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Yang Y, Cheng C, He B, Du X, Liu J, Xia H, Wang P, Wu M, Wu H, Liu Q. Cigarette smoking, by accelerating the cell cycle, promotes the progression of non-small cell lung cancer through an HIF-1α-METTL3-m 6A/CDK2AP2 axis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 455:131556. [PMID: 37156046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking killed about 8 million people every year and promoted non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We investigated the molecular mechanism of smoking-promoted NSCLC progression. Relative to non-smokers, NSCLC patients who were smokers had a higher tumor malignancy. For NSCLC cells, cigarette smoke extract (CSE) increased levels of HIF-1α, METTL3, Cyclin E1, and CDK2 and promoted the G1/S transition, which promoted cell proliferation. Down-regulation HIF-1α or METTL3 reversed these effects. meRIP-seq and RNA-seq revealed the m6A modification in Cyclin Dependent Kinase 2 Associated Protein 2 (CDK2AP2) mRNA as the key downstream target. Further, for NSCLC cells exposed to CSE, HIF-1α activated METTL3 transcription. Xenografts in nude mice demonstrated that HIF-1α via METTL3 participated in tumor growth. In NSCLC tissues of smokers, protein levels of HIF-1α and METTL3 were higher, and levels of CDK2AP2 were lower. In conclusion, HIF-1α via METTL3 regulation of the m6A modification of CDK2AP2 mRNA drives smoking-induced progression of NSCLC through promoting cell proliferation. This is a previously unknown molecular mechanism for smoking-induced NSCLC progression. The results have potential value for treatment of NSCLC, especially for patients who smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China; Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Suzhou Institute of Public Health, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China; Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Suzhou Institute of Public Health, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin He
- Department of Emergency, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuan Du
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinyuan Liu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haibo Xia
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China; Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Suzhou Institute of Public Health, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peiwen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China; Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Suzhou Institute of Public Health, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China; Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Suzhou Institute of Public Health, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Emergency, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qizhan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China; Center for Global Health, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Suzhou Institute of Public Health, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China.
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Liao Z, Ye L, Li T, Jin X, Lin X, Fei Q, Zhang H, Shi S, Yu X, Jin K, Wu W. Tissue-resident CXCR4 + macrophage as a poor prognosis signature promotes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression. Int J Cancer 2023; 152:2396-2409. [PMID: 36757203 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage is an essential part of the tumor immune microenvironment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. In our study, we explored the CXCR4+ macrophages subset on its prognosis value, immune profile and distinct function in pancreatic cancer progression. Specimens from 102 postoperative pancreatic patients were analyzed by flow cytometry or immune-fluorescence, and the prognostic value of CXCR4+ macrophages infiltration was further determined by Cox regression. In silico analysis on TCGA, ICGC database and single-cell sequencing of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma further validated our findings. We found that high CXCR4+ macrophages infiltration was associated with poor overall survival (P < .01) and disease-free survival (P < .05) as an independent factor. CXCR4+ macrophages exhibited an M2 protumor phenotype with high expression of CD206. The function of CXCR4+ macrophages was further analyzed in the murine orthotopic PDAC model with its tumor promotion effect and inhibition of CD8+ T cells. Mechanistic and RNA-seq analysis showed that CXCR4+ macrophages participated in extracellular matrix remodeling procedures and especially secreted SPARC through CXCR4/PI3K/Akt pathway promoting tumor proliferation and migration. Our study reveals that CXCR4+ macrophages infiltration is an indicator of poor prognosis of PDAC and targeting these cells was potentially crucial in immunotherapy of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Liao
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Longyun Ye
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianjiao Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Jin
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Lin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinglin Fei
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiru Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Saimeng Shi
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaizhou Jin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiding Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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3
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NKp44-Derived Peptide Used in Combination Stimulates Antineoplastic Efficacy of Targeted Therapeutic Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214054. [PMID: 36430528 PMCID: PMC9692391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment facilitate immune evasion that leads to failure of conventional chemotherapies, despite provisionally decided on the genetic diagnosis of patients in a clinical setup. The current study follows three lung cancer patients who underwent "personalized" chemotherapeutic intervention. Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) were subjected to tumor microarray and treatment screening with chemotherapies, either individually or in combination with the peptide R11-NLS-pep8; this peptide targets both membrane-associated and nuclear PCNA. Ex vivo, employing PDX-derived explants, it was found that combination with R11-NLS-pep8 stimulated antineoplastic effect of chemotherapies that were, although predicted based on the patient's genetic mutation, inactive on their own. Furthermore, treatment in vivo of PDX-bearing mice showed an exactly similar trend in the result, corroborating the finding to be translated into clinical setup.
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Chu X, Xu Y, Li Y, Zhou Y, Chu L, Yang X, Ni J, Li Y, Guo T, Zheng Z, Zheng Q, Yao Q, Li Y, Zhou X, Zhu Z. Neuroendocrine transformation from EGFR/ALK-wild type or TKI-naïve non-small cell lung cancer: An under-recognized phenomenon. Lung Cancer 2022; 169:22-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Madka V, De La Cruz A, Pathuri G, Panneerselvam J, Zhang Y, Stratton N, Hacking S, Finnberg NK, Safran HP, Sei S, Glaze ER, Shoemaker R, Fox JT, Raufi AG, El-Deiry WS, Rao CV. Oral administration of TRAIL-inducing small molecule ONC201/TIC10 prevents intestinal polyposis in the Apc min/+ mouse model. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:2118-2131. [PMID: 35693092 PMCID: PMC9185612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence is rising globally. Hence, preventing this disease is a high priority. With this aim, we determined the CRC prevention potential of the TRAIL-inducing small molecule ONC201/TIC10 using a preclinical model representing high-risk familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients, Apc min/+ mice. Prior to the efficacy study, optimal and non-toxic doses of ONC201 were determined by testing five different doses of ONC201 (0-100 mg/kg body weight (BW); twice weekly by oral gavage) in C57BL/6J mice (n=6/group) for 6 weeks. BW gain, organ weights and histopathology, blood profiling, and the plasma liver enzyme profile suggested no toxicities of ONC201 at doses up to 100 mg/kg BW. For efficacy determination, beginning at six weeks of age, groups of Apc min/+ male and female mice (n≥20) treated with colon carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM) (AOM-Apc min/+) were administered ONC201 (0, 25, and 50 mg/kg BW) as above up to 20 weeks of age. At termination, efficacy was determined by comparing the incidence and multiplicity of intestinal tumors between vehicle- and drug-treated groups. ONC201 showed a strong suppressive effect against the development of both large and small intestinal tumors in male and female mice. Apc min/+ mice treated with ONC201 (50 mg/kg BW) showed >50% less colonic tumor incidence (P<0.0002) than controls. Colonic tumor multiplicity was also significantly reduced by 68% in male mice (0.44 ± 0.11 in treated vs. 1.4 ± 0.14 in controls; P<0.0001) and by 75% in female mice (0.30 ± 0.10 in treated vs. 1.19 ± 0.19 in controls; P<0.0003) with ONC201 treatment (50 mg/kg BW). Small intestinal polyps were reduced by 68% in male mice (11.40 ± 1.19 in treated vs. 36.08 ± 2.62 in controls; P<0.0001) and female mice (9.65 ± 1.15 in treated vs. 29.24 ± 2.51 in controls; P<0.0001). Molecular analysis of the tumors suggested an increase in TRAIL, DR5, cleaved caspases 3/7/8, Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD), and p21 (WAF1) in response to drug treatment. Serum analysis indicated a decrease in pro-inflammatory serum biomarkers, such as IL1β, IL6, TNFα, G-CSF, and GM-CSF, in the ONC201-treated mice compared with controls. Our data demonstrated excellent chemopreventive potential of orally administered ONC201 against intestinal tumorigenesis in the AOM-Apc min/+ mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateshwar Madka
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hem-Onc Section, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Arielle De La Cruz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical SchoolRI, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology at Brown University and The Lifespan Health SystemRI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown UniversityRI, USA
| | - Gopal Pathuri
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hem-Onc Section, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Janani Panneerselvam
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hem-Onc Section, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hem-Onc Section, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Nicole Stratton
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hem-Onc Section, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sean Hacking
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical SchoolRI, USA
| | | | - Howard P Safran
- Hematology/Oncology Division, Warren Alpert Medical SchoolRI, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology at Brown University and The Lifespan Health SystemRI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown UniversityRI, USA
| | - Shizuko Sei
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, National Cancer InstituteRockville, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Glaze
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, National Cancer InstituteRockville, MD, USA
| | - Robert Shoemaker
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, National Cancer InstituteRockville, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer T Fox
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, National Cancer InstituteRockville, MD, USA
| | - Alexander G Raufi
- Hematology/Oncology Division, Warren Alpert Medical SchoolRI, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology at Brown University and The Lifespan Health SystemRI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown UniversityRI, USA
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical SchoolRI, USA
- Fox Chase Cancer CenterPhiladelphia, PA, USA
- Hematology/Oncology Division, Warren Alpert Medical SchoolRI, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology at Brown University and The Lifespan Health SystemRI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown UniversityRI, USA
| | - Chinthalapally V Rao
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hem-Onc Section, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA
- VA Medical CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA
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Yang H, Guo Q, Wu J, Zhong L, Sun L, Liu W, Wang J, Lin L. Deciphering the Effects and Mechanisms of Yi-Fei-San-Jie-pill on Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer With Integrating Network Target Analysis and Experimental Validation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:851554. [PMID: 35645820 PMCID: PMC9130494 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.851554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for 85% of lung cancer cases, calls for better therapy. Yi-Fei-San-Jie-pill (YFSJ), a well-applicated traditional Chinese medicine formula, was reported to be effective in the treatment of NSCLC. However, its anti-tumor mechanism still needs to be fully elucidated. Herein, a reliable preclinical orthotopic but not subcutaneous model of NSCLC in mice was established to evaluate the anti-cancer properties and further validate the mechanisms of YFSJ. A bioinformatic analysis was executed to identify the potential targets and key pathways of YFSJ on NSCLC. In detail, the anti-tumor effect of YFSJ and the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA was evaluated according to the tumor fluorescence value and comparison of different groups' survival times. As a result, YFSJ markedly decreased tumor size and prolonged survival time in contrast with those in the orthotopic model group (p < 0.05), and it also significantly regulated the protein expression levels of apoptosis- and autophagy-related proteins. In conclusion, this study provides convincing evidence that YFSJ could inhibit the growth of tumors and prolong the survival time of tumor-bearing mice based on the NSCLC orthotopic model, and its anti-tumor effect was closely associated with the promotion of apoptosis and interference of autophagy coupled with regulation of immune infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Yang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyan Guo
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbin Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixia Zhong
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingling Sun
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jigang Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Central People’s Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lizhu Lin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Ramos-Inza S, Ruberte AC, Sanmartín C, Sharma AK, Plano D. NSAIDs: Old Acquaintance in the Pipeline for Cancer Treatment and Prevention─Structural Modulation, Mechanisms of Action, and Bright Future. J Med Chem 2021; 64:16380-16421. [PMID: 34784195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The limitations of current chemotherapeutic drugs are still a major issue in cancer treatment. Thus, targeted multimodal therapeutic approaches need to be strategically developed to successfully control tumor growth and prevent metastatic burden. Inflammation has long been recognized as a hallmark of cancer and plays a key role in the tumorigenesis and progression of the disease. Several epidemiological, clinical, and preclinical studies have shown that traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exhibit anticancer activities. This Perspective reports the most recent outcomes for the treatment and prevention of different types of cancers for several NSAIDs alone or in combination with current chemotherapeutic drugs. Furthermore, an extensive review of the most promising structural modifications is reported, such as phospho, H2S, and NO releasing-, selenium-, metal complex-, and natural product-NSAIDs, among others. We also provide a perspective about the new strategies used to obtain more efficient NSAID- or NSAID derivative- formulations for targeted delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ramos-Inza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea 3, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Carolina Ruberte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea 3, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Sanmartín
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea 3, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, CH72, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Daniel Plano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea 3, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
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