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Singh P, Dosovitskiy G, Bekenstein Y. Bright Innovations: Review of Next-Generation Advances in Scintillator Engineering. ACS NANO 2024; 18:14029-14049. [PMID: 38781034 PMCID: PMC11155248 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This review focuses on modern scintillators, the heart of ionizing radiation detection with applications in medical diagnostics, homeland security, research, and other areas. The conventional method to improve their characteristics, such as light output and timing properties, consists of improving in material composition and doping, etc., which are intrinsic to the material. On the contrary, we review recent advancements in cutting-edge approaches to shape scintillator characteristics via photonic and metamaterial engineering, which are extrinsic and introduce controlled inhomogeneity in the scintillator's surface or volume. The methods to be discussed include improved light out-coupling using photonic crystal (PhC) coating, dielectric architecture modification producing the Purcell effect, and meta-materials engineering based on energy sharing. These approaches help to break traditional bulk scintillators' limitations, e.g., to deal with poor light extraction efficiency from the material due to a typically large refractive index mismatch or improve timing performance compared to bulk materials. In the Outlook section, modern physical phenomena are discussed and suggested as the basis for the next generations of scintillation-based detectors and technology, followed by a brief discussion on cost-effective fabrication techniques that could be scalable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Singh
- Solid
State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute
of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Georgy Dosovitskiy
- Solid
State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute
of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Yehonadav Bekenstein
- Solid
State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute
of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
- The
Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
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2
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Kulig D, Kapłon Ł, Moskal G, Beddar S, Fiutowski T, Górska W, Hajduga J, Jurgielewicz P, Kabat D, Kalecińska K, Kopeć M, Koperny S, Mindur B, Moroń J, Niedźwiecki S, Silarski M, Sobczuk F, Szumlak T, Ruciński A. Comparison of cell casted and 3D-printed plastic scintillators for dosimetry applications. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2023; 199:1824-1828. [PMID: 37819323 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncac248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the most used methods of plastic scintillator (PS) manufacturing are cell casting and bulk polymerisation, extrusion, injection molding, whereas digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing technique has been recently introduced. For our research, we measured blue-emitting EJ-200, EJ-208, green-emitting EJ-260, EJ-262 cell cast and two types of blue-emitting DLP-printed PSs. The light output of the samples, with the same dimension of 10 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm, was compared. The light output of the samples, relative to the reference EJ-200 cell-cast scintillator, equals about 40-49 and 70-73% for two types of 3D-printed, and two green-emitting cell-casted PSs, respectively. Performance of the investigated scintillators is sufficient to use them in a plastic scintillation dosemeter operating in high fluence gamma radiation fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kulig
- Department of Medical Physics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Krakow Branch, Garncarska 11, 31-115 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ł Kapłon
- Department of Medical Physics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Krakow Branch, Garncarska 11, 31-115 Krakow, Poland
- Department of Experimental Particle Physics and Applications, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
- Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - G Moskal
- Department of Medical Physics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Krakow Branch, Garncarska 11, 31-115 Krakow, Poland
- Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry of the Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - S Beddar
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - T Fiutowski
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - W Górska
- Department of Medical Physics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Krakow Branch, Garncarska 11, 31-115 Krakow, Poland
| | - J Hajduga
- Department of Medical Physics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Krakow Branch, Garncarska 11, 31-115 Krakow, Poland
| | - P Jurgielewicz
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - D Kabat
- Department of Medical Physics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Krakow Branch, Garncarska 11, 31-115 Krakow, Poland
| | - K Kalecińska
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - M Kopeć
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - S Koperny
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - B Mindur
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - J Moroń
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - S Niedźwiecki
- Department of Experimental Particle Physics and Applications, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
- Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - M Silarski
- Department of Experimental Particle Physics and Applications, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
- Total-Body Jagiellonian-PET Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - F Sobczuk
- Department of Photonics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - T Szumlak
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - A Ruciński
- Department of Medical Physics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Krakow Branch, Garncarska 11, 31-115 Krakow, Poland
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Krakow, Poland
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Chandler C, Porcincula DH, Ford MJ, Kolibaba TJ, Fein-Ashley B, Brodsky J, Killgore JP, Sellinger A. Influence of fluorescent dopants on the vat photopolymerization of acrylate-based plastic scintillators for application in neutron/gamma pulse shape discrimination. ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2023; 73:10.1016/j.addma.2023.103688. [PMID: 37719134 PMCID: PMC10502904 DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2023.103688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Plastic scintillators, a class of solid-state materials used for radiation detection, were additively manufactured with vat photopolymerization. The photopolymer resins consisted of a primary dopant and a secondary dopant dissolved in a bisphenol A ethoxylate diacrylate-based matrix. The absorptive dopants significantly influence important print parameters, for example, secondary dopants decrease the light penetration depth by a factor > 12 ×. The primary dopant 2,5-diphenyloxazole had minimal impact on the printing process even when loaded at 25 % by mass of the resin. Working curve measurements, which relate energy dose to cure depth, were performed as a function of feature size to further assess the influence of dopants. Photopatterns smaller than 150 μm width had apparent increases in critical energy dose compared to larger photopatterns, while all resins maintained printed features in line gratings with 50 μm of separation. Printed scintillator monoliths were compared to scintillators cast by traditional molding, demonstrating that the layer-by-layer printing process does not decrease scintillation response. A maximum light output of 31 % of a benchmark plastic scintillator (EJ-200) and successful pulse shape discrimination were achieved with 20 % by mass 2,5-diphenyloxazole as the primary dopant and 0.1 % by mass 9,9-dimethyl-2,7-distyrylfluorene as the secondary dopant in printed scintillator samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Chandler
- Colorado School of Mines, Department of Chemistry, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO 80401, United States of America
| | - Dominique H. Porcincula
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA 94550, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Ford
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA 94550, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Kolibaba
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Fein-Ashley
- Colorado School of Mines, Department of Chemistry, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO 80401, United States of America
| | - Jason Brodsky
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA 94550, United States of America
| | - Jason P. Killgore
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, United States of America
| | - Alan Sellinger
- Colorado School of Mines, Department of Chemistry, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO 80401, United States of America
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Kim TH, Yang HJ, Jeong JY, Schaarschmidt T, Kim YK, Chung HT. Feasibility of Isodose-shaped scintillation detectors for the measurement of gamma Knife ® output factors. Med Phys 2022; 49:1944-1954. [PMID: 35050516 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Scintillation detectors were 3D printed based on a gamma knife (GK) dose distribution to calculate the volume averaging effect. The collimator output factors were measured using isodose-shaped scintillators (ISSs) and compared with those of a micro-diamond detector and previous reports. METHODS An absorbed dose distribution in a spherical dosimetry phantom with a radius of 8 cm was obtained from GK treatment planning software (Leksell GammaPlan (LGP), Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden). Two types of ISSs were fabricated to fit the 97.2% (ISS-1) and 95.6% (ISS-2) isodose surfaces. The volume averaging correction factors were obtained by dividing the absorbed dose to water in the central voxel (CV) by that in the ISS. The correction effect due to the difference between the ISS and water was calculated by Monte Carlo simulations. Ten ISS detectors, five of each type, were used to measure the output factors of the 4 and 8 mm collimators of a GK IconTM to assess system consistency. The output factors of seven GKs were measured using two ISS detectors, one of each type, and a PTW T60019 (PTW, Freiburg, Germany) micro-diamond detector. RESULTS The detector output ratios (DORs) measured using the five ISSs of each type were consistent, with standard uncertainties less than 0.2%. In the 4 mm field, the volume averaging correction factor ratios were 1.018 and 1.026, and the output factors after all corrections were 0.827 (0.006) and 0.825 (0.006) for ISS-1 and ISS-2, respectively. In the 8 mm field, the volume averaging correction factor ratios were 1.000 for both ISS types, and the output factors were 0.898 (0.003) and 0.900 (0.003) for ISS-1 and ISS-2, respectively. The ISS detectors could measure the output factors of a GK with uncertainties comparable to that of the PTW 60019 detector. The output factors of all detectors decreased with the dose rate. CONCLUSION The volume averaging effect of an ISS developed in-house could be calculated using known dose distributions. The collimator output factors of the GK Perfexion/Icon™ models measured using ISS detectors were consistent with those of a commercial synthetic micro-diamond detector and recent studies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Hanyang University College of Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jeong Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Jeong
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Hanyang University College of Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Thomas Schaarschmidt
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Hanyang University College of Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Kyun Kim
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Hanyang University College of Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Tai Chung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Evaluation of advanced methods and materials for construction of scintillation detector light guides. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 179:109979. [PMID: 34715460 PMCID: PMC8639756 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
New techniques for fabrication of optically clear structures (3D printing and casting) can be applied to fabrication of light guides, especially complex -shaped ones, for scintillation detectors. In this investigation, we explored the spectral transmissivity of sample light guides created with different fabrication methods and materials. A spectrophotometer was used to measure the transmissivity of the samples to determine their compatibility with a number of commonly used inorganic scintillators (NaI(Tl), BGO, LaBr3, LaCr3, CSI(Tl) and LYSO). These measurements showed that stereolithography with a Stratasys 3D printer using Somos WaterClear Ultra 10122® produced the most compatible light guide with common organic scintillators, especially LYSO (peak emission λ=420 nm) (a scintillator commonly used in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging). Additionally, Polytek Poly-Optic® 1730 clear urethane produced a cast light guide that was the most optically compatible with these scintillators. To demonstrate the ability to create a unique shaped scintillation detector using 3D-printing and casting methods, a small arc-shaped piece of LYSO was coupled to a 4 × 4 array of 4 mm2 silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) using light guides made from these materials. For comparative purposes, a light guide was also fabricated using standard acrylic, a material often used in current light guides. All detectors produced similar event position maps. The energy resolution for 18F (511 keV photopeak) was 13% for the acrylic light-guide-based detector, while it was 18% for the printed light-guide-based detector and 20% for the cast light-guide-based detector. Results from this study demonstrate that advanced fabrication methods have the potential to facilitate creation of light guides for scintillation detectors. Continued advancements in materials and methods will likely result in improved optical performance for 3D-printed structures.
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