CKB inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition and prostate cancer progression by sequestering and inhibiting AKT activation

Preoperative low plasma creatine kinase levels predict worse survival outcomes in bladder cancer after radical cystectomy

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

To evaluate the prognostic significance of preoperative creatine kinase (CK) levels in bladder cancer (BCa) patients who underwent radical cystectomy (RC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

570 BCa patients with RC were identified between 2010 and 2020. 108.5 U/L of CK levels were defined as the cutoff value. Logistic regression analysis and Cox regression models were performed to evaluate the association between CK levels and oncologic outcomes. Subgroup analyses were performed to address cofounding factors.

RESULTS

Preoperative low CK levels were associated with worse recurrence-free survival (RFS, log-rank P = 0.001) and overall survival (OS, log-rank P = 0.002). Multivariate analysis revealed that preoperative low CK levels were an independent predictor for worse RFS (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.683; P < 0.001) and OS (HR: 1.567; P = 0.002).

CONCLUSIONS

The preoperative low CK level independently predicts worse survival outcomes in BCa after RC. Incorporating it into prediction models might be valuable to assist risk stratification.

Androgen deprivation induces neuroendocrine phenotypes in prostate cancer cells through CREB1/EZH2-mediated downregulation of REST

Although effective initially, prolonged androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) promotes neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) and prostate cancer (PCa) progression. It is incompletely understood how ADT transcriptionally induces NE genes in PCa cells. CREB1 and REST are known to positively and negatively regulate neuronal gene expression in the brain, respectively. No direct link between these two master neuronal regulators has been elucidated in the NED of PCa. We show that REST mRNA is downregulated in NEPC cell and mouse models, as well as in patient samples. Phenotypically, REST overexpression increases ADT sensitivity, represses NE genes, inhibits colony formation in culture, and xenograft tumor growth of PCa cells. As expected, ADT downregulates REST in PCa cells in culture and in mouse xenografts. Interestingly, CREB1 signaling represses REST expression. In studying the largely unclear mechanism underlying transcriptional repression of REST by ADT, we found that REST is a direct target of EZH2 epigenetic repression. Finally, genetic rescue experiments demonstrated that ADT induces NED through EZH2's repression of REST, which is enhanced by ADT-activated CREB1 signaling. In summary, our study has revealed a key pathway underlying NE gene upregulation by ADT, as well as established novel relationships between CREB1 and REST, and between EZH2 and REST, which may also have implications in other cancer types and in neurobiology.

RNA-binding protein IGF2BP2 suppresses metastasis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma by enhancing CKB mRNA stability and expression

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most prevalent kidney cancer, with a highly aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis. RNA binding proteins (RBPs) play crucial roles in post-transcriptional gene regulation and have been implicated in tumorigenesis. RBPs have the potential to become a new therapeutic target for ccRCC. In this study, we screened and validated that insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2) as an RBP, was down-regulated in ccRCC tissues and cell lines. Functionally, we verified that IGF2BP2 significantly suppressed the migration and invasion ability of ccRCC in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, RIP-seq and actinomycin D experiments results showed that IGF2BP2 enhanced the expression of Creatine Kinase B (CKB) by binding to CKB mRNA and enhancing its mRNA stability. Thus, IGF2BP2 inhibited ccRCC metastasis through enhancing the expression of CKB. Taken together, these finding suggests that IGF2BP2 is a novel metastasis suppressor of ccRCC and may serve as a potential therapeutic target.

LncRNA TYMSOS is a novel prognostic biomarker associated with immune infiltration in prostate cancer

The long noncoding RNA thymidylate synthetase opposite strand (lncRNA TYMSOS) plays an important role in cancers; however, its impact on prostate cancer (PCa) is still unclear. By analyzing the online data, we found that lncRNA TYMSOS was highly expressed in PCa and associated with T stage, Gleason score, age, and primary therapy outcome. The results of the ROC curve showed that lncRNA TYMSOS has a significant diagnostic ability. Furthermore, Kaplan-Meier analyses suggested that lncRNA TYMSOS plays an important role in progression-free survival (PFS). Increased lncRNA TYMSOS expression was an independent risk factor correlated with PFS in PCa patients. GSEA and GSVA indicated that the lncRNA TYMSOS was involved in the cell cycle, neurodegenerative diseases, oxidative phosphorylation, spliceosomes, and adaptive immune system pathways. Additionally, lncRNA TYMSOS expression was also associated with immune cell infiltrates and tumor mutational burden in PCa. Functional experiments were further conducted, and we verified that lncRNA TYMSOS played an oncogenic role in regulating PCa aggressiveness. Specifically, silencing of lncRNA TYMSOS suppressed cell proliferation, division and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) but promoted cell apoptosis in PCa cells, and conversely, lncRNA TYMSOS overexpression had the opposite effects. In summary, our study revealed that the lncRNA TYMSOS could be a biomarker and therapeutic target in PCa and participate in tumor-immune cell infiltration.

Androgen deprivation induces neuroendocrine phenotypes in prostate cancer cells through CREB1/EZH2-mediated downregulation of REST

Although effective initially, prolonged androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) promotes neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) and prostate cancer (PCa) progression. It is incompletely understood how ADT transcriptionally induces NE genes in PCa cells. CREB1 and REST are known to positively and negatively regulate neuronal gene expression in the brain, respectively. No direct link between these two master neuronal regulators has been elucidated in the NED of PCa. We show that REST mRNA is downregulated in NEPC cell and mouse models, as well as in patient samples. Phenotypically, REST overexpression increases ADT sensitivity, represses NE genes, inhibits colony formation in culture, and xenograft tumor growth of PCa cells. As expected, ADT downregulates REST in PCa cells in culture and in mouse xenografts. Interestingly, CREB1 signaling represses REST expression. In studying the largely unclear mechanism underlying transcriptional repression of REST by ADT, we found that REST is a direct target of EZH2 epigenetic repression. Finally, genetic rescue experiments demonstrated that ADT induces NED through EZH2's repression of REST, which is enhanced by ADT-activated CREB signaling. In summary, our study has revealed a key pathway underlying NE gene upregulation by ADT, as well as established novel relationships between CREB1 and REST, and between EZH2 and REST, which may also have implications in other cancer types and in neurobiology.

Targeting PI3K/Akt signaling in prostate cancer therapy

Urological cancers have obtained much attention in recent years due to their mortality and morbidity. The most common and malignant tumor of urological cancers is prostate cancer that imposes high socioeconomic costs on public life and androgen-deprivation therapy, surgery, and combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy are employed in its treatment. PI3K/Akt signaling is an oncogenic pathway responsible for migration, proliferation and drug resistance in various cancers. In the present review, the role of PI3K/Akt signaling in prostate cancer progression is highlighted. The activation of PI3K/Akt signaling occurs in prostate cancer, while PTEN as inhibitor of PI3K/Akt shows down-regulation. Stimulation of PI3K/Akt signaling promotes survival of prostate tumor cells and prevents apoptosis. The cell cycle progression and proliferation rate of prostate tumor cells increase by PI3K/Akt signaling induction. PI3K/Akt signaling stimulates EMT and enhances metastasis of prostate tumor cells. Silencing PI3K/Akt signaling impairs growth and metastasis of prostate tumor cells. Activation of PI3K/Akt signaling mediates drug resistance and reduces radio-sensitivity of prostate tumor cells. Anti-tumor compounds suppress PI3K/Akt signaling in impairing prostate tumor progression. Furthermore, upstream regulators such as miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs regulate PI3K/Akt signaling and it has clinical implications for prostate cancer patients.

Malignant function of nuclear factor-kappaB axis in prostate cancer: Molecular interactions and regulation by non-coding RNAs

Prostate carcinoma is a malignant situation that arises from genomic alterations in the prostate, leading to changes in tumorigenesis. The NF-κB pathway modulates various biological mechanisms, including inflammation and immune responses. Dysregulation of NF-κB promotes carcinogenesis, including increased proliferation, invasion, and therapy resistance. As an incurable disease globally, prostate cancer is a significant health concern, and research into genetic mutations and NF-κB function has the efficacy to facilitate the introduction of novel therapies. NF-κB upregulation is observed during prostate cancer progression, resulting in increased cell cycle progression and proliferation rates. Additionally, NF-κB endorses resistance to cell death and enhances the capacity for metastasis, particularly bone metastasis. Overexpression of NF-κB triggers chemoresistance and radio-resistance, and inhibition of NF-κB by anti-tumor compounds can reduce cancer progression. Interestingly, non-coding RNA transcripts can regulate NF-κB level and its nuclear transfer, offering a potential avenue for modulating prostate cancer progression.

New insight in urological cancer therapy: From epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to application of nano-biomaterials

A high number of cancer-related deaths (up to 90) are due to metastasis and simple definition of metastasis is new colony formation of tumor cells in a secondary site. In tumor cells, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) stimulates metastasis and invasion, and it is a common characteristic of malignant tumors. Prostate cancer, bladder cancer and renal cancer are three main types of urological tumors that their malignant and aggressive behaviors are due to abnormal proliferation and metastasis. EMT has been well-documented as a mechanism for promoting invasion of tumor cells and in the current review, a special attention is directed towards understanding role of EMT in malignancy, metastasis and therapy response of urological cancers. The invasion and metastatic characteristics of urological tumors enhance due to EMT induction and this is essential for ensuring survival and ability in developing new colonies in neighboring and distant tissues and organs. When EMT induction occurs, malignant behavior of tumor cells enhances and their tend in developing therapy resistance especially chemoresistance promotes that is one of the underlying reasons for therapy failure and patient death. The lncRNAs, microRNAs, eIF5A2, Notch-4 and hypoxia are among common modulators of EMT mechanism in urological tumors. Moreover, anti-tumor compounds such as metformin can be utilized in suppressing malignancy of urological tumors. Besides, genes and epigenetic factors modulating EMT mechanism can be therapeutically targeted for interfering malignancy of urological tumors. Nanomaterials are new emerging agents in urological cancer therapy that they can improve potential of current therapeutics by their targeted delivery to tumor site. The important hallmarks of urological cancers including growth, invasion and angiogenesis can be suppressed by cargo-loaded nanomaterials. Moreover, nanomaterials can improve chemotherapy potential in urological cancer elimination and by providing phototherapy, they mediate synergistic tumor suppression. The clinical application depends on development of biocompatible nanomaterials.

Molecular predictors of metastasis in patients with prostate cancer

INTRODUCTION

Prostate cancer is a serious threat to the health of older adults worldwide. The quality of life and survival time of patients sharply decline once metastasis occurs. Thus, early screening for prostate cancer is very advanced in developed countries. The detection methods used include Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) detection and digital rectal examination. However, the lack of universal access to early screening in some developing countries has resulted in an increased number of patients presenting with metastatic prostate cancer. In addition, the treatment methods for metastatic and localized prostate cancer are considerably different. In many patients, early-stage prostate cancer cells often metastasize due to delayed observation, negative PSA results, and delay in treatment time. Therefore, the identification of patients who are prone to metastasis is important for future clinical studies.

AREAS COVERED

this review introduced a large number of predictive molecules related to prostate cancer metastasis. These molecules involve the mutation and regulation of tumor cell genes, changes in the tumor microenvironment, and the liquid biopsy.

EXPERT OPINION

In next decade, PSMA PET/CT and liquid biopsy will be the excellent predicting tools, while ¹⁷⁷ Lu- PSMA-RLT will be showed excellent anti-tumor efficacy in mPCa patients.

New panel of biomarkers to discriminate between amelanotic and melanotic metastatic melanoma

Melanoma is a form of skin cancer that can rapidly invade distant organs. A distinctive feature of melanomas is their pigmentation status, as melanin is present in most skin melanomas, whilst many metastatic tumors could become amelanotic. Besides the obvious malfunction of the key genes of the melanin pathway, the amelanotic tumors could bear a characteristic molecular signature accounting for their aggressivity. Using mass spectrometry-based proteomics we report here a distinctive panel of biomarkers for amelanotic aggressive melanoma that differ from the less invasive pigmented cells. The developed method allows the label-free quantification of proteins identified by LC-MS/MS analysis. We found a set of proteins comprising AHNAK, MYOF, ANXA1, CAPN2, ASPH, EPHA2, THBS1, TGM2, ACTN4 along with proteins involved in cell adhesion/migration (integrins, PLEC, FSCN1, FN1) that are highly expressed in amelanotic melanoma. Accompanying the down regulation of pigmentation specific proteins such as tyrosinase and TYRP1, these biomarkers are highly specific for a type of highly invasive melanoma. Interestingly, the LC-MS/MS proteomics analysis in hypoxia revealed that the abundance of this specific set of proteins found in normoxia was rather unaltered in these conditions. These biomarkers could therefore predict a metastatic behaviour for the amelanotic cells in the early stages of the tumor development and thus serve in melanoma prognostic. Applying this algorithm to related databases including melanoma samples published by independent laboratories/public databases we confirm the specificity of the newly found signatures. Overall, we begin to unravel the molecular alterations in the amelanotic melanoma and how basic proteomics offers insights into how to assess the clinical, pathological and misdiagnosis differences between the main subtypes of melanoma.

A Prognostic Survival Model of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Based on Metabolism-Related Gene Expression

Accurately predicting the survival prospects of patients suffering from pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) is challenging. In this study, we analyzed RNA matrices of 182 subjects with PAAD based on public datasets obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) as training datasets and those of 63 subjects obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database as the validation dataset. Genes regulating the metabolism of PAAD cells correlated with survival were identified. Furthermore, LASSO Cox regression analyses were conducted to identify six genes (XDH, MBOAT2, PTGES, AK4, PAICS, and CKB) to create a metabolic risk score. The proposed scoring framework attained the robust predictive performance, with 2-year survival areas under the curve (AUCs) of 0.61 in the training cohort and 0.66 in the validation cohort. Compared with the subjects in the low-risk cohort, subjects in the high-risk training cohort presented a worse survival outcome. The metabolic risk score increased the accuracy of survival prediction in patients suffering from PAAD.

PTEN as a target in melanoma

PTEN is a well-known tumour suppressor protein that is frequently found to be mutated, inactivated or deleted in a wide range of different cancers. Its tumour suppressive properties result predominantly from its inhibitory effects on the PI3K-AKT signalling pathway. In melanoma, numerous different PTEN mutations have been identified in both melanoma cell lines and melanoma tissue. A number of different molecules can act on PTEN to either promote its suppression of melanoma, while other molecules may antagonise PTEN to inhibit its mechanism of action against melanoma. This review will discuss how the interactions of PTEN with other molecules may have a positive or negative impact on melanoma pathogenesis, giving rise to the potential for PTEN-targeted therapies against melanoma.