Registered nurses' provision of end-of-life care to hospitalised adults: A mixed studies review

Nurses' Perception of Caring and Attitudes toward Caring for Dying Patients: Exploring the Relationship Using a Descriptive Cross-Sectional Design

This study examines the association between nurses' perception of caring and attitudes toward caring for dying patients in end-of-life care units. We used a descriptive cross-sectional design with convenience sampling. Data were collected from May to June 2021 through self-reported questionnaires from 303 Spanish nurses (mean age = 48 years, 78.9% female). Participants completed the Caring Dimension Inventory (CDI-25) and the Frommelt Attitudes Toward Care of the Dying scale. Demographic and training information were collected. Data were analyzed using Stata 16.0. Attitudes toward Care of the Dying Patient were significantly higher in nurses with palliative care training (β = 2.829, p = 0.018) and those who scored higher on the psychosocial (β = 0.789, p = 0.0001) and technical dimensions (β = 0.487, p = 0.011) of the CDI-25. Multivariate analysis identified the psychosocial dimension of the CDI-25 scale (β = 0.783, p = 0.0001) and palliative care training (β = 2.686, p = 0.017) as the only significant variables associated with Attitudes toward Care of the Dying Patient. Overall, nurses exhibited a positive attitude toward caring for dying patients. Our results could potentially help nursing directors identify those with the necessary qualities and training for optimal end-of-life care and to further plan training courses to provide optimal care in end-of-life situations.

Patients Receiving Palliative Care and Their Experiences of Encounters With Healthcare Professionals

The study aimed to explore experiences of encounters with health care professionals among patients receiving palliative cancer care in specialist palliative care inpatient units. A qualitative explorative study design was conducted in a specialist palliative care inpatient setting. Data collection was implemented using semi-structured individual interviews (20 palliative care cancer patients) and analysed with inductive content analysis. Palliative care patients experienced both meaningful and disrespectful encounters with healthcare professionals. The meaningful encounters encompassed authentic and supportive experiences, while the disrespectful encounters included indifferent and inadequate experiences. Caring for a patient receiving palliative care requires care beyond tending to a patient's physical needs. Patients should be encountered holistically and as equal human beings without highlighting their roles as patients. The healthcare professionals and the organisations should also acknowledge the importance of time and effort spent for encounters and conversations with the patients instead of concentrating resources mainly on physical care.

Nurses' perceptions of the obstacles and supportive behaviors of end-of-life care in intensive care units

PURPOSE

This study examined the Jordanian registered nurses' perceptions of the obstacles and supportive behaviors of End-of-Life Care in Intensive Care Units and examined the differences in the concepts based on the samples' demographics.

METHODS

A cross-sectional and comparative study was conducted using a convenience sample of 230 Intensive Care Unit registered nurses in Jordan. Data were analyzed descriptively, and differences were measured using the independent sample t-test, the one-way Analysis of Variance, and Scheffe's post hoc test.

RESULTS

The registered nurses' scored moderately on obstacles (74.98 ± 14.54) and supportive behaviors (69.22 ± 4.84). The commonly perceived obstacle and supportive behaviors to End-of-Life Care in Intensive Care Units s were reported. The perceived obstacles differ based on the registered nurses' certification as an Intensive Care Units nurse (3.04 ± 0.58 vs. 2.74 ± 0.49, p = 0.008), type of Intensive Care Unit (3.28 ± 0.34 vs. 2.86 ± 0.62, p < 0.001), type of facility (3.16 ± 0.59 vs. 2.77 ± 0.61, p < 0.001), number of beds in the unit (3.07 ± 0.48 vs. 2.69 ± 0.48, p = 0.020), and the number of hours worked per week (3.06 ± 0.56 vs. 2.81 ± 0.60, p = 0.005). In contrast, supportive behaviors only differ based on the registered nurses' age (3.22 ± 0.69 vs. 2.90 ± 0.64, p = 0.019).

CONCLUSIONS

The common End-of-Life Care perceived obstacle in Intensive Care Units was the lack of nursing education and training regarding the studies concept, which warrants immediate intervention such as on-job training. The common End-of-Life Care perceived supportive behavior in Intensive Care Units was when family members accepted that the patient was dying when nurses offered support to family members; motivational interventions are needed to sustain such behavior. Differences in the perceived obstacles and supportive behaviors should be leveraged for the benefit of patients, nurses, and hospitals.

Registered Nurses' beliefs about end-of-life care: A mixed method study

AIMS

To examine registered nurses' (RNs) behavioural, normative and control beliefs about end-of-life care for patients who are diagnosed with advanced and life-limiting illnesses; and to identify the barriers and facilitators they experience when providing end-of-life care.

DESIGN

A sequential explanatory mixed methods study.

METHOD

An online cross-sectional survey was conducted using the Care for Terminally Ill Patient tool among 1293 RNs working across five hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Online individual semi-structured interviews with a subgroup of survey respondents were then undertaken. Data were collected between October 2020 to February 2021.

RESULTS

A total of 415 RNs completed the online survey, with 16 of them participating in individual interviews. Over half of the participants expressed the belief that end-of-life care is most efficiently delivered through multidisciplinary team collaboration. The majority of participants also believed that discussing end-of-life care with patients or families leads to feelings of hopelessness. Paradoxically, the study revealed that more than half of the participants held the negative belief that patients at the end of life should optimally receive a combination of both curative and palliative care services. The results showed that nurses' beliefs were significantly associated with their age, religion, ward type, level of education and frequency of providing end-of-life care. Data from the qualitative interviews identified four themes that explored RNs' beliefs and its related factors. The four themes were 'holistic care', 'diversity of beliefs', 'dynamics of truth-telling' and 'experiences of providing end-of-life care.'

IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROFESSION AND/OR PATIENT CARE

Wherever possible, patients at the end-of-life should be cared for in specialist settings by multidisciplinary teams to ensure effective, high-quality care. Where this is not possible, organisations should ensure that teams of multidisciplinary staff, including nurses, receive education and resources to support end-of-life care in non-specialist settings. Hospitals that employ foreign-trained nurses should consider providing targeted education to enhance their cultural competence and reduce the impact of different beliefs on end-of-life care.

Registered Nurses' attitudes towards end-of-life care: A sequential explanatory mixed method study

AIMS

To examine registered nurses' attitudes about end-of-life care and explore the barriers and facilitators that influence the provision of high-quality end-of-life care.

DESIGN

A sequential explanatory mixed methods research design was used.

METHODS

An online cross-sectional survey was distributed to 1293 registered nurses working in five different hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The Frommelt Attitudes Towards Care of the Dying Scale was used to assess nurses' attitudes towards end-of-life care. Following the survey, a subset of registered nurses were interviewed using individual semi-structured interviews.

RESULTS

Four hundred and thirty-one registered nurses completed the online survey, and 16 of them participated in individual interviews. Although nurses reported positive attitudes towards caring for dying patients and their families in most items, they identified negative attitudes towards talking with patients about death, their relationship with patients' families and controlling their emotions. The individual interview data identified the barriers and facilitators that registered nurses experience when providing end-of-life care. Barriers included a lack of communication skills and family and cultural and religious resistance to end-of-life care. The facilitators included gaining support from colleagues and patients' families.

CONCLUSION

This study has identified that while registered nurses hold generally favourable attitudes towards end-of-life care, they have negative attitudes towards talking with patients and families about death and managing their emotional feelings.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE

Education providers and leaders in healthcare settings should consider developing programmes for undergraduate nurses and nurses in clinical practice to raise awareness about the concept of death in a cross-section of cultures. Nurses' attitudes towards dying patients will be enhanced with culture-specific knowledge which will also enhance communication and coping methods.

REPORTING METHOD

This study used the Mixed Methods Article Reporting Standards (MMARS).

How physicians see nurses' role in decision-making about life-prolonging treatments in patients with a short life expectancy: An interview study

OBJECTIVE

Exploring physicians' views on hospital nurses' role in decision-making about potentially life-prolonging treatments in patients with a short life expectancy.

METHODS

A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with hospital physicians. Data were collected from May to September 2019 and analyzed following principles of thematic analysis.

RESULTS

Fifteen physicians working in different hospitals and specialisms participated. Physicians stated that they are responsible for the final decision about potentially life-prolonging treatments. They considered nurses' role in decision-making to be complementary to the roles of both patients and the physicians themselves, especially when there are doubts or complex situations. Physicians varied in how important they found nurses' involvement in the decision-making process: some physicians saw the involvement of nurses as "situation-dependent", while others viewed nurses' involvement as standard practice. Furthermore, physicians mentioned practical obstacles to involving nurses, like the limited time available to both nurses and physicians themselves.

CONCLUSION

Physicians recognize a complementary role for nurses in decision-making about potentially life-prolonging treatment, especially in cases with doubts or complex situations.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

Physicians and nurses should engage with each other to make nurses' involvement less situation-dependent. This inter-professional collaboration regarding decision-making about life-prolonging treatments should be stimulated, supported and maintained.

Perceived barriers and motivators of undergraduate nursing students in end-of-life care: A qualitative study based on lived experiences

PURPOSE

The aim of this study is to determine which barriers and motivators undergraduate nursing students perceived during their experience of providing end-of-life (EoL) care.

DESIGN AND METHODS

Qualitative phenomenological study leans on focus groups. The study was carried out with Zoom, a Web-based mobile video-conferencing application. Students were recruited from two universities in Turkey. Semistructured focus group interviews were conducted with 28 nursing students. The Heidegger phenomenological approach was adopted in this study.

FINDINGS

Three thematic categories and nine subcategories were determined. While the students stated that insufficient clinical experience, lack of knowledge, the inadequacy of communication techniques, and the insecurity of patients, relatives, and healthcare teams were barriers in EoL care, they stated they were motivated by witnessing the effect of nursing care on patients, integrating their theoretical knowledge into care, applying different communication techniques, and being positive role models of nurses in clinics.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS

As students were not adequately prepared to cope with clinical practices in EoL care, the nursing core curriculum needs revision in this regard. Providing adequate theoretical and clinical training in EoL care will help nursing students manage their emotions and provide high-quality care to patients and their families.

Factors associated with the decision to offer memory making in end-of-life: A survey of healthcare professionals in adult intensive care

AIM

Report experiences and behaviour influences with healthcare professionals' decision to and experiences of offering memory making during end-of-life care in the adult acute population.

BACKGROUND

Little is known about healthcare professionals' experiences offering memory making during adult acute end-of-life care.

DESIGN

Survey.

METHODS

Registered nurses, medical practitioners and social workers employed at a single tertiary referral adult intensive care, where memory making had been implemented nearly two years prior were invited to participate between June and August 2017. Reporting adheres to the STROBE checklist.

RESULTS

Ninety-six valid surveys (75% response rate: 75 registered nurses, 19 medical practitioners, and 2 social workers) were analysed with 67 participants reporting experience offering memory making. Highest overall agreement scores included believing families value memory making and the offer of memory making being beneficial. Enablers were described as organisational supports, personal qualities and good interpersonal relationships. Barriers identified included the intensive care environment, workload, inexperience offering/facilitating memory making, being afraid to offer, lack of resources and legality concerns. Compared with non-experienced participants, experienced participants reported higher level of confidence and comfort offering memory making, pride in their ability, ability to spend time supporting families and had observed colleagues offering memory making. Experienced participants were less likely to be afraid to offer, be limited by the family's behaviours, report lack of resources or be time limited to offer memory making.

CONCLUSION

Findings identify elements needed for the development and support for offering memory making to assist bereaved families in adult acute care including role modelling, support to reduce negative emotions, workload assistance and leadership/organisational support.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE

Discoveries have important implications in addressing evidence gaps regarding behaviour influences linked to the decision to offer memory making. Findings inform development and sustainability to integrate memory making as routine end-of-life care intervention in adult acute care.

Nursing Students' Compassion and Their Attitudes Toward Death and the Care of the Dying: An Intervention Study ın Turkey

This pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study investigated the effect of an educational intervention on nursing students' compassion levels and their attitudes toward death and the care of the dying. Data were collected using the Death Attitude Profile - Revised (DAP-R), the Frommelt Attitude Toward Care Of The Dying (FATCOD) Scale, and the Compassion Scale (CS). The intervention improved participants' DAP-R scores. Participants had higher posttest FATCOD scores than the pretest scores. However, the difference was statistically insignificant. Participants had high CS scores. There was a slight increase in CS scores after the intervention. The results showed that the intervention improved participants' attitudes toward death and the care of the dying. The results also showed that compassion was an important factor.

Factors Associated with Behaviors Toward End-of-life Care Among Chinese Oncology Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Study

PURPOSE

The goal of this study was to describe the current status of oncology nurses' behaviors toward end of life (EOL) care in China and to explore the factors associated with oncology nurses' behaviors toward EOL care.

METHODS

A cross-sectional design was applied and a convenience sample of 1038 oncology nurses from 22 grade A hospitals were recruited into this study. A general social demographic data questionnaire was administered, and the Chinese version of Nurses' Behaviors of Caring for Dying Patients Scale was used to assess nurse behavior toward EOL care. The total score ranges from 40 to 200 points. Data were analyzed with SPSS 26.0 software.

RESULTS

Chinese oncology nurses' average score of holistic EOL care behaviors was 2.97 ± 0.59. Oncology nurses provide physical care most (3.81 ± 0.76), followed by family care (3.02 ± 0.86), and spiritual care (2.37 ± 0.67). Multiple regression analysis showed that a higher frequency of sharing EOL care experience with colleagues, in-service palliative care education, higher level of head nurse support for EOL patient care, more cases of EOL care, higher working position, and nurse's perceived high level of support were positively associated with behavior toward EOL care. These six factors explained 16.2% of the total variance.

CONCLUSIONS

The results may help provide a basis for converting behavior for EOL care among oncology nurses and design interventions to better improve quality of life for EOL patients with cancer in China.

Improving the safety and quality of end-of-life in an Australian private hospital setting: An audit of documented end-of-life care

OBJECTIVE

This study reviewed the audit outcomes of the documented end-of-life care in a private hospital against the Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care's five recommended processes of care (Essential Elements (EE) 1-5).

METHODS

A retrospective database review of deaths over a three-year period was undertaken. This was followed by a sequential medical record audit (n = 100) to evaluate the end-of-life care documented in the three days preceding death.

RESULTS

There were 997 deaths from 2015 to 2017. The audit found communication to family the patient was dying (91%) and to the patient (36%) (EE1); evidence of specialist referral (68%) (EE2); assessment of the ability to eat/drink in the last 72 hours (86%) (EE3); advance care directives (13%) and hospital resuscitation plans (92%) (EE4); and response to patient or family concerns (100%) (EE5).

CONCLUSIONS

Components of the processes of care of the Essential Elements need to be addressed to improve patient-centred communication and shared decision-making.

Hospital Nurses' Perception of Death and Self-Reported Performance of End-of-Life Care: Mediating Role of Attitude towards End-of-Life Care

Few studies have explored how nurses in acute care hospitals perceive and perform end-of-life care in Korea. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of nurses' perceptions of death on end-of-life care performance and analyze the mediating role of attitude towards end-of-life care among hospital nurses. This cross-sectional study included a total of 250 nurses who have had experience with end-of-life care from four general hospitals in Korea. We used the Korean validated tools with the View of Life and Death Scale, the Frommelt Attitudes Toward Care of the Dying (FATCOD) scale, and the performance of end-of-life care. Hierarchical linear regression and mediation analysis, applying the bootstrapping method. The results of hierarchical linear regression showed that nurses' positive perceptions of death and attitude towards end-of-life care were significantly associated with their performance of end-of-life care. A mediation analysis further revealed that nurses' attitude towards end-of-life care mediates the relationship between the perceptions of death and performance of end-of-life care. Our findings suggest that supportive and practical death educational programs should be designed, based on nurses' professional experience and work environment, which will enable them to provide better end-of-life care.

Work environment factors in coping with patient death among Spanish nurses: a cross-sectional survey

Objective:

to explore self-perception competence among Spanish nurses dealing with patient death and its relationship with work environment, evidence-based practice, and occupational stress.

Method:

a cross-sectional web-based survey collected information from a convenience sample of 534 nurses from professional Spanish Colleges who answered four validated questionnaires: Coping with Death Scale, Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index, Perception of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) and Nursing Stress Scale.

Results:

a total of 79% of the participants were women, the average age was 40 years old, 38% had a postgraduate degree and 77% worked in public health settings. Many nurses evaluated their work environment as unfavorable (66%), reported high occupational stress (83.5±14.9), and had high scores on knowledge/skills in EBP (47.9±11.3). However, 61.2% of them perceived an optimal coping (>157 score). The multivariate logistic model indicated positive associations with work environment and EBP characteristics (OR: 1.30, p=0.054; OR: 1.04, p=0.007; OR: 1.13, p<0.001, respectively) but negative associations with occupational stress and short work experience (OR: 0.98, p=0.0043; OR: 0.74, p<0.002, respectively). These factors explained 23.1% of the coping variance (p<0.001).

Conclusion:

although most nurses perceived optimal coping, the situation could be enhanced by modifying several contextual factors. The identification of these factors would improve the quality of end-of-life care by facilitating nursing management.

From Palliative Care Developed During Simulation, to Performance in Clinical Practice-Descriptions From Nursing Students

It is an international consensus that health care workers should be well trained to promote care for seriously ill and dying patients. Nursing students have reported that they feel inadequately prepared for palliative care. Simulation exercises have been described as increasing knowledge, skills, and competence, and participants have reported that they are more confident and prepared for palliative care with this learning approach than without. So far, there has not been much reported on how simulation contributes to learning in clinical practice. Therefore, this study explored whether learning outcomes from palliative care simulation further developed in practice. Second-year bachelor's-prepared nursing students voluntarily participated in a simulation activity as part of their hospital practice. Eleven students were interviewed about their learning experiences. The findings indicate that a prerequisite for further learning was to actively choose palliative care. Relationships with nurses, patients, and relatives and factors in themselves served as gatekeepers for attending learning situations. Becoming a nurse who can provide palliative care was described as an emotionally challenging experience. Elements that promoted learning outcomes in palliative care were simulation experience, clarified expectations, support, and a good dialog with the nurse before and after the learning situation.

End-of-life nursing care practice in long-term care settings for older adults: A qualitative systematic review

AIM

To synthesize qualitative evidence on nurses' end-of-life care practices in long-term care settings for older adults.

BACKGROUND

Qualitative evidence on how nurses describe their own end-of-life care practice has not been reviewed systematically.

DESIGN

Qualitative systematic review.

DATA SOURCES

Databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Mednar, Google Scholar, and Ichushi were searched for published and unpublished studies in English or Japanese.

METHODS

The review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute approach to qualitative systematic reviews. Each study was assessed by two independent reviewers for methodological quality. The qualitative findings were pooled to produce categories and synthesized through meta-aggregation.

RESULTS

Twenty studies met all inclusion criteria. Their 137 findings were grouped into 10 categories and then aggregated into three synthesized findings: playing multidimensional roles to help residents die with dignity, needing resources and support for professional commitment, and feeling mismatch between responsibilities and power, affecting multidisciplinary teamwork.

CONCLUSION

Nurses play multidimensional roles as the health care professionals most versed in residents' complex needs. Managers and policymakers should empower nurses to resolve the mismatch and help nurses obtain needed resources for end-of-life care that ensures residents die with dignity.