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Avidan AY. The Clinical Spectrum of the Parasomnias. Sleep Med Clin 2024; 19:1-19. [PMID: 38368057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Parasomnias are defined as abnormal movements or behaviors that occur in sleep or during arousals from sleep. Parasomnias vary in frequency from episodic events that arise from incomplete sleep state transition. The framework by which parasomnias are categorized and diagnosed is based on the International Classification of Sleep Disorders-Third Edition, Text Revision (ICSD-3-TR), published by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The recent Third Edition, Text Revision (ICSD-3-TR) of the ICSD provides an expert consensus of the diagnostic requirements for sleep disorders, including parasomnias, based on an extensive review of the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Y Avidan
- Department of Neurology, UCLA Sleep Disorders Center, UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 710 Westwood Boulevard, RNRC, C153, Mail Code 176919, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA.
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Bin Heyat MB, Akhtar F, Ansari MA, Khan A, Alkahtani F, Khan H, Lai D. Progress in Detection of Insomnia Sleep Disorder: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 22:672-684. [PMID: 33109045 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666201027125828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lack of adequate sleep is a major source of many harmful diseases related to heart, brain, psychological changes, high blood pressure, diabetes, weight gain, etc. 40 to 50% of the world's population is suffering from poor or inadequate sleep. Insomnia is a sleep disorder in which an individual complaint of difficulties in starting/continuing sleep at least four weeks regularly. It is estimated that 70% of heart diseases are generated during insomnia sleep disorder. The main objective of this study is to determine all work conducted on insomnia detection and to make a database. We used two procedures including network visualization techniques on two databases including PubMed and Web of Science to complete this study. We found 169 and 36 previous publications of insomnia detection in the PubMed and the Web of Science databases, respectively. We analyzed 10 datasets, 2 databases, 21 genes, and 23 publications with 30105 subjects of insomnia detection. This work has revealed the future way and gap so far directed on insomnia detection and has also tried to provide objectives for the future work to be proficient in a scientific and significant manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Belal Bin Heyat
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China
| | - Faijan Akhtar
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, China
| | - M A Ansari
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Gautam Buddha Technical University, Gr. Noida, UP 201312, India
| | - Asif Khan
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, China
| | - Fahed Alkahtani
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Najran University, Najran 1988, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, KPK 23200, Pakistan
| | - Dakun Lai
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China
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A Case of Buspirone Demonstrating Immediate and Sustained Benefit in a Man With Lifelong Non–Rapid-Eye-Movement Parasomnias. Clin Neuropharmacol 2019; 42:52-54. [DOI: 10.1097/wnf.0000000000000321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Flamand M, Boudet S, Lopes R, Vignal JP, Reyns N, Charley-Monaca C, Peter-Derex L, Szurhaj W. Confusional arousals during non-rapid eye movement sleep: evidence from intracerebral recordings. Sleep 2018; 41:5054559. [DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Flamand
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Samuel Boudet
- Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Renaud Lopes
- INSERM U1171, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Vignal
- Department of Epileptology and Neurophysiology, Nancy University Hospital, Nancy, France
| | - Nicolas Reyns
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Christelle Charley-Monaca
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
- INSERM U1171, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Laure Peter-Derex
- Sleep Medicine and Respiratory Disease Centre, Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology, Lyon University Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - William Szurhaj
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
- INSERM U1171, University of Lille, Lille, France
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Nigam G, Riaz M, Hershner SD, Goldstein CA, Chervin RD. Sleep Related Scratching: A Distinct Parasomnia? J Clin Sleep Med 2017; 12:139-42. [PMID: 26285112 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.5416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pruritus (itching) during the sleep period can present as a symptom of dermatological or systemic disease, or as a parasomnia. Sleep related scratching as a primary parasomnia, exclusively confined to sleep in the absence of coexisting dermatological disorders, has not been well described. This case series describes three such patients, and discusses potentially relevant pathophysiology that can underlie itching or pain. Such cases of sleep related scratching may merit nosologic classification apart from previously defined parasomnias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Nigam
- Sleep Disorders Center and Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Sleep Disorders Center and Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Shelley D Hershner
- Sleep Disorders Center and Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Cathy A Goldstein
- Sleep Disorders Center and Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ronald D Chervin
- Sleep Disorders Center and Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Galbiati A, Manni R, Terzaghi M, Rinaldi F, Zucconi M. Disorders of Arousal. CURRENT SLEEP MEDICINE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40675-016-0043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cheng JY, Wallace DM, Lopez MR, Carrazana EJ. Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy presenting as excessive daytime sleepiness. J Family Med Prim Care 2014; 2:101-3. [PMID: 24479058 PMCID: PMC3894023 DOI: 10.4103/2249-4863.109969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is common in the general population. Etiologies include insufficient sleep and primary sleep disorders. Due to its high prevalence, physicians often overlook EDS as a significant problem. However, EDS may also be the presenting symptom of seizures, in particular Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy (NFLE). Due to the clinical similarity between the nocturnal behaviors of NFLE and parasomnias, and poor patient-related history, NFLE remains a challenging diagnosis. We report the case of a patient with NFLE who presented with a primary complaint of EDS, and discuss the differential diagnosis and evaluation of patients with EDS associated with nocturnal behaviors. In the context of a patient presenting with EDS and stereotyped nocturnal events, clinical suspicion should be high for NFLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Y Cheng
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, USA ; Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, USA
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Marcelo Miranda C, Rodrigo O. Kuljiš A. Trastornos del sueño en las enfermedades neurodegenerativas. REVISTA MÉDICA CLÍNICA LAS CONDES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s0716-8640(13)70181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Abstract
Parasomnias are abnormal behaviors emanating from or associated with sleep. Sleepwalking and related disorders result from an incomplete dissociation of wakefulness from nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Conditions that provoke repeated cortical arousals, or promote sleep inertia lead to NREM parasomnias by impairing normal arousal mechanisms. Changes in the cyclic alternating pattern, a biomarker of arousal instability in NREM sleep, are noted in sleepwalking disorders. Sleep-related eating disorder (SRED) is characterized by a disruption of the nocturnal fast with episodes of feeding after an arousal from sleep. SRED is often associated with the use of sedative-hypnotic medications; in particular, the widely prescribed benzodiazepine receptor agonists. Recently, compelling evidence suggests that nocturnal eating may in some cases be a nonmotor manifestation of Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS). rapid eye movement (REM) Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is characterized by a loss of REM paralysis leading to potentially injurious dream enactment. The loss of atonia in RBD often predates the development of Parkinson's disease and other disorders of synuclein pathology. Parasomnia behaviors are related to an activation (in NREM parasomnias) or a disinhibition (in RBD) of central pattern generators (CPGs). Initial management should focus on decreasing the potential for sleep-related injury followed by treating comorbid sleep disorders. Clonazepam and melatonin appear to be effective therapies in RBD, whereas paroxetine has been reported effective in some cases of sleep terrors. At this point, pharmacotherapy for other parasomnias is less certain, and further investigations are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Howell
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Sleep Disorders Center, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, MN, USA.
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Abstract
Parasomnias are undesirable physical or experiential events that occur in and around sleep. Treatments include reassurance in some cases, various forms of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and pharmacologic agents. Cognitive restructuring, imagery rehearsal, relaxation, hypnosis, desensitization, and anticipatory awakenings are some of the common CBT and nonpharmacologic interventions. Medications that are used belong to a wide variety of pharmacologic classes, such as alpha-blockers (prazosin), tricyclic antidepressants (imipramine and clomipramine), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, benzodiazepines (diazepam and clonazepam), anticonvulsants (topiramate and gabapentin), desmopressin acetate, and anticholinergic agents (oxybutynin and tolterodine). Data on efficacy are only available from randomized trials on CBT and prazosin for nightmares and on pharmacologic and alarm therapy for enuresis. No large-scale randomized trials are available to assess the efficacy of the other treatments, and most data come from anecdotal case reports, case series, or small open-label trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrayr Attarian
- Department of Neurology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maguire Building, Room 2700, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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Mahowald MW, Schenk CH, Cramer Bornemann MA. Violent parasomnias forensic implications. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2011; 99:1149-59. [PMID: 21056247 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52007-4.00026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Mahowald
- Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Siclari F, Khatami R, Urbaniok F, Nobili L, Mahowald MW, Schenck CH, Cramer Bornemann MA, Bassetti CL. Violence in sleep. Brain 2010; 133:3494-509. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awq296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Stores
- Developmental Neuropsychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford
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Is sleep in animals affected by prior waking experiences? Anim Welf 2010. [DOI: 10.1017/s0962728600001597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractMethods to assess changes in the mental state of animals in response to their environment can be used to provide information to enhance animal welfare. One of the most profound changes of mental state observable in mammals is the change between wakefulness and sleep. Sleeping mammals have characteristics that are similar to one another and are measurable, such as specific behaviours, changes in responsiveness to external stimuli and changes in electrophysiology and neurochemistry. Although sleep is a ubiquitous behaviour in the life of mammals, there has been relatively little research on this topic in domesticated animals. All animals are motivated to sleep and this motivation increases after a prolonged period of wakefulness. In humans, sleep can be affected by what has occurred in the prior period of wakefulness and this has also been demonstrated in some non-human mammals. An important aspect of human sleep medicine is the association between stress and subsequent sleep disturbances. Studying changes in amount, bout length, distribution or type of sleep after exposure to potentially stressful events, could help us understand how animals respond to changes in their environment. It is possible that different types of stressors could affect sleep characteristics in different ways and that monitoring and identifying these changes could be useful in providing an additional way of identifying management procedures that have the potential to affect welfare. Sleep measurement is a potentially valuable tool in studies to assess animal welfare.
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Bloomfield ER, Shatkin JP. Parasomnias and movement disorders in children and adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2009; 18:947-65. [PMID: 19836698 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Childhood parasomnias and movement disorders arise from a variety of etiologic factors. For some children, psychopathology plays a causal role in sleep disorders; in other cases, recurrent parasomnia episodes induce psychopathology. Current research reveals complex interconnections between sleep and mental health. As such, it is important that clinicians consider the impact psychiatric disorders have on childhood parasomnias. This article describes common parasomnias and movement disorders in children and adolescents, with emphasis on psychologic and behavioral comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elana R Bloomfield
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, 2101 Commonwealth Drive, Suite C, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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Treatments for somnambulism in adults: assessing the evidence. Sleep Med Rev 2008; 13:295-7. [PMID: 19046651 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Somnambulism, or sleepwalking, is a parasomnia of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep where movement behaviours usually confined to wakefulness are displayed during sleep. Generally, if sleepwalking is causing distress or danger in spite of safety measures, medical or psychological treatment is indicated. Clinicians will need to assess the evidence for treatment options. MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and the Ovid Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews (EBM) multifile databases were searched. No properly powered rigorous controlled trials were found for treatment of sleepwalking in adults. Seven reports described small trials with some kind of control arm, or retrospective case series which included 30 or more patients. With no high quality evidence to underpin recommendations for treatments of somnambulism, full discussion with patients is advised. Adequately powered, well-designed clinical trials are now needed, and multi-centre collaborations may be required to obtain the sample sizes required.
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Forensic sleep medicine issues: violent parasomnias. Sleep Med 2008. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511545085.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
Sleep disorders are common in all sections of the population and are either the main clinical complaint or a frequent complication of many conditions for which patients are seen in primary care or specialist services. However, the subject is poorly covered in medical education. A major consequence is that the manifestations of the many sleep disorders now identified are likely to be misinterpreted as other clinical conditions of a physical or psychological nature, especially neurological or psychiatric disorders. To illustrate this problem, examples are provided of the various possible causes of sleep loss, poor quality sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness and episodes of disturbed behaviour at night (parasomnias). All of these sleep disorders can adversely affect mental state and behaviour, daytime performance or physical health, the true cause of which needs to be recognised by clinicians to ensure that appropriate treatment is provided. As conventional history taking in neurology and psychiatry pays little attention to sleep and its possible disorders, suggestions are made concerning the enquiries that could be included in history taking schedules to increase the likelihood that sleep disorders will be correctly identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Stores
- University of Oxford, c/o North Gate House, 55 High Street, Dorchester on Thames, Oxon, OX10 7HN, UK.
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Abstract
Parasomnias are undesirable behaviors that arise from sleep but are not fully under voluntary control. Parasomnias are grouped broadly according to whether they arise from non-rapid eye movement (NREM) or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. NREM parasomnias are disorders of arousal that occur along a continuum of behavioral, affective, and autonomic activation. REM-related parasomnias include REM sleep behavior disorder, sleep paralysis, and nightmare disorder. Parasomnias can often be managed successfully using behavioral and pharmacologic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Plante
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Eidlitz-Markus T, Zeharia A. Adolescent pertussis-induced partial arousal parasomnia. Pediatr Neurol 2006; 35:264-7. [PMID: 16996400 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2006.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess neurologic complications of pertussis infection. A file review of all children (age 7-18 years) in our hospital with serology-positive pertussis infection admitted from 1995 to 2005 yielded six patients with neurologic symptoms in whom electroencephalographic studies were performed. Data were collected on their clinical symptoms, electroencephalographic findings, final diagnosis, and outcome. The six patients accounted for 10% of all children diagnosed with pertussis during the study period. Their ages ranged from 10 to 15.5 years. All the children were referred by their primary physician because of a suspicion of epilepsy on the basis of parental reports of inefficient attempts to breathe during sleep accompanied by high-pitched sounds and sounds of suffocation, and sleepwalking. The children were amnesic for the episodes. However, findings on electroencephalogram taken during sleep were negative in all cases. The final diagnosis was partial arousal parasomnia. The symptoms of parasomnia disappeared with resolution of the symptoms of the pertussis infection. In conclusion, partial arousal parasomnia may be induced by pertussis infection. Further studies in larger groups are required to confirm this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Eidlitz-Markus
- Day Hospitalization Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tiqwa, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Bornemann MAC, Mahowald MW, Schenck CH. Parasomnias: clinical features and forensic implications. Chest 2006; 130:605-10. [PMID: 16899867 DOI: 10.1378/chest.130.2.605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasomnias are undesirable behavioral or experiential phenomena arising from the sleep period. Once felt to be a unitary phenomenon, it is now clear that a wide variety of sleep disorders are capable of resulting in complex behaviors arising during sleep. The most common are disorders of arousal and rapid eye movement sleep disorder. Less common conditions include nocturnal seizures and psychogenic dissociative states. Malingering and Munchausen syndrome by proxy, while they are not actually parasomnias, may masquerade as parasomnias. Careful clinical and sleep laboratory evaluation can usually provide an accurate diagnosis with effective therapeutic implications. Due to the potential forensic implications, sleep medicine specialists may be asked to participate in legal proceedings resulting from sleep-related violence. An awareness of the spectrum of such behaviors, and their clinical and legal evaluation, is becoming more important in the practice of sleep medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel A Cramer Bornemann
- Departments of Neurology, Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, 55415, USA.
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Abstract
This article reviews nine case studies of patients presenting with sleep complaints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Mahowald
- Minnesota Regional Sleep Disorders Center, Hennepin County Medical Center, 701 Park Avenue, Minneapolis, MN 55415, USA.
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