Social disparities, risk factors and chronic kidney disease

Diagnosis of chronic renal insufficiency by Cockcroft formula in elderly adults with Diabetes Mellitus type ll

Objective: To determine the diagnosis of Chronic Renal Insufficiency, by Cockcroft formula, in type II diabetic patients aged 40 to 80 years old from the community of Santa Cruz, Hecelchakán during the period from August 2020 to July 2021. Materials and methods: This is a prospective, cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study in which the diagnosis of renal failure in any of its 5 stages will be investigated. Patients were asked for laboratory tests of plasma creatinine, weight and age, to later calculate the creatinine clearance using the Cockcroft and Gault formula and classify the stage of renal failure in which each patient is to formulate plans of practice of according to your state. Results: We found 10 cases with chronic kidney disease in stage 1, 3 men and 7 women, in stage 2 8 patients were found, 2 men and 6 women, and 5 patients with stage 3, all of them female. Conclusions: In the community of Santa Cruz, Hecelchakán, there is a prevalence of 3.9% in diabetes mellitus, 42 people who come monthly from a total population of 1,060 according to the November 2020 population census.

Harnessing the Full Potential of Multi-Omic Analyses to Advance the Study and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was the 12th leading cause of death globally in 2017 with the prevalence of CKD estimated at ~9%. Early detection and intervention for CKD may improve patient outcomes, but standard testing approaches even in developed countries do not facilitate identification of patients at high risk of developing CKD, nor those progressing to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Recent advances in CKD research are moving towards a more personalised approach for CKD. Heritability for CKD ranges from 30% to 75%, yet identified genetic risk factors account for only a small proportion of the inherited contribution to CKD. More in depth analysis of genomic sequencing data in large cohorts is revealing new genetic risk factors for common diagnoses of CKD and providing novel diagnoses for rare forms of CKD. Multi-omic approaches are now being harnessed to improve our understanding of CKD and explain some of the so-called 'missing heritability'. The most common omic analyses employed for CKD are genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics and phenomics. While each of these omics have been reviewed individually, considering integrated multi-omic analysis offers considerable scope to improve our understanding and treatment of CKD. This narrative review summarises current understanding of multi-omic research alongside recent experimental and analytical approaches, discusses current challenges and future perspectives, and offers new insights for CKD.

Population Kidney Health. A New Paradigm for Chronic Kidney Disease Management

Statistical data extracted from national databases demonstrate a continuous growth in the incidence and prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the ineffectiveness of current policies and strategies based on individual risk factors to reduce them, as well as their mortality and costs. Some innovative programs, telemedicine and government interest in the prevention of CKD did not facilitate timely access to care, continuing the increased demand for dialysis and transplants, high morbidity and long-term disability. In contrast, new forms of kidney disease of unknown etiology affected populations in developing countries and underrepresented minorities, who face socioeconomic and cultural disadvantages. With this background, our objective was to analyze in the existing literature the effects of social determinants in CKD, concluding that it is necessary to strengthen current kidney health strategies, designing in a transdisciplinary way, a model that considers demographic characteristics integrated into individual risk factors and risk factors population, incorporating the population health perspective in public health policies to improve results in kidney health care, since CKD continues to be an important and growing contributor to chronic diseases.

Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in Peru and its relation to social determinants of health

BACKGROUND

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing public health problem and an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Disparities in CKD may be related to social determinants and health inequalities in low- and middle-income countries. This study determined how social determinants of health influence trends in the prevalence and mortality of CKD in Peru.

METHODS

This was an ecological study based on a secondary analysis of health care and death records obtained from the Ministry of Health of Peru for the period 2010-2016. The standardized prevalence and mortality rates of CKD were descriptively reported using geospatial exploratory analysis. We also determined the association with social determinants of health according to the domains suggested by Healthy People 2020.

RESULTS

In the studied period, CKD prevalence increased by 300% and was associated with the health insurance coverage rate (β=5.9 [95% CI 0.82 to 10.92]), proportion of people with a secondary education level (β=11.4 [95% CI 1.94 to 20.93]), mean age (β=-10.7 [95% CI -19.33 to -2.12]), monetary poverty rate (β=-2.2 [95% CI -3.88 to -0.60]) and gross domestic product per capita (β=-63.2 [95% CI -117.81 to -8.52]). The standardized mortality decreased by 10% and was associated with mean age (β=-0.6 [95% CI -1.22 to -0.06]) and the proportion of people with a primary education level (β=-0.5 [95% CI -0.9 to -0.05]).

CONCLUSIONS

During the period 2010-2016, the prevalence of CKD increased and the mortality associated with CKD decreased. The observed changes were associated with some social determinants of health, such as increased health coverage and education. The health system of Peru must be prepared to take on the challenge.

Percepción de comportamiento de cuidado de enfermería en adultos con terapia renal de diálisis peritoneal y hemodiálisis

Objetivo: Describir y comparar la percepción del comportamiento del cuidado de enfermería que tienen los pacientes en hemodiálisis y diálisis peritoneal en una unidad renal de Bogotá. Material y Método: Estudio descriptivo comparativo realizado con 92 pacientes en terapia renal distribuidos en dos grupos: hemodiálisis (50) diálisis peritoneal (42). Se utilizó el instrumento comportamiento profesional de cuidado de Horner. Para el análisis se acudió a estadística descriptiva, medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión; e inferencial mediante pruebas no paramétricas para comparación de grupos. Resultados: Se obtuvo alto puntaje en los comportamientos de cuidado brindados por enfermería en los dos grupos de pacientes. Los dos grupos perciben en su orden atributos de interacción familia –paciente, cortesía, relación y compromiso, en el cuidado brindado por enfermería. Es ligeramente mayor la percepción dada por los que se encuentran en diálisis peritoneal, sin ser estadísticamente significativa la diferencia frente a los de hemodiálisis Conclusiones: Los pacientes en terapia renal de hemodiálisis y diálisis peritoneal reconocen altos comportamientos de cuidado de enfermería. Se requiere mantener el componente técnico y el conocimiento teórico propios del quehacer en las unidades renales, y fortalecer las relaciones de confianza, respeto y empatía que la enfermera(o) puede brindar de acuerdo a sus condiciones y las ofrecidas por la institución.