbiota under dynamic conditions within a 3D moving mucus model, with features comparable to the physiological conditions (storage modulus of 80 ± 19 Pa, network mesh size of 41 ± 3 nm), without affecting their viability (∼ 109 bacteria/mL). The integration of a fluidically optimized and user-friendly design with a bioinspired microenvironment enabled the sterile extraction and quantification of the LPS produced within the mucus by bacteria (from 423 ± 34 ng/mL to 1785 ± 91 ng/mL). Compatibility with commercially available Transwell-like inserts allows the user to precisely control the transport phenomena that occur between the two chambers by selecting the pore density of the insert membrane without changing the design of the system. The MI-device is able to provide the flow of sterile medium enriched with LPS directly produced by bacteria, opening up the possibility of studying the effects of bacteria-derived molecules on cells in depth, as well as the assessment and characterization of their effects in a physiological or pathological scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Sardelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering ‘Giulio Natta,’ Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - M. Campanile
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering ‘Giulio Natta,’ Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - L. Boeri
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering ‘Giulio Natta,’ Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - F. Donnaloja
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering ‘Giulio Natta,’ Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - F. Fanizza
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering ‘Giulio Natta,’ Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - S. Perottoni
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering ‘Giulio Natta,’ Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - P. Petrini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering ‘Giulio Natta,’ Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - D. Albani
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - C. Giordano
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering ‘Giulio Natta,’ Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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3
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Muniasamy R, Rathnasaamy S. Sustainable production and preparative purification of thermostable alkaline α-amylase by Bacillus simplex (ON754233) employing natural deep eutectic solvent-based extractive fermentation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:481. [PMID: 38177253 PMCID: PMC10766970 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51168-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Using PEG-based deep eutectic solvents (PDES), the current study proposes extractive fermentation as a sustainable process integration for the production and purification of α-amylase from Bacillus simplex (ON754233). Glucose: PEG 400 outperformed five PDES in terms of tie lie length (58) and slope value (1.23) against sodium sulphatt. Apple cider pomace was used as a low-cost, sustainable carbon source to produce-amylase, with a maximum enzyme production of 2200.13 U/mL. PDES concentration (20% w/v), salt (12.75 w/v), and apple waste (2.75 g/mL) were all optimized using response surface methodology. When scaled upto 3 L benchtop bioreactor, extractive fermentation was proved to be better technology with maximum recovery of 92.4% with highest partition coefficient (3.59). The partially purified enzyme was further purified using a Sephadex G 100 followed by DEAE-Sephadex anion exchange chromatography with a purity fold of 33. The enzyme was found to be thermostable at the temperature (60 °C), remains alkaline (pH 8), and the activity was stimulated in the presence of Mg2+ ions. With SDS PAGE electrophoresis, the molecular weight was found to be around 140 kDa. Finally, the enzyme kinetics parameters were evaluated with observed Km (0.00396 mM) and Vmax (37.87 U/mL). Thus scaling up extractive fermentation entails increasing production capacity with improved extraction efficiency using green solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Muniasamy
- Green Separation Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to Be University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Senthilkumar Rathnasaamy
- Green Separation Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to Be University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India.
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Zhang Y, Pei P, Zhou H, Xie Y, Yang S, Shen W, Hu L, Zhang Y, Liu T, Yang K. Nattokinase-Mediated Regulation of Tumor Physical Microenvironment to Enhance Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy, and CAR-T Therapy of Solid Tumor. ACS NANO 2023; 17:7475-7486. [PMID: 37057972 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The therapy of solid tumors is always hampered by the intrinsic tumor physical microenvironment (TPME) featured with compact and rigid extracellular matrix (ECM) microstructures. Herein, we introduce nattokinase (NKase), a thrombolytic healthcare drug, to comprehensively regulate the TPME for versatile enhancement of various therapy modalities. Intratumoral injection of NKase not only degrades the major ECM component fibronectin but also inhibits cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in generating fibrosis, resulting in decreased tumor stiffness, enhanced perfusion, and hypoxia alleviation. The NKase-mediated regulation of the TPME significantly promotes the tumoral accumulation of therapeutic agents, leading to efficient chemotherapy without inducing side effects. Additionally, the enhancement of tumor radiotherapy based on radiosensitizers was also achieved by the pretreatment of intratumorally injected NKase, which could be ascribed to the elevated oxygen saturation level in NKase-treated tumors. Moreover, a xenografted human breast MDB-MA-231 tumor model is established to evaluate the influence of NKase on chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy, illustrating that the pretreatment of NKase could boost the infiltration of CAR-T cells into tumors and thus be a benefit for tumor inhibition. These findings demonstrate the great promise of the NKase-regulated TPME as a translational strategy for universal enhancement of therapeutic efficacy in solid tumors by various treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Pei Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Hailin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yuyuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Sai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Wenhao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Lin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yujuan Zhang
- Experimental Center of Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Teng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Kai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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5
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Sheng Y, Yang J, Wang C, Sun X, Yan L. Microbial nattokinase: from synthesis to potential application. Food Funct 2023; 14:2568-2585. [PMID: 36857725 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03389e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Nattokinase (NK) is an alkaline serine protease with strong thrombolytic activity produced by Bacillus spp. or Pseudomonas spp. It is a potential therapeutic agent for thrombotic diseases because of its safety, economy, and lack of side effects. Herein, a comprehensive summary and analysis of the reports surrounding NK were presented, and the physical-chemical properties and producers of NK were first described. The process and mechanism of NK synthesis were summarized, but these are vague and not specific enough. Further results may be achieved if detection techniques such as multi-omics are used to explore the process of NK synthesis. The purification of NK has problems such as a complicated operation and low recovery rate, which were found when summarizing the techniques to improve the quality of finished products. If multiple simple and efficient precipitation methods and purification materials are combined to purify NK, it may be possible to solve the current challenges. Additionally, the application potential of NK in biomedicine was reviewed, but functional foods with NK are challenging for acceptance in daily life due to their unpleasant odor. Accordingly, multi-strain combination fermentation or food flavoring agents can improve the odor of fermented foods and increase people's acceptance of them. Finally, the possible future directions focused on NK studies were proposed and provided suggestions for subsequent researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Sheng
- College of Food, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China.
| | - Jiani Yang
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Changyuan Wang
- College of Food, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China.
| | - Xindi Sun
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Lei Yan
- College of Food, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China.
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
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Li P, Hu Y, Li Y, Bao Y, Wang X, Piao C. Co‐production of Nattokinase and
α
‐Amylase
from
Bacillus natto
Fermentation Using Okara. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.17130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Li
- College of Food Science and Technology Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun Jilin China
| | - Yang Hu
- College of Food Science and Technology Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun Jilin China
| | - Yunbo Li
- College of Food Science and Technology Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun Jilin China
| | - Yue Bao
- College of Food Science and Technology Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun Jilin China
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun Jilin China
| | - Chunhong Piao
- College of Food Science and Technology Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun Jilin China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun Jilin China
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7
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Kapoor R, Khowal S, Panda BP, Wajid S. Comparative genomic analyses of Bacillus subtilis strains to study the biochemical and molecular attributes of nattokinases. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:485-502. [PMID: 35099650 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present research work explores the Nattokinase (NK) producing capacity of five Bacillus subtilis strains (MTCC 2616, MTCC 2756, MTCC 2451, MTCC 1427, and MTCC 7164) using soybean varieties as substrate under solid-state fermentation conditions. Subsequently, the biochemical attributes of NKs were analyzed. Soybean variety didn't affect the production of NK to a significant extent; however, the five strains differed substantially for their NK producing capacity. NK produced by MTCC 2451 (R3) showed a low Kmvalue implying its higher specificity for fibrin but this strain (MTCC 2451) didn't produce NK in sufficient quantity. The low Km of MTCC 2451 NK implicates its potential candidature for treating blood clots in cardiovascular patients. The NK produced by MTCC 2616 (R1) was produced in sufficient quantity and showed good fibrin dissolving potential. The aprN of MTCC 2616 substantially varied from the other four strains. The aprN of MTCC 2756 (R2), MTCC 2451 (R3), MTCC 1427 (R4), and MTCC 7164 (R5) shared > 99% sequence identity, but the encoded NKs had significant variations in their Km values. The biochemical-molecular analyses indicate the co-presence of three critical residues (Thr130, Asp140, and Tyr217) as a quintessential attribute in determining the low Km of NK enzymes, and the absence of any one of the three critical residues may affect (highly increase) the Km.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kapoor
- Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Sapna Khowal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Bibhu Prasad Panda
- Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
| | - Saima Wajid
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
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8
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Muniasamy R, Balamurugan BS, Rajamahendran D, Rathnasamy S. Switchable deep eutectic solvent driven micellar extractive fermentation of ultrapure fibrin digesting enzyme from Bacillus subtilis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:903. [PMID: 35042908 PMCID: PMC8766521 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04788-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrinolytic protease (FLP) is a therapeutic enzyme used in the treatment of thrombolytic diseases. The present study proposed the concept of pH-driven swappable micellar two-phase extraction for the concurrent production and purification of FLP from Bacillus subtilis at cloud point extraction. Extractive fermentation was carried out with a pH swap mechanism and FLP was extracted to the top phase by surfactant deep eutectic solvents (SDES). Shrimp waste was chosen as a sustainable low-cost substrate that yielded a maximum protease of 185 U/mg. Six SDESs were synthesized with nonionic surfactants as hydrogen bond donors and quaternary ammonium salts as hydrogen bond acceptors and their association was confirmed by H1 NMR. Thermophysical investigation of the synthetic SDES was accomplished as a function of temperature. Response surface methodology for extractive fermentation was performed with the concentration of SADES (35% w/v), Na2SO4 (15% w/v) and pH (6.3) as variables and the enzyme activity (248 IU/mg) as a response. Furthermore, purification using gel filtration chromatography was used to quantify the amount of enzyme obtained in the extraction phase (849 IU/ml). After final purification with an anion exchange column, the maximum purity fold (22.32) with enzyme activity (1172 IU/ml) was achieved. The in-vitro fibrinolytic activity has been confirmed using a fibrin plate assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Muniasamy
- Green Separation Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed To Be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
| | - Bhavani Sowndharya Balamurugan
- Green Separation Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed To Be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
| | - Devi Rajamahendran
- Green Separation Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed To Be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
| | - Senthilkumar Rathnasamy
- Green Separation Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed To Be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India.
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Zhang J, Tang Y, Yuan T, Yang M, Fang W, Li L, Fei F, Gong A. Nattokinase crude extract enhances oral mucositis healing. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:555. [PMID: 34717590 PMCID: PMC8556967 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01914-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nattokinase (NK) is a promising alternative in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases due to its potent fibrinolytic activity. In this study, we investigated the effect of crude nattokinase extract on the healing of acetic acid-induced oral mucositis in mice. Methods Bacillus subtilis culture media (BSCM) was isolated into the supernatant, named nattokinase crude extract (NCE), and the pellet was named Bacillus subtilis mass (BSM). An oral mucositis model was established in mice by applying 50% glacial acetic acid to the buccal mucosa. According to the treatment conditions, the mice were divided into BSCM, NCE, BSM and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) groups. The weight of the mice, oral mucositis healing score and histopathological examination were used to evaluate the treatment. Results Fibrinolytic activities of BSCM, NCE and BSM were approximately 8069, 10,800 and 80 U/ml, respectively. The weight gain of mice in the NCE group was significantly different from the PBS group after three days’ treatment (p < 0.05). The oral mucositis score of NCE group was significantly higher than other groups (p < 0.05). The differences in histopathology scores between the NCE and other groups were statistically significant (p < 0.01). Conclusions NCE could possess remarkable potential to reduce pain and promote oral mucositis healing with minimal safety concerns. In this study, we first report that NCE from the supernatant of Bacillus subtilis can promote the healing of oral mucositis, which extends the application scope of NK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyao Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Mengting Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Wenjing Fang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Fei Fei
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212003, China
| | - Aihua Gong
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212003, China.
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Rajaselvam J, Benit N, Alotaibi SS, Rathi MA, Srigopalram S, Biji GD, Vijayaraghavan P. In vitro fibrinolytic activity of an enzyme purified from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain KJ10 isolated from soybean paste. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:4117-4123. [PMID: 34354390 PMCID: PMC8324925 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A fibrinolytic protease secreting producing Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain KJ10 was initially screened from the fermented soybean. Maximum productivity was obtained in the culture medium after 40 h incubation, 34 °C incubation temperature at pH 8.0. Fibrinolytic protease production was enhanced in the culture medium with 1% sucrose (3712 ± 52 U/mL), 1% (w/v) yeast extract (3940 ± 28 U/mL) and 0.1% MgSO4 (3687 ± 38 U/mL). Enzyme was purified up to 22.9-fold with 26%recovery after Q-Sepharose HP column chromatography. After three steps purification, enzyme activity was 1606U/mg and SDS-PAGE analysis revealed 29 kDa protein and enzyme band was detected by zymograpy. Enzyme was highly active at pH 8.0, at wide temperature ranges (40 °C − 55 °C) and was activated by Mn2+ (102 ± 3.1%) and Mg2+ (101.4 ± 2.9%) ions. The purified fibrinolytic enzyme was highly specific against N-Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-pNA (189 mmol/min/mL) and clot lytic activity reached 28 ± 1.8% within 60 minin vitro. The purified fibrinolytic enzyme showed least erythrocytic lysis activity confirmed safety to prevent various health risks, including hemolytic anemia. Based on this study, administration of fibrinolytic enzyme from B. amyloliquefaciens strain KJ10 is safe for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayarajapazham Rajaselvam
- Bioprocess Engineering Division, Smykon Biotech Pvt LtD, Nagercoil, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu 629201, India
| | - Natarajan Benit
- Department of Botany, Holy Cross College, Nagercoil, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu 629 001, India
| | - Saqer S Alotaibi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Rathi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sree Narayana Guru College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 105, India
| | | | - Gurupatham Devadhasan Biji
- Department of Zoology, Nesamony Memorial Christian College, Marthandam, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu 629 165, India
| | - Ponnuswamy Vijayaraghavan
- Bioprocess Engineering Division, Smykon Biotech Pvt LtD, Nagercoil, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu 629201, India
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11
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Vachher M, Sen A, Kapila R, Nigam A. Microbial therapeutic enzymes: A promising area of biopharmaceuticals. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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12
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Isolation and Optimal Fermentation Condition of the Bacillus subtilis Subsp. natto Strain WTC016 for Nattokinase Production. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation5040092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nattokinase is a serine protease in the subtilisin family which is produced by Bacillus subtilis subsp. natto and exhibits vigorous fibrinolytic activity that has been suggested to be able to prevent and treat thromboembolic diseases. In this study, WTC016, a spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium with fibrinolytic activity was successfully isolated from soil, which was identified as Bacillus subtilis subsp. natto based on morphological and physiological tests, and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and gyrA. According to the growth curve of WTC016, the nattokinase production reached the highest amount in the stationary phase. To optimize the liquid fermentation condition for nattokinase yield of WTC016, further optimal tests of four factors, including the temperature, pH, inoculum size, and loading volume, followed by orthogonal test of all these factors, was performed. The optimal fermentation conditions were determined as 30 °C, 7.0 pH, 2% inoculum size, and 60 mL of loading volume in 250 mL conical flask, which indicates the highest nattokinase production of 3284 ± 58 IU/mL while fermented for 26 h. This work laid the foundation for producing nattokinase using Bacillus subtilis subsp. natto WTC016.
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13
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Malvido MC, González EA, Bendaña Jácome RJ, Guerra NP. The Joint Effect of pH Gradient and Glucose Feeding on the Growth Kinetics of Lactococcus lactis CECT 539 in Glucose-Limited Fed-Batch Cultures. Pol J Microbiol 2019; 68:269-280. [PMID: 31257793 PMCID: PMC7256817 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2019-030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Two glucose-limited realkalized fed-batch cultures of Lactococcus lactis CECT 539 were carried out in a diluted whey medium (DW) using two different feeding media. The cultures were fed a mixture of a 400 g/l concentrated lactose and a concentrated mussel processing waste (CMPW, 101.72 g glucose/l) medium (fermentation I) or a CMPW medium supplemented with glucose and KH2PO4 up to concentrations of 400 g glucose/l and 3.21 g total phosphorus/l, respectively (fermentation II). For an accurate description and a better understanding of the kinetics of both cultures, the growth and product formation by L. lactis CECT 539 were both modelled, for the first time, as a function of the amounts of glucose (G) added and the pH gradient (VpH) generated in every realkalization and feeding cycle, by using an empirical polynomial model. With this modeling procedure, the kinetics of biomass, viable cell counts, nisin, lactic acid, acetic acid and butane-2,3-diol production in both cultures were successfully described (R 2 values > 0.970) and interpreted for the first time. In addition, the optimum VpH and G values for each product were accurately calculated in the two realkalized fed-batch cultures. This approach appears to be useful for designing feeding strategies to enhance the productions of biomass, bacteriocin, and metabolites by the nisin-producing strain in wastes from the food industry. Two glucose-limited realkalized fed-batch cultures of Lactococcus lactis CECT 539 were carried out in a diluted whey medium (DW) using two different feeding media. The cultures were fed a mixture of a 400 g/l concentrated lactose and a concentrated mussel processing waste (CMPW, 101.72 g glucose/l) medium (fermentation I) or a CMPW medium supplemented with glucose and KH2PO4 up to concentrations of 400 g glucose/l and 3.21 g total phosphorus/l, respectively (fermentation II). For an accurate description and a better understanding of the kinetics of both cultures, the growth and product formation by L. lactis CECT 539 were both modelled, for the first time, as a function of the amounts of glucose (G) added and the pH gradient (VpH) generated in every realkalization and feeding cycle, by using an empirical polynomial model. With this modeling procedure, the kinetics of biomass, viable cell counts, nisin, lactic acid, acetic acid and butane-2,3-diol production in both cultures were successfully described (R 2 values > 0.970) and interpreted for the first time. In addition, the optimum VpH and G values for each product were accurately calculated in the two realkalized fed-batch cultures. This approach appears to be useful for designing feeding strategies to enhance the productions of biomass, bacteriocin, and metabolites by the nisin-producing strain in wastes from the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Costas Malvido
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry. Food Science and Technology Faculty, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus , Ourense , Spain
| | - Elisa Alonso González
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry. Food Science and Technology Faculty, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus , Ourense , Spain
| | - Ricardo J Bendaña Jácome
- Department of Engineering, Materials, Structural Mechanics and Construction, Food Science and Technology Faculty, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus , Ourense , Spain
| | - Nelson Pérez Guerra
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry. Food Science and Technology Faculty, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus , Ourense , Spain
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Biochemical Characteristics of Microbial Enzymes and Their Significance from Industrial Perspectives. Mol Biotechnol 2019; 61:579-601. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-019-00187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Mahdinia E, Demirci A, Berenjian A. Biofilm reactors as a promising method for vitamin K (menaquinone-7) production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:5583-5592. [PMID: 31152205 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09913-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) is the most potent subtype of vitamin K with extraordinarily high half-life in the circulatory system. Therefore, MK-7 plays a critical role in promoting human wellbeing today. Studies on MK-7 every year show more and more magnificent benefits of it in preventing cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis to battling cancer cells, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Thus, it needs to be supplemented to daily diet for accumulative and long-term benefits. Chemical synthesis of MK-7 produces a significant cis-isomer form of it, which has no biological activity. Fortunately, due to its key role in electron transfer in bacteria, trans-MK-7 is biosynthesized by especially Gram-positive strains mainly Bacillus genus. Concordantly, MK-7 could be produced via solid or liquid state fermentation strategies. In either regime, when static fermentation is applied in the absence of agitation and aeration, operational issues arise such as heat and mass transfer inefficiencies. Thus, scaling up the process becomes a challenge. On the other hand, studies have indicated that biofilm and pellicle formation that occur in static fermentations are key characteristics for extracellular MK-7 secretion. Therefore, this review covers the most recent discoveries of the therapeutic properties of MK-7 and optimization attempts at increasing its biosynthesis in different media compositions and effective growth parameters as well as the cutting-edge use of biofilm reactors where B. subtilis cells have the infrastructures to form mature biofilm formations on plastic composite supports. Biofilm reactors therefore can provide robust extracellular MK-7 secretion while simultaneously enduring high agitation and aeration rates, which then address the scale-up and operational issues associated with static fermentation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Mahdinia
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Ali Demirci
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA. .,The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Aydin Berenjian
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
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Pan S, Chen G, Wu R, Cao X, Liang Z. Non-sterile Submerged Fermentation of Fibrinolytic Enzyme by Marine Bacillus subtilis Harboring Antibacterial Activity With Starvation Strategy. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1025. [PMID: 31156576 PMCID: PMC6533532 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial fibrinolytic enzyme is a promising candidate for thrombolytic therapy. Non-sterile production of fibrinolytic enzyme by marine Bacillus subtilis D21-8 under submerged fermentation was realized at a mild temperature of 34°C, using a unique combination of starvation strategy and self-production of antibacterial agents. A medium composed of 18.5 g/L glucose, 6.3 g/L yeast extract, 7.9 g/L tryptone, and 5 g/L NaCl was achieved by conventional and statistical methods. Results showed efficient synthesis of fibrinolytic enzyme and antibacterial compounds required the presence of both yeast extract and tryptone in the medium. At shake-flask level, the non-sterile optimized medium resulted in higher productivity of fibrinolytic enzyme than the sterile one, with an enhanced yield of 3,129 U/mL and a production cost reduced by 24%. This is the first report dealing with non-sterile submerged fermentation of fibrinolytic enzyme, which may facilitate the development of feasible techniques for non-sterile production of raw materials for the preparation of potential drugs with low operation cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihan Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Guiguang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Rui Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiqun Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Microorganism and Enzyme Research Center of Engineering Technology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Wang H, Sun X, Wang L, Wu H, Zhao G, Liu H, Wang P, Zheng Z. Coproduction of menaquinone-7 and nattokinase by Bacillus subtilis using soybean curd residue as a renewable substrate combined with a dissolved oxygen control strategy. ANN MICROBIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-018-1372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Cui W, Suo F, Cheng J, Han L, Hao W, Guo J, Zhou Z. Stepwise modifications of genetic parts reinforce the secretory production of nattokinase in Bacillus subtilis. Microb Biotechnol 2018; 11:930-942. [PMID: 29984489 PMCID: PMC6116739 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nattokinase (NK) is an important serine‐protease with direct fibrinolytic activity involving the prevention of cardiovascular disease as an antithrombotic agent. Dozens of studies have focused on the characterization of intrinsic novel promoters and signal peptides to the secretory production of recombinant proteins in Bacillus subtilis. However, intrinsic genetic elements have several drawbacks, which cannot mediate the production of NK to the desired level. In this study, the genetic elements, which were used to overproduce the recombinant secretory NK, were rationally modified in B. subtilis in a stepwise manner. The first step was to select a suitable signal peptide for the highly efficient secretion of NK. By comparison of the secretory levels mediated by two different signal peptides, which were encoded by the genes of a minor extracellular protease epr (SPepr) and cell‐wall associated protease wapA (SPwapA), respectively, SPwapA was verified as the superior secretory element. Second, P04, which was a synthetic promoter screened from an array of mutants based on the promoter cloned from the operon of a quorum‐sensing associated gene srfA (PsrfA), was paired to SPwapA. The secretory level of NK was obviously augmented by the combination of these two genetic elements. Third, the cis‐acting element CodY‐binding sequence positioned at the 5′UTR was deleted (yielding P08), and thus the secretory level was significantly elevated. The activity of NK, which was defined as fibrinolytic units (FU), reached to a level of 270 FU ml−1. Finally, the superior genetic element composed of P08 and SPwapA was utilized to overproduce NK in the host B. subtilis WB800, which was able to produce the secretory NK at 292 FU ml−1. The strategy established in this study can not only be used to overproduce NK in B. subtilis but also might be a promising pipeline to modify the genetic element for the synthetic secretory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Cui
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Feiya Suo
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jintao Cheng
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Laichuang Han
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Wenliang Hao
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Junling Guo
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- School of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
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Bhatt PC, Pathak S, Kumar V, Panda BP. Attenuation of neurobehavioral and neurochemical abnormalities in animal model of cognitive deficits of Alzheimer's disease by fermented soybean nanonutraceutical. Inflammopharmacology 2018; 26:105-118. [PMID: 28791538 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0381-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of nanonutraceuticals (NN) for attenuation of neurobehavioral and neurochemical abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease. Solid-state fermentation of soybean with Bacillus subtilis was performed to produce different metabolites (nattokinase, daidzin, genistin and glycitin and menaquinone-7). Intoxication of rats with colchicine caused impairment in learning and memory which was demonstrated in neurobehavioral paradigms (Morris water maze and passive avoidance) linked with decreased activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). NN treatment led to a significant increase in TLT in the retention trials as compared to acquisition trial TLT suggesting an improved learning and memory in rats. Further, treatment of NN caused an increase in the activity of AChE (42%), accompanied with a reduced activity of glutathione (42%), superoxide dismutase (43%) and catalase (41%). It also decreased the level of lipid peroxidation (28%) and protein carbonyl contents (30%) in hippocampus as compared to those treated with colchicine alone, suggesting a possible neuroprotective efficacy of NN. Interestingly, in silico studies also demonstrated an effective amyloid-β and BACE-1 inhibition activity. These findings clearly indicated that NN reversed colchicine-induced behavioral and neurochemical alterations through potent antioxidant activity and could possibly impart beneficial effects in cognitive defects associated with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Chandra Bhatt
- Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Shruti Pathak
- Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Natural Product Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shalom Institute of Health & Allied Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, 211007, India
| | - Bibhu Prasad Panda
- Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.
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Bhatt PC, Verma A, Al-Abbasi FA, Anwar F, Kumar V, Panda BP. Development of surface-engineered PLGA nanoparticulate-delivery system of Tet1-conjugated nattokinase enzyme for inhibition of Aβ 40 plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:8749-8768. [PMID: 29263666 PMCID: PMC5732557 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s144545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, globally there are around 18 million patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and this number is expected to double by 2025. The pathophysiology of AD includes selective deposition of Aβ peptide in the mitochondria of cells, which inhibits uptake of glucose by neurons and key enzyme functions. Current drug treatments for AD are unable to rectify the underlying pathology of the disease; they only provide short-term symptomatic relief, so there is a need for the development of newer treatment regimes. The antiamyloid activity, antifibrinolytic activity, and antithrombotic activity of nattokinase holds potential for the treatment of AD. As nattokinase is a protein, its stability restricts its usage to a greater extent, but this limitation can be overcome by nanoencapsulation. In this work, we successfully synthesized polymeric nanoparticles of nattokinase and characterized its use by different techniques: transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, DTS Nano, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thioflavin T-binding assay, in vitro drug release, antifibrinolytic activity, and in vivo antiamyloid activity. As brain targeting of hydrophilic drugs is complicated due to the stringent nature of blood–brain barrier, in the current experimental study, we conjugated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-encapsulated nattokinase with Tet1 peptide, which exhibits retrograde transportation properties because of its affinity to neurons. Our study suggests that PLGA-encapsulated nattokinase polymeric nanoparticles are able to downregulate amyloid aggregation and exhibit antifibrinolytic activity. The encapsulation of nattokinase in PLGA did not affect its enzyme activity, so the prepared nanoformulation containing nattokinase can be used as an effective drug treatment against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Chandra Bhatt
- Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Amita Verma
- Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Fahad A Al-Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firoz Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Natural Product Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bibhu Prasad Panda
- Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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21
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Singh R, Kumar M, Mittal A, Mehta PK. Microbial enzymes: industrial progress in 21st century. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:174. [PMID: 28330246 PMCID: PMC4991975 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Biocatalytic potential of microorganisms have been employed for centuries to produce bread, wine, vinegar and other common products without understanding the biochemical basis of their ingredients. Microbial enzymes have gained interest for their widespread uses in industries and medicine owing to their stability, catalytic activity, and ease of production and optimization than plant and animal enzymes. The use of enzymes in various industries (e.g., food, agriculture, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals) is increasing rapidly due to reduced processing time, low energy input, cost effectiveness, nontoxic and eco-friendly characteristics. Microbial enzymes are capable of degrading toxic chemical compounds of industrial and domestic wastes (phenolic compounds, nitriles, amines etc.) either via degradation or conversion. Here in this review, we highlight and discuss current technical and scientific involvement of microorganisms in enzyme production and their present status in worldwide enzyme market. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, VP Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, VP Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Anshumali Mittal
- Mill Hill Laboratory, Division of Structural Biology and Biophysics, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Praveen Kumar Mehta
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel.
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Ma Y, Shen W, Chen X, Liu L, Zhou Z, Xu F, Yang H. Significantly enhancing recombinant alkaline amylase production in Bacillus subtilis by integration of a novel mutagenesis-screening strategy with systems-level fermentation optimization. J Biol Eng 2016; 10:13. [PMID: 27777616 PMCID: PMC5067897 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-016-0035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alkaline amylase has significant potential for applications in the textile, paper and detergent industries, however, low yield of which cannot meet the requirement of industrial application. In this work, a novel ARTP mutagenesis-screening method and fermentation optimization strategies were used to significantly improve the expression level of recombinant alkaline amylase in B. subtilis 168. Results The activity of alkaline amylase in mutant B. subtilis 168 mut-16# strain was 1.34-fold greater than that in the wild-type, and the highest specific production rate was improved from 1.31 U/(mg·h) in the wild-type strain to 1.57 U/(mg·h) in the mutant strain. Meanwhile, the growth of B. subtilis was significantly enhanced by ARTP mutagenesis. When the agitation speed was 550 rpm, the highest activity of recombinant alkaline amylase was 1.16- and 1.25-fold of the activities at 450 and 650 rpm, respectively. When the concentration of soluble starch and soy peptone in the initial fermentation medium was doubled, alkaline amylase activity was increased 1.29-fold. Feeding hydrolyzed starch and soy peptone mixture or glucose significantly improved cell growth, but inhibited the alkaline amylase production in B. subtilis 168 mut-16#. The highest alkaline amylase activity by feeding hydrolyzed starch reached 591.4 U/mL, which was 1.51-fold the activity by feeding hydrolyzed starch and soy peptone mixture. Single pulse feeding-based batch feeding at 10 h favored the production of alkaline amylase in B. subtilis 168 mut-16#. Conclusion The results indicated that this novel ARTP mutagenesis-screening method could significantly improve the yield of recombinant proteins in B. subtilis. Meanwhile, fermentation optimization strategies efficiently promoted expression of recombinant alkaline amylase in B. subtilis 168 mut-16#. These findings have great potential for facilitating the industrial-scale production of alkaline amylase and other enzymes, using B. subtilis cultures as microbial cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfang Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Wei Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Long Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Fei Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Haiquan Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
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ÿztürk S, ÿalık P, ÿzdamar TH. Fed-Batch Biomolecule Production by Bacillus subtilis : A State of the Art Review. Trends Biotechnol 2016; 34:329-345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Nattokinase: production and application. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:9199-206. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6135-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Liu L, Liu Y, Shin HD, Chen RR, Wang NS, Li J, Du G, Chen J. Developing Bacillus spp. as a cell factory for production of microbial enzymes and industrially important biochemicals in the context of systems and synthetic biology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:6113-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4960-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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26
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Optimized Fed-Batch Fermentation of Scheffersomyces stipitis for Efficient Production of Ethanol from Hexoses and Pentoses. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 169:1895-909. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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27
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Metabolic pathway analysis and kinetic studies for production of nattokinase in Bacillus subtilis. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2012; 36:45-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-012-0760-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Kwon EY, Kim KM, Kim MK, Lee IY, Kim BS. Production of nattokinase by high cell density fed-batch culture of Bacillus subtilis. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2011; 34:789-93. [PMID: 21336955 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-011-0527-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis was cultivated to high cell density for nattokinase production by pH-stat fed-batch culture. A concentrated mixture solution of glucose and peptone was automatically added by acid-supplying pump when culture pH rose above high limit. Effect of the ratio of glucose to peptone in feeding solution was investigated on cell growth and nattokinase production by changing the ratio from 0.2 to 5 g glucose/g peptone. The highest cell concentration was 77 g/L when the ratio was 0.2 g glucose/g peptone. Cell concentration decreased with increasing the ratio of glucose to peptone in feeding solution, while the optimum condition existed for nattokinase production. The highest nattokinase activity was 14,500 unit/mL at a ratio of 0.33 g glucose/g peptone, which was 4.3 times higher than that in batch culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Yeong Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 361-763, Chungbuk, Korea
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