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Santaniello G, Falascina G, Ziaco M, Fioretto L, Sardo A, Carelli M, Conte M, Romano G, Cutignano A. Distribution and Level of Bioactive Monoacylglycerols in 12 Marine Microalgal Species. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:258. [PMID: 38921569 PMCID: PMC11205161 DOI: 10.3390/md22060258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are currently considered an attractive source of highly valuable metabolites potentially exploitable as anticancer agents, nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals and for bioenergy purposes. Their ease of culturing and their high growth rates further promote their use as raw material for the production of specialty products. In the present paper, we focused our attention on specific glycerol-based lipid compounds, monoacylglycerols (MAGs), which displayed in our previous studies a selective cytotoxic activity against the haematological U-937 and the colon HCT-116 cancer cell lines. Here, we performed a quali/quantitative analysis of MAGs and total fatty acids (FAs) along with a profiling of the main lipid classes in a panel of 12 microalgal species, including diatoms and dinoflagellates. Our results highlight an inter- and intraspecific variability of MAG profile in the selected strains. Among them, Skeletonema marinoi (strain FE7) has emerged as the most promising source for possible biotechnological production of MAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Santaniello
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology Department, via Acton 55, 80133 Naples, Italy; (G.S.); (A.S.)
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (G.F.); (M.Z.); (L.F.); (M.C.)
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Gianna Falascina
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (G.F.); (M.Z.); (L.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Marcello Ziaco
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (G.F.); (M.Z.); (L.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Laura Fioretto
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (G.F.); (M.Z.); (L.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Angela Sardo
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology Department, via Acton 55, 80133 Naples, Italy; (G.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Martina Carelli
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (G.F.); (M.Z.); (L.F.); (M.C.)
| | - Mariarosaria Conte
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giovanna Romano
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology Department, via Acton 55, 80133 Naples, Italy; (G.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Adele Cutignano
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology Department, via Acton 55, 80133 Naples, Italy; (G.S.); (A.S.)
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (G.F.); (M.Z.); (L.F.); (M.C.)
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Barzkar N, Sukhikh S, Babich O. Study of marine microorganism metabolites: new resources for bioactive natural products. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1285902. [PMID: 38260902 PMCID: PMC10800913 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1285902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The marine environment has remained a source of novel biological molecules with diversified applications. The ecological and biological diversity, along with a unique physical environment, have provided the evolutionary advantage to the plant, animals and microbial species thriving in the marine ecosystem. In light of the fact that marine microorganisms frequently interact symbiotically or mutualistically with higher species including corals, fish, sponges, and algae, this paper intends to examine the potential of marine microorganisms as a niche for marine bacteria. This review aims to analyze and summarize modern literature data on the biotechnological potential of marine fungi and bacteria as producers of a wide range of practically valuable products (surfactants, glyco-and lipopeptides, exopolysaccharides, enzymes, and metabolites with different biological activities: antimicrobial, antitumor, and cytotoxic). Hence, the study on bioactive secondary metabolites from marine microorganisms is the need of the hour. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time, the data on new resources for obtaining biologically active natural products - metabolites of marine bacteria and fungi - were generalized. The review investigates the various kinds of natural products derived from marine microorganisms, specifically focusing on marine bacteria and fungi as a valuable source for new natural products. It provides a summary of the data regarding the antibacterial, antimalarial, anticarcinogenic, antibiofilm, and anti-inflammatory effects demonstrated by marine microorganisms. There is currently a great need for scientific and applied research on bioactive secondary metabolites of marine microorganisms from the standpoint of human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Barzkar
- Department of Agro-Industrial Technology, Faculty of Applied Science, Food and Agro-Industrial Research Center, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stanislav Sukhikh
- Research and Education Center “Industrial Biotechnologies”, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Olga Babich
- Research and Education Center “Industrial Biotechnologies”, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
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3
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Eze OC, Berebon DP, Emencheta SC, Evurani SA, Okorie CN, Balcão VM, Vila MMDC. Therapeutic Potential of Marine Probiotics: A Survey on the Anticancer and Antibacterial Effects of Pseudoalteromonas spp. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1091. [PMID: 37631006 PMCID: PMC10458718 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the increasing limitations and negative impacts of the current options for preventing and managing diseases, including chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation, alternative therapies are needed, especially ones utilizing and maximizing natural products (NPs). NPs abound with diverse bioactive primary and secondary metabolites and compounds with therapeutic properties. Marine probiotics are beneficial microorganisms that inhabit marine environments and can benefit their hosts by improving health, growth, and disease resistance. Several studies have shown they possess potential bioactive and therapeutic actions against diverse disease conditions, thus opening the way for possible exploitation of their benefits through their application. Pseudoalteromonas spp. are a widely distributed heterotrophic, flagellated, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, and gram-negative marine probiotic bacteria species with reported therapeutic capabilities, including anti-cancer and -bacterial effects. This review discusses the basic concepts of marine probiotics and their therapeutic effects. Additionally, a survey of the anticancer and antibacterial effects of Pseudoalteromonas spp. is presented. Finally, marine probiotic production, advances, prospects, and future perspectives is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osita C. Eze
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; (O.C.E.); (S.A.E.); (C.N.O.)
| | - Dinebari P. Berebon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; (O.C.E.); (S.A.E.); (C.N.O.)
| | - Stephen C. Emencheta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; (O.C.E.); (S.A.E.); (C.N.O.)
- PhageLab-Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18023-000, Brazil; (V.M.B.); (M.M.D.C.V.)
| | - Somtochukwu A. Evurani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; (O.C.E.); (S.A.E.); (C.N.O.)
| | - Chibundo N. Okorie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; (O.C.E.); (S.A.E.); (C.N.O.)
| | - Victor M. Balcão
- PhageLab-Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18023-000, Brazil; (V.M.B.); (M.M.D.C.V.)
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, P-3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marta M. D. C. Vila
- PhageLab-Laboratory of Biofilms and Bacteriophages, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18023-000, Brazil; (V.M.B.); (M.M.D.C.V.)
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Endophytic Bacteria and Essential Oil from Origanum vulgare ssp. vulgare Share Some VOCs with an Antibacterial Activity. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071424. [PMID: 35889143 PMCID: PMC9320186 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal aromatic plants’ essential oils (EOs) are mixtures of volatile compounds showing antimicrobial activity, which could be exploited to face the emerging problem of multi-drug resistance. Their chemical composition can depend on the interactions between the plant and its endophytic microbiota, which is known to synthesize volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, it is still not clear whether those volatile metabolites can contribute to the composition of the aroma profile of plants’ EOs. The aims of this study were to characterize medicinal plant O. vulgare ssp. vulgare bacterial endophyte VOCs, evaluating their ability to antagonize the growth of opportunistic human pathogens belonging to the Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) and compare them with O. vulgare EO composition. Many of the tested endophytic strains showed (i) a bactericidal and/or bacteriostatic activity against most of Bcc strains and (ii) the production of VOCs with widely recognized antimicrobial properties, such as dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, and monoterpenes. Moreover, these monoterpenes were also detected in the EOs extracted from the same O. vulgare plants from which endophytes were isolated. Obtained results suggest that endophytes could also play a role in the antibacterial properties of O. vulgare ssp. vulgare and, potentially, in determining its aromatic composition.
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Lauro C, Colarusso A, Calvanese M, Parrilli E, Tutino ML. Conditional gene silencing in the Antarctic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC125. Res Microbiol 2022; 173:103939. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2022.103939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Daly G, Perrin E, Viti C, Fondi M, Adessi A. Scaling down the microbial loop: data-driven modelling of growth interactions in a diatom-bacterium co-culture. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 13:945-954. [PMID: 34541831 PMCID: PMC9293018 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An intricate set of interactions characterizes marine ecosystems. One of the most important is represented by the microbial loop, which includes the exchange of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from phototrophic organisms to heterotrophic bacteria. Here, it can be used as the major carbon and energy source. This interaction is one of the foundations of the entire ocean food-web. The carbon fixed by phytoplankton can be redirected to bacteria in two main ways; either (i) bacteria feed on dead phytoplankton cells or (ii) DOM is actively released by phytoplankton (a process resulting in up to 50% of the fixed carbon leaving the cell). Here, we have set up a co-culture of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum and the chemoheterotrophic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC125 and used this system to study the interactions between these two representatives of the microbial loop. We show that the bacterium can thrive on diatom-derived carbon and that this growth can be sustained by both diatom dead cells and diatom-released compounds. These observations were formalized in a network of putative interactions between P. tricornutum and P. haloplanktis and implemented in a model that reproduces the observed co-culture dynamics, revealing an overall accuracy of our hypotheses in explaining the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Daly
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and ForestryUniversity of Florence, Piazzale delle CascineFlorence18Italy
| | - Elena Perrin
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FlorenceVia Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto F.no, FlorenceItaly
| | - Carlo Viti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and ForestryUniversity of Florence, Piazzale delle CascineFlorence18Italy
| | - Marco Fondi
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FlorenceVia Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto F.no, FlorenceItaly
- Centro Interdipartimentale per lo Studio delle Dinamiche ComplesseUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Alessandra Adessi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and ForestryUniversity of Florence, Piazzale delle CascineFlorence18Italy
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Srinivasan R, Kannappan A, Shi C, Lin X. Marine Bacterial Secondary Metabolites: A Treasure House for Structurally Unique and Effective Antimicrobial Compounds. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19100530. [PMID: 34677431 PMCID: PMC8539464 DOI: 10.3390/md19100530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance reduces the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs in preventing and treating infectious diseases caused by pathogenic organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Because of the burgeoning growth of microbes with antimicrobial-resistant traits, there is a dire need to identify and develop novel and effective antimicrobial agents to treat infections from antimicrobial-resistant strains. The marine environment is rich in ecological biodiversity and can be regarded as an untapped resource for prospecting novel bioactive compounds. Therefore, exploring the marine environment for antimicrobial agents plays a significant role in drug development and biomedical research. Several earlier scientific investigations have proven that bacterial diversity in the marine environment represents an emerging source of structurally unique and novel antimicrobial agents. There are several reports on marine bacterial secondary metabolites, and many are pharmacologically significant and have enormous promise for developing effective antimicrobial drugs to combat microbial infections in drug-resistant pathogens. In this review, we attempt to summarize published articles from the last twenty-five years (1996–2020) on antimicrobial secondary metabolites from marine bacteria evolved in marine environments, such as marine sediment, water, fauna, and flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanathan Srinivasan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (X.L.)
| | - Arunachalam Kannappan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (A.K.); (C.S.)
| | - Chunlei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, MOST-USDA Joint Research Center for Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (A.K.); (C.S.)
| | - Xiangmin Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (X.L.)
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Garrido A, Atencio LA, Bethancourt R, Bethancourt A, Guzmán H, Gutiérrez M, Durant-Archibold AA. Antibacterial Activity of Volatile Organic Compounds Produced by the Octocoral-Associated Bacteria Bacillus sp. BO53 and Pseudoalteromonas sp. GA327. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9120923. [PMID: 33353062 PMCID: PMC7766662 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present research aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by octocoral-associated bacteria Bacillus sp. BO53 and Pseudoalteromonas sp. GA327. The volatilome bioactivity of both bacteria species was evaluated against human pathogenic antibiotic-resistant bacteria, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumanni, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this regard, the in vitro tests showed that Bacillus sp. BO53 VOCs inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa and reduced the growth of S. aureus and A. baumanni. Furthermore, Pseudoalteromonas sp. GA327 strongly inhibited the growth of A. baumanni, and P. aeruginosa. VOCs were analyzed by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) joined to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methodology. Nineteen VOCs were identified, where 5-acetyl-2-methylpyridine, 2-butanone, and 2-nonanone were the major compounds identified on Bacillus sp. BO53 VOCs; while 1-pentanol, 2-butanone, and butyl formate were the primary volatile compounds detected in Pseudoalteromonas sp. GA327. We proposed that the observed bioactivity is mainly due to the efficient inhibitory biochemical mechanisms of alcohols and ketones upon antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This is the first report which describes the antibacterial activity of VOCs emitted by octocoral-associated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Garrido
- Center for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama City 0843-01103, Panama; (A.G.); (L.A.A.)
| | - Librada A. Atencio
- Center for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama City 0843-01103, Panama; (A.G.); (L.A.A.)
| | - Rita Bethancourt
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Natural, Exact Sciences, and Technology, Universidad de Panama, Panama City 0824-03366, Panama; (R.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Ariadna Bethancourt
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Natural, Exact Sciences, and Technology, Universidad de Panama, Panama City 0824-03366, Panama; (R.B.); (A.B.)
| | - Héctor Guzmán
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City 0843-03092, Panama;
| | - Marcelino Gutiérrez
- Center for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama City 0843-01103, Panama; (A.G.); (L.A.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (A.A.D.-A.)
| | - Armando A. Durant-Archibold
- Center for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama City 0843-01103, Panama; (A.G.); (L.A.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural, Exact Sciences, and Technology, University of Panama, Panama City 0824-03366, Panama
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (A.A.D.-A.)
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Rizzo C, Lo Giudice A. The Variety and Inscrutability of Polar Environments as a Resource of Biotechnologically Relevant Molecules. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091422. [PMID: 32947905 PMCID: PMC7564310 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of an ever-increasing number of methodological approaches and tools is positively contributing to the development and yield of bioprospecting procedures. In this context, cold-adapted bacteria from polar environments are becoming more and more intriguing as valuable sources of novel biomolecules, with peculiar properties to be exploited in a number of biotechnological fields. This review aims at highlighting the biotechnological potentialities of bacteria from Arctic and Antarctic habitats, both biotic and abiotic. In addition to cold-enzymes, which have been intensively analysed, relevance is given to recent advances in the search for less investigated biomolecules, such as biosurfactants, exopolysaccharides and antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rizzo
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department Marine Biotechnology, National Institute of Biology, Villa Pace, Contrada Porticatello 29, 98167 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Angelina Lo Giudice
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (CNR-ISP), Spianata San Raineri 86, 98122 Messina, Italy;
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Marine Terpenoids from Polar Latitudes and Their Potential Applications in Biotechnology. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18080401. [PMID: 32751369 PMCID: PMC7459527 DOI: 10.3390/md18080401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Polar marine biota have adapted to thrive under one of the ocean’s most inhospitable scenarios, where extremes of temperature, light photoperiod and ice disturbance, along with ecological interactions, have selected species with a unique suite of secondary metabolites. Organisms of Arctic and Antarctic oceans are prolific sources of natural products, exhibiting wide structural diversity and remarkable bioactivities for human applications. Chemical skeletons belonging to terpene families are the most commonly found compounds, whereas cytotoxic antimicrobial properties, the capacity to prevent infections, are the most widely reported activities from these environments. This review firstly summarizes the regulations on access and benefit sharing requirements for research in polar environments. Then it provides an overview of the natural product arsenal from Antarctic and Arctic marine organisms that displays promising uses for fighting human disease. Microbes, such as bacteria and fungi, and macroorganisms, such as sponges, macroalgae, ascidians, corals, bryozoans, echinoderms and mollusks, are the main focus of this review. The biological origin, the structure of terpenes and terpenoids, derivatives and their biotechnological potential are described. This survey aims to highlight the chemical diversity of marine polar life and the versatility of this group of biomolecules, in an effort to encourage further research in drug discovery.
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Diauxie and co-utilization of carbon sources can coexist during bacterial growth in nutritionally complex environments. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3135. [PMID: 32561713 PMCID: PMC7305145 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16872-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It is commonly thought that when multiple carbon sources are available, bacteria metabolize them either sequentially (diauxic growth) or simultaneously (co-utilization). However, this view is mainly based on analyses in relatively simple laboratory settings. Here we show that a heterotrophic marine bacterium, Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis, can use both strategies simultaneously when multiple possible nutrients are provided in the same growth experiment. The order of nutrient uptake is partially determined by the biomass yield that can be achieved when the same compounds are provided as single carbon sources. Using transcriptomics and time-resolved intracellular 1H-13C NMR, we reveal specific pathways for utilization of various amino acids. Finally, theoretical modelling indicates that this metabolic phenotype, combining diauxie and co-utilization of substrates, is compatible with a tight regulation that allows the modulation of assimilatory pathways. It is thought that when multiple carbon sources are available, bacteria metabolize them either sequentially or simultaneously. Here, the authors show that a marine bacterium can use a mixed strategy when multiple possible nutrients are provided, and analyse the metabolic pathways involved.
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Abstract
The marine environment encompasses a huge biological diversity and can be considered as an underexplored location for prospecting bioactive molecules. In this review, the current state of art about antimicrobial molecules from marine bacteria has been summarized considering the main phylum and sources evolved in a marine environment. Considering the last two decades, we have found as most studied group of bacteria producers of substances with antimicrobial activity is the Firmicutes phylum, in particular strains of the Bacillus genus. The reason for that can be attributed to the difficult cultivation of typical Actinobacteria from a marine sediment, whose members are the major producers of antimicrobial substances in land environments. However, a reversed trend has been observed in recent years with an increasing number of reports settling on Actinobacteria. Great diversity of chemical structures have been identified, such as fijimicyns and lynamicyns from Actinomycetes and macrolactins produced by Bacillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Stincone
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Microbiologia Aplicada, Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Adriano Brandelli
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Microbiologia Aplicada, Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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13
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Artini M, Papa R, Vrenna G, Lauro C, Ricciardelli A, Casillo A, Corsaro MM, Tutino ML, Parrilli E, Selan L. Cold-adapted bacterial extracts as a source of anti-infective and antimicrobial compounds against Staphylococcus aureus. Future Microbiol 2019; 14:1369-1382. [PMID: 31596138 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The dramatic emergence of antibiotic resistance has directed the interest of research toward the discovery of novel antimicrobial molecules. In this context, cold-adapted marine bacteria living in polar regions represent an untapped reservoir of biodiversity endowed with an interesting chemical repertoire. The aim of this work was to identify new antimicrobials and/or antibiofilm molecules produced by cold-adapted bacteria. Materials & methods: Organic extracts obtained from polar marine bacteria were tested against Staphylococcus aureus. Most promising samples were subjected to suitable purification strategies. Results: Results obtained led to the identification of a novel lipopeptide able to effectively inhibit the biofilm formation of S. aureus. Conclusion: New lipopeptide may be potentially useful in a wide variety of biotechnological and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Artini
- Department of Public Health & Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Rosanna Papa
- Department of Public Health & Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Vrenna
- Department of Public Health & Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Lauro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Angela Casillo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria M Corsaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria L Tutino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Laura Selan
- Department of Public Health & Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Carpéné C, Mauriège P, Boulet N, Biron S, Grolleau JL, Garcia-Barrado MJ, Iglesias-Osma MC. Methylamine Activates Glucose Uptake in Human Adipocytes Without Overpassing Action of Insulin or Stimulating its Secretion in Pancreatic Islets. MEDICINES 2019; 6:medicines6030089. [PMID: 31409018 PMCID: PMC6789716 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6030089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Methylamine, a natural soluble amine present in foods, is known to be a substrate of primary amine oxidase (PrAO) widely expressed in animal tissues. Methylamine has been reported to activate glucose transport in fat cells and to facilitate glucose disposal in rabbits but the interests and limits of such insulin-mimicking actions have not been further explored. This work aimed to perform a preclinical study of the inter-individual variations of these biological properties to study the putative link between PrAO activity and insulin resistance. Methods: Methylamine was tested on human adipocyte preparations and in rabbit pancreatic islets to determine its influence on glucose uptake and insulin release, respectively. PrAO activity and related responses were determined in adipose tissues obtained from two cohorts of non-obese and obese women. Results: Adipose tissue PrAO activity was negatively correlated with insulin resistance in high-risk obese women. PrAO-dependent activation of glucose uptake was negatively correlated with body mass index and reflected the decrease of insulin responsiveness of human fat cells with increasing obesity. Methylamine exhibited antilipolytic properties in adipocytes but was unable to directly activate insulin secretion in isolated pancreatic islets. Conclusions: PrAO activation by its substrates, e.g., methylamine, increases glucose utilization in human adipocytes in a manner that is linked to insulin responsiveness. Methylamine/PrAO interaction can therefore contribute to adipose tissue enlargement but should be considered as potentially useful for diabetes prevention since it could limit lipotoxicity and facilitate glucose handling, at the expense of favoring healthy fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Carpéné
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, UMR1048, Team 1, 31432 Toulouse, France.
- I2MC, University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, 31432 Toulouse, France.
| | - Pascale Mauriège
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V0A6, Canada
| | - Nathalie Boulet
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, UMR1048, Team 1, 31432 Toulouse, France
- I2MC, University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, 31432 Toulouse, France
| | - Simon Biron
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V0A6, Canada
| | | | - Maria José Garcia-Barrado
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mari Carmen Iglesias-Osma
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Obesity, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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15
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Abstract
Infectious bacteria are developing and spreading resistance to conventional treatments at a rapid pace. To provide novel potent antimicrobials, we must develop new bioprospecting strategies. Here, we combined in silico and phenotypic approaches to explore the bioactive potential of the marine bacterial genus Pseudoalteromonas. We found that pigmented strains in particular represent an untapped resource of secondary metabolites and that they also harbor an elaborate chitinolytic machinery. Furthermore, our analysis showed that chitin is likely a preferred substrate for pigmented species, in contrast to nonpigmented species. Potentially, chitin could facilitate the production of new secondary metabolites in pigmented Pseudoalteromonas strains. Chitin is the most abundant polymer in the marine environment and a nutrient-rich surface for adhering marine bacteria. We have previously shown that chitin can induce the production of antibiotic compounds in Vibrionaceae, suggesting that the discovery of novel bioactive molecules from bacteria can be facilitated by mimicking their natural habitat. The purpose of this study was to determine the glycosyl hydrolase (GH) profiles of strains of the genus Pseudoalteromonas to enable selection of presumed growth substrates and explore possible links to secondary metabolism. Genomic analyses were conducted on 62 pigmented and 95 nonpigmented strains. Analysis of the total GH profiles and multidimensional scaling suggested that the degradation of chitin is a significant trait of pigmented strains, whereas nonpigmented strains seem to be driven toward the degradation of alga-derived carbohydrates. The genomes of all pigmented strains and 40 nonpigmented strains encoded at least one conserved chitin degradation cluster, and chitinolytic activity was phenotypically confirmed. Additionally, the genomes of all pigmented and a few nonpigmented strains encoded chitinases of the rare GH family 19. Pigmented strains devote up to 15% of their genome to secondary metabolism, while for nonpigmented species it was 3% at most. Thus, pigmented Pseudoalteromonas strains have a bioactive potential similar to that of well-known antibiotic producers of the Actinobacteria phylum. Growth on chitin did not measurably enhance the antibacterial activity of the strains; however, we demonstrated a remarkable co-occurrence of chitin degradation and the potential for secondary metabolite production in pigmented Pseudoalteromonas strains. This indicates that chitin and its colonizers of the Pseudoalteromonas genus represent a so far underexplored niche for novel enzymes and bioactive compounds. IMPORTANCE Infectious bacteria are developing and spreading resistance to conventional treatments at a rapid pace. To provide novel potent antimicrobials, we must develop new bioprospecting strategies. Here, we combined in silico and phenotypic approaches to explore the bioactive potential of the marine bacterial genus Pseudoalteromonas. We found that pigmented strains in particular represent an untapped resource of secondary metabolites and that they also harbor an elaborate chitinolytic machinery. Furthermore, our analysis showed that chitin is likely a preferred substrate for pigmented species, in contrast to nonpigmented species. Potentially, chitin could facilitate the production of new secondary metabolites in pigmented Pseudoalteromonas strains.
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16
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A synthetic ecosystem for the multi-level modelling of heterotroph-phototroph metabolic interactions. Ecol Modell 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Parrilli E, Tedesco P, Fondi M, Tutino ML, Lo Giudice A, de Pascale D, Fani R. The art of adapting to extreme environments: The model system Pseudoalteromonas. Phys Life Rev 2019; 36:137-161. [PMID: 31072789 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Extremophilic microbes have adapted to thrive in ecological niches characterized by harsh chemical/physical conditions such as, for example, very low/high temperature. Living organisms inhabiting these environments have developed peculiar mechanisms to cope with extreme conditions, in such a way that they mark the chemical-physical boundaries of life on Earth. Studying such mechanisms is stimulating from a basic research viewpoint and because of biotechnological applications. Pseudoalteromonas species are a group of marine gamma-proteobacteria frequently isolated from a range of extreme environments, including cold habitats and deep-sea sediments. Since deep-sea floors constitute almost 60% of the Earth's surface and cold temperatures represent the most common of the extreme conditions, the genus Pseudoalteromonas can be considered one of the most important model systems for studying microbial adaptation. Particularly, among all Pseudoalteromonas representatives, P. haloplanktis TAC125 has recently gained a central role. This bacterium was isolated from seawater sampled along the Antarctic ice-shell and is considered one of the model organisms of cold-adapted bacteria. It is capable of thriving in a wide temperature range and it has been suggested as an alternative host for the soluble overproduction of heterologous proteins, given its ability to rapidly multiply at low temperatures. In this review, we will present an overview of the recent advances in the characterization of Pseudoalteromonas strains and, more importantly, in the understanding of their evolutionary and chemical-physical strategies to face such a broad array of extreme conditions. A particular attention will be given to systems-biology approaches in the study of the above-mentioned topics, as genome-scale datasets (e.g. genomics, proteomics, phenomics) are beginning to expand for this group of organisms. In this context, a specific section dedicated to P. haloplanktis TAC125 will be presented to address the recent efforts in the elucidation of the metabolic rewiring of the organisms in its natural environment (Antarctica).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermenegilda Parrilli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario M. S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Pietro Tedesco
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Marco Fondi
- Laboratory of Microbial and Molecular Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Florence, ViaMadonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Tutino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario M. S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Donatella de Pascale
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR, Napoli, Italy, Stazione Zoologica "Anthon Dorn", Villa Comunale, I-80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - Renato Fani
- Laboratory of Microbial and Molecular Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Florence, ViaMadonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
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18
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Ricciardelli A, Casillo A, Papa R, Monti DM, Imbimbo P, Vrenna G, Artini M, Selan L, Corsaro MM, Tutino ML, Parrilli E. Pentadecanal inspired molecules as new anti-biofilm agents against Staphylococcus epidermidis. BIOFOULING 2018; 34:1110-1120. [PMID: 30698031 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2018.1544246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis, a harmless human skin colonizer, is a significant nosocomial pathogen in predisposed hosts because of its capability to form a biofilm on indwelling medical devices. In a recent paper, the purification and identification of the pentadecanal produced by the Antarctic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC125, able to impair S. epidermidis biofilm formation, were reported. Here the authors report on the chemical synthesis of pentadecanal derivatives, their anti-biofilm activity on S. epidermidis, and their action in combination with antibiotics. The results clearly indicate that the pentadecanal derivatives were able to prevent, to a different extent, biofilm formation and that pentadecanoic acid positively modulated the antimicrobial activity of the vancomycin. The cytotoxicity of these new anti-biofilm molecules was tested on two different immortalized eukaryotic cell lines in view of their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela Casillo
- a Chemical Sciences , University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples , Italy
| | - Rosanna Papa
- b Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases , Sapienza University , Rome , Italy
| | - Daria Maria Monti
- a Chemical Sciences , University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples , Italy
| | - Paola Imbimbo
- a Chemical Sciences , University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples , Italy
| | - Gianluca Vrenna
- b Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases , Sapienza University , Rome , Italy
| | - Marco Artini
- b Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases , Sapienza University , Rome , Italy
| | - Laura Selan
- b Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases , Sapienza University , Rome , Italy
| | | | - Maria Luisa Tutino
- a Chemical Sciences , University of Naples "Federico II" , Naples , Italy
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19
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Núñez-Montero K, Barrientos L. Advances in Antarctic Research for Antimicrobial Discovery: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of Bacteria from Antarctic Environments as Potential Sources of Novel Antibiotic Compounds Against Human Pathogens and Microorganisms of Industrial Importance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:E90. [PMID: 30347637 PMCID: PMC6316688 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7040090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has become a critical public health problem. It is also a concern for industries, since multidrug-resistant microorganisms affect the production of many agricultural and food products of economic importance. Therefore, discovering new antibiotics is crucial for controlling pathogens in both clinical and industrial spheres. Most antibiotics have resulted from bioprospecting in natural environments. Today, however, the chances of making novel discoveries of bioactive molecules from various well-known sources have dramatically diminished. Consequently, unexplored and unique environments have become more likely avenues for discovering novel antimicrobial metabolites from bacteria. Due to their extreme polar environment, Antarctic bacteria in particular have been reported as a potential source for new antimicrobial compounds. We conducted a narrative review of the literature about findings relating to the production of antimicrobial compounds by Antarctic bacteria, showing how bacterial adaptation to extreme Antarctic conditions confers the ability to produce these compounds. We highlighted the diversity of antibiotic-producing Antarctic microorganisms, including the phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes, which has led to the identification of new antibiotic molecules and supports the belief that research on Antarctic bacterial strains has important potential for biotechnology applications, while providing a better understanding of polar ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kattia Núñez-Montero
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Aplicada, Centro de Excelencia en Medicina Traslacional, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Alemania 0458, 4810296 Temuco, Chile.
- Núcleo Científico y Tecnológico en Biorecursos (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, 481123 Temuco, Chile.
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Escuela de Biología, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, 30101 Cartago, Costa Rica.
| | - Leticia Barrientos
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Aplicada, Centro de Excelencia en Medicina Traslacional, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Alemania 0458, 4810296 Temuco, Chile.
- Núcleo Científico y Tecnológico en Biorecursos (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, 481123 Temuco, Chile.
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20
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Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC125 produces 4-hydroxybenzoic acid that induces pyroptosis in human A459 lung adenocarcinoma cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1190. [PMID: 29352134 PMCID: PMC5775203 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19536-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to exploit the rich reservoir of marine cold-adapted bacteria as a source of bioactive metabolites, ethyl acetate crude extracts of thirteen polar marine bacteria were tested for their antiproliferative activity on A549 lung epithelial cancer cells. The crude extract from Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC125 was the most active in inhibiting cell proliferation. Extensive bioassay-guided purification and mass spectrometric characterization allowed the identification of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA) as the molecule responsible for this bioactivity. We further demonstrate that 4-HBA inhibits A549 cancer cell proliferation with an IC50 value ≤ 1 μg ml-1, and that the effect is specific, since the other two HBA isomers (i.e. 2-HBA and 3-HBA) were unable to inhibit cell proliferation. The effect of 4-HBA is also selective since treatment of normal lung epithelial cells (WI-38) with 4-HBA did not affect cell viability. Finally, we show that 4-HBA is able to activate, at the gene and protein levels, a specific cell death signaling pathway named pyroptosis. Accordingly, the treatment of A549 cells with 4-HBA induces the transcription of (amongst others) caspase-1, IL1β, and IL18 encoding genes. Studies needed for the elucidation of mode of action of 4-HBA will be instrumental in depicting novel details of pyroptosis.
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21
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Borchert E, Knobloch S, Dwyer E, Flynn S, Jackson SA, Jóhannsson R, Marteinsson VT, O'Gara F, Dobson ADW. Biotechnological Potential of Cold Adapted Pseudoalteromonas spp. Isolated from 'Deep Sea' Sponges. Mar Drugs 2017. [PMID: 28629190 PMCID: PMC5484134 DOI: 10.3390/md15060184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine genus Pseudoalteromonas is known for its versatile biotechnological potential with respect to the production of antimicrobials and enzymes of industrial interest. We have sequenced the genomes of three Pseudoalteromonas sp. strains isolated from different deep sea sponges on the Illumina MiSeq platform. The isolates have been screened for various industrially important enzymes and comparative genomics has been applied to investigate potential relationships between the isolates and their host organisms, while comparing them to free-living Pseudoalteromonas spp. from shallow and deep sea environments. The genomes of the sponge associated Pseudoalteromonas strains contained much lower levels of potential eukaryotic-like proteins which are known to be enriched in symbiotic sponge associated microorganisms, than might be expected for true sponge symbionts. While all the Pseudoalteromonas shared a large distinct subset of genes, nonetheless the number of unique and accessory genes is quite large and defines the pan-genome as open. Enzymatic screens indicate that a vast array of enzyme activities is expressed by the isolates, including β-galactosidase, β-glucosidase, and protease activities. A β-glucosidase gene from one of the Pseudoalteromonas isolates, strain EB27 was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and, following biochemical characterization, the recombinant enzyme was found to be cold-adapted, thermolabile, halotolerant, and alkaline active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Borchert
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland.
| | - Stephen Knobloch
- Department of Research and Innovation, Matís ohf., Reykjavik 113, Iceland.
| | - Emilie Dwyer
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland.
| | - Sinéad Flynn
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland.
| | - Stephen A Jackson
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland.
| | - Ragnar Jóhannsson
- Department of Research and Innovation, Matís ohf., Reykjavik 113, Iceland.
| | | | - Fergal O'Gara
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland.
- Biomerit Research Centre, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth 6102, WA, Australia.
| | - Alan D W Dobson
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland.
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