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Maxwell JR, DiDomenico J, Roberts MH, Marquez LE, Rai R, Weinberg J, Jacobson SW, Stephen J, Bakhireva LN. Impact of low-level prenatal alcohol exposure and maternal stress on autonomic regulation. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:350-358. [PMID: 37674025 PMCID: PMC11089775 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02799-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) impacts the neurodevelopment of the fetus, including the infant's ability to self-regulate. Heart rate variability (HRV), that is, the beat-to-beat variability in heart rate, is a non-invasive measurement that can indicate autonomic nervous system (ANS) function/dysfunction. METHODS The study consisted of a subset of our ENRICH-2 cohort: 80 participants (32 PAE and 48 Controls) who had completed three visits during pregnancy. The participants completed a comprehensive assessment of PAE and other substances throughout pregnancy and assessments for stress, anxiety, and depression in the third trimester. At 24 h of age, infant HRV was assessed in the hospital during the clinically indicated heel lance; 3- to 5-min HRV epochs were obtained during baseline, heel lancing, and recovery episodes. RESULTS Parameters of HRV differed in infants with PAE compared to Controls during the recovery phase of the heel lance (respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and high-frequency (HF), p < 0.05). Increased maternal stress was also strongly associated with abnormalities in RSA, HF, and low-frequency / high-frequency (LF/HF, p's < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Alterations in ANS regulation associated with PAE and maternal stress may reflect abnormal development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and have long term implications for infant responsiveness and self-regulation. IMPACT Previous studies have focused on effects of moderate to heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) on autonomic dysregulation, but little is known about the effects of lower levels of PAE on infant self-regulation and heart rate variability (HRV). Prenatal stress is another risk factor for autonomic dysregulation. Mild PAE impacts infant self-regulation, which can be assessed using HRV. However, the effect of prenatal stress is stronger than that of mild PAE or other mental health variables on autonomic dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie R Maxwell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, Mexico.
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, Mexico.
| | - Jared DiDomenico
- Substance Use Research and Education (SURE) Center, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, Mexico
| | - Melissa H Roberts
- Substance Use Research and Education (SURE) Center, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, Mexico
| | - Lidia Enriquez Marquez
- Substance Use Research and Education (SURE) Center, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, Mexico
| | - Rajani Rai
- Substance Use Research and Education (SURE) Center, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, Mexico
| | - Joanne Weinberg
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sandra W Jacobson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Julia Stephen
- The Mind Research Network, a Division of Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, Mexico
| | - Ludmila N Bakhireva
- Substance Use Research and Education (SURE) Center, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, Mexico
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Cobben JM, Krzyzewska IM, Venema A, Mul AN, Polstra A, Postma AV, Smigiel R, Pesz K, Niklinski J, Chomczyk MA, Henneman P, Mannens MMAM. DNA methylation abundantly associates with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and its subphenotypes. Epigenomics 2019; 11:767-785. [DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) involves prenatal growth delay, impaired facial and CNS development and causes severe clinical, social-economic burdens. Here, we aim to detect DNA-methylation aberrations associated with FASD and potential FASD diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Patients & methods: The FASD diagnosis was established according to golden-standard protocols in a discovery and independent replication cohort. Genome-wide differential methylation association and replication analyses were performed. Results: We identified several loci that were robustly associated with FASD or one of its sub phenotypes. Our findings were evaluated using previously reported genome-wide surveys. Conclusion: We have detected robust FASD associated differentially methylated positions and differentially methylated regions for FASD in general and for FASD subphenotypes, in other words on growth delay, impaired facial and CNS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Maarten Cobben
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Izabela M Krzyzewska
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Genome Diagnostics Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Venema
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Genome Diagnostics Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adri N Mul
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Genome Diagnostics Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abeltje Polstra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Genome Diagnostics Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex V Postma
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Genome Diagnostics Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Smigiel
- Department of Pediatrics & Rare Disorders, Medical University of Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Pesz
- Department of Genetics, Medical University of Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Niklinski
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Monika A Chomczyk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
| | - Peter Henneman
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel MAM Mannens
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Brown JM, Bland R, Jonsson E, Greenshaw AJ. The Standardization of Diagnostic Criteria for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD): Implications for Research, Clinical Practice and Population Health. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2019; 64:169-176. [PMID: 29788774 PMCID: PMC6405816 DOI: 10.1177/0706743718777398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a preventable disorder caused by maternal alcohol consumption and marked by a range of physical and mental disabilities. Although recognized by the scientific and medical community as a clinical disorder, no internationally standardized diagnostic tool yet exists for FASD. METHODS AND RESULTS This review seeks to analyse the discrepancies in existing diagnostic tools for FASD, and the repercussions these differences have on research, public health, and government policy. CONCLUSIONS Disagreement on the adoption of a standardised tool is reflective of existing gaps in research on the conditions and factors that influence fetal vulnerability to damage from exposure. This discordance has led to variability in research findings, inconsistencies in government messaging, and misdiagnoses or missed diagnoses. The objective measurement of the timing and level of prenatal alcohol exposure is key to bridging these gaps; however, there is conflicting or limited evidence to support the use of existing measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M. Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Roger Bland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Egon Jonsson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Ethyl linolenate is elevated in meconium of very-low-birth-weight neonates exposed to alcohol in utero. Pediatr Res 2017; 81:461-467. [PMID: 27828937 PMCID: PMC5373972 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The health implications of in utero alcohol exposure have been difficult to study in very-low-birth-weight newborns (VLBW) because of an inability to identify maternal alcohol exposure. Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) are elevated in meconium of alcohol-exposed term newborns. We hypothesized that meconium FAEEs would be similarly elevated in alcohol-exposed VLBW premature newborns. METHODS In a retrospective cohort study of 64 VLBW neonates, newborns were classified into Non-Exposed, Any Exposure, or Weekly Exposure groups based on an in-depth structured maternal interview. Meconium FAEE concentrations were quantified via gas chromatography mass spectrometry. RESULTS Alcohol exposure during Trimester 1 (Any Exposure) occurred in ~30% of the pregnancies, while 11% of the subjects reported drinking ≥ 1 drink/week (Weekly Exposure). Meconium ethyl linolenate was higher in Any Exposure (P = 0.01) and Weekly Exposure groups (P = 0.005) compared to the Non-Exposed VLBW group. There was a significant positive correlation between Trimester 1 drinking amounts and the concentration of meconium ethyl linolenate (P = 0.005). Adjusted receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves evaluating ethyl linolenate to identify alcohol-exposed VLBW newborns generated areas under the curve of 88% with sensitivities of 86-89% and specificities of 83-88%. CONCLUSION Despite prematurity, meconium FAEEs hold promise to identify the alcohol-exposed VLBW newborn.
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Gauthier TW, Brown LAS. In utero alcohol effects on foetal, neonatal and childhood lung disease. Paediatr Respir Rev 2017; 21:34-37. [PMID: 27613232 PMCID: PMC5303127 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maternal alcohol use during pregnancy exposes both premature and term newborns to the toxicity of alcohol and its metabolites. Foetal alcohol exposure adversely effects the lung. In contrast to the adult "alcoholic lung" phenotype, an inability to identify the newborn exposed to alcohol in utero has limited our understanding of its effect on adverse pulmonary outcomes. This paper will review advances in biomarker development of in utero alcohol exposure. We will highlight the current understanding of in utero alcohol's toxicity to the developing lung and immune defense. Finally, we will present recent clinical evidence describing foetal alcohol's association with adverse pulmonary outcomes including bronchopulmonary dysplasia, viral infections such as respiratory syncytial virus and allergic asthma/atopy. With research to define alcohol's effect on the lung and translational studies accurately identifying the exposed offspring, the full extent of alcohol's effects on clinical respiratory outcomes of the newborn or child can be determined.
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Alternative sampling strategies for the assessment of alcohol intake of living persons. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:1078-91. [PMID: 27208822 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of alcohol consumption by living persons takes place in various contexts, amongst which workplace drug testing, driving under the influence of alcohol, driving licence regranting programs, alcohol withdrawal treatment, diagnosis of acute intoxication or fetal alcohol ingestion. The matrices that are mostly used today include blood, breath and urine. The aim of this review is to present alternative sampling strategies that allow monitoring of the alcohol consumption in living subjects. Ethanol itself, indirect (carbohydrate deficient transferrin, CDT%) as well as direct biomarkers (ethyl glucuronide, EtG; ethyl sulphate, EtS; fatty acid ethyl esters, FAEEs and phosphatidylethanol species, PEths) of ethanol consumption will be considered. This review covers dried blood spots (CDT%, EtG/EtS, PEths), dried urine spots (EtG/EtS), sweat and skin surface lipids (ethanol, EtG, FAEEs), oral fluid (ethanol, EtG), exhaled breath (PEths), hair (EtG, FAEEs), nail (EtG), meconium (EtG/EtS, FAEEs), umbilical cord and placenta (EtG/EtS and PEth 16:0/18:1). Main results, issues and considerations specific to each matrix are reported. Details about sample preparation and analytical methods are not within the scope of this review.
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Cabarcos P, Álvarez I, Tabernero MJ, Bermejo AM. Determination of direct alcohol markers: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4907-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Lubala TK, Lubala N, Mutombo AM, Mukuku O, Luboya ON. Screening of fetal alcohol syndrome using the T-ACE questionnaire in semi-rural areas around Lubumbashi: lessons learned. Pan Afr Med J 2014; 19:264. [PMID: 25852807 PMCID: PMC4382062 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2014.19.264.4348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Toni Kasole Lubala
- Faculty of Medecine, University of Lubumbashi, BP 1825, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Nina Lubala
- Faculty of Medecine, University of Lubumbashi, BP 1825, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | - Olivier Mukuku
- Faculty of Medecine, University of Lubumbashi, BP 1825, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Oscar Numbi Luboya
- Faculty of Medecine, University of Lubumbashi, BP 1825, Democratic Republic of Congo
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Lange S, Shield K, Koren G, Rehm J, Popova S. A comparison of the prevalence of prenatal alcohol exposure obtained via maternal self-reports versus meconium testing: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2014; 14:127. [PMID: 24708684 PMCID: PMC3992148 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal self-reports, used for the detection of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE), may lack validity, necessitating the use of an objective biomarker. The detection of fatty acid ethyl esters (products of non-oxidative ethanol metabolism) in meconium has been established as a novel biomarker of PAE. The purpose of the current study was to compare the prevalence of PAE as reported via maternal self-reports with the results of meconium testing, and to quantify the disparity between these two methods. METHODS A systematic literature search for studies reporting on the prevalence of PAE, using maternal self-reports in combination with meconium testing, was conducted using multiple electronic bibliographic databases. Pooled prevalence estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated based on eight studies, using the Mantel-Haenszel method, assuming a random effects model. A random effects meta-regression was performed to test for a difference. RESULTS The pooled prevalence of PAE as measured by meconium testing was 4.26 (95% CI: 1.34-13.57) times the pooled prevalence of PAE as measured by maternal self-reports. Large variations across the studies in regard to the difference between estimates obtained from maternal self-reports and those obtained from meconium testing were observed. CONCLUSIONS If maternal self-reports are the sole information source upon which health care professionals rely, a number of infants who were prenatally exposed to alcohol are not being recognized as such. However, further research is needed in order to validate existing biomarkers, as well as discover new biomarkers, for the detection of PAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Lange
- Social and Epidemiological Research Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell St, M5S 2S1 Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St, M5T 3M7 Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin Shield
- Social and Epidemiological Research Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell St, M5S 2S1 Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Cir, M5S 1A8 Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gideon Koren
- Division of Children’s Health and Therapeutics, Children’s Health Research Institute, 800 Commissioners Rd. E, N6C 2V5 London, ON, Canada
- Departments of Medicine, Paediatrics, Physiology & Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, N6A 5C2 London, ON, Canada
- Ivey Chair in Molecular Toxicology, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, N6A 5C2 London, ON, Canada
- The Motherisk Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave, M5G 1X8 Toronto, ON, Canada
- Departments of Paediatrics, Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Medical Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Cir, M5S 1A8 Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Social and Epidemiological Research Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell St, M5S 2S1 Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St, M5T 3M7 Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Cir, M5S 1A8 Toronto, ON, Canada
- Epidemiological Research Unit, Klinische Psychologie & Psychotherapie, Technische Universität Dresden, Chemnitzer Str. 46, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Svetlana Popova
- Social and Epidemiological Research Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Russell St, M5S 2S1 Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St, M5T 3M7 Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Cir, M5S 1A8 Toronto, ON, Canada
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, 246 Bloor St. W, M5S 1V4 Toronto, ON, Canada
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Zizzo N, Di Pietro N, Green C, Reynolds J, Bell E, Racine E. Comments and reflections on ethics in screening for biomarkers of prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37:1451-5. [PMID: 23550996 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Early identification of and intervention for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) has been shown to optimize outcomes for affected individuals. Detecting biomarkers of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) in neonates may assist in the identification of children at risk of FASD enabling targeted early interventions. Despite these potential benefits, complicated ethical issues arise in screening for biomarkers of PAE and these must be addressed prior to the implementation of screening programs. Here, we identify and comment, based on a North American perspective, on concerns raised in the current ethical, social, and legal literature related to meconium screening for PAE. Major ethical concerns revolve around the targeting of populations for PAE screening, consent and respect for persons, stigma and participation rates, the cost-benefit analysis of a screening program, consequences of false-positive and false-negative test results, confidentiality and appropriate follow-up to positive screen results, and the use of screen results for criminal prosecution. We identify gaps in the literature on screening for PAE, most notably related to a lack of stakeholder perspectives (e.g., parents, healthcare providers) about screening and the ethical challenges it presents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Zizzo
- Neuroethics Research Unit , Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Smits A, Allegaert K. Perinatal pharmacology: applications for neonatal neurology. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2011; 15:478-86. [PMID: 21576027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The principles of clinical pharmacology also apply to neonates, but their characteristics warrant a tailored approach. We focus on aspects of both developmental pharmacokinetics (concentration/time relationship) and developmental pharmacodynamics (concentration/effect relationship) in neonates. We hereby aimed to link concepts used in clinical pharmacology with compound-specific observations (anti-epileptics, analgosedatives) in the field of neonatal neurology. Although in part anecdotal, we subsequently illustrate the relevance of developmental pharmacology in the field of neonatal neurology by a specific intervention (e.g. whole body cooling), specific clinical presentations (e.g. short and long term outcome following fetal exposure to antidepressive agents, the development of new biomarkers for fetal alcohol syndrome) and specific clinical needs (e.g. analgosedation in neonates, excitocytosis versus neuro-apoptosis/impaired synaptogenesis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Smits
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Division of Woman and Child, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Hartwig S, Schwarz M, Nadulski T, Kienast T, Pragst F. Nachweis von chronischem Alkoholmissbrauch. Rechtsmedizin (Berl) 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00194-010-0688-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Vangipuram SD, Lyman WD. Ethanol alters cell fate of fetal human brain-derived stem and progenitor cells. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010; 34:1574-83. [PMID: 20586756 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01242.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal ethanol (ETOH) exposure can lead to fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). We previously showed that ETOH alters cell adhesion molecule gene expression and increases neurosphere size in fetal brain-derived neural stem cells (NSC). Here, our aim was to determine the effect of ETOH on the cell fate of NSC, premature glial-committed precursor cells (GCP), and premature neuron-committed progenitor cells (NCP). METHODS NSC, GCP, and NCP were isolated from normal second-trimester fetal human brains (n = 3) by positive selection using magnetic microbeads labeled with antibodies to CD133 (NSC), A2B5 (GCP), or PSA-NCAM (NCP). As a result of the small percentage in each brain, NSC were cultured in mitogenic media for 72 hours to produce neurospheres. The neurospheres from NSC and primary isolates of GCP and NCP were used for all experiments. Equal numbers of the 3 cell types were treated either with mitogenic media or with differentiating media, each containing 0 or 100 mM ETOH, for 120 hours. Expression of Map2a, GFAP, and O4 was determined by immunoflourescence microscopy and western blot analysis. Fluorescence intensities were quantified using Metamorph software by Molecular Devices, and the bands of western blots were quantified using densitometry. RESULTS ETOH in mitogenic media promoted formation of neurospheres by NSC, GCP, and NCP. Under control conditions, GCP attached and differentiated, NSC and NCP formed neurospheres that were significantly smaller in size than those in ETOH. Under differentiating conditions, Map2a expression increased significantly in NSC and GCP and reduced significantly in NCP, and GFAP expression reduced significantly in GCP and NCP, and Gal-C expression reduced significantly in all 3 cell types in the presence of ETOH compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that ETOH alters the cell fate of neuronal stem and progenitor cells. These alterations could contribute to the mechanism for the abnormal brain development in FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharada D Vangipuram
- Children's Research Center of Michigan, The Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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Gas Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Biomarkers of Alcohol Abuse in Human Hair. Ther Drug Monit 2010; 32:216-23. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e3181d4e7bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Alcohols and Aldehydes. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/9781420092264-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Quantification of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) and ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in meconium from newborns for detection of alcohol abuse in a maternal health evaluation study. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:2469-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3474-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Chen G, Luo J. Anthocyanins: are they beneficial in treating ethanol neurotoxicity? Neurotox Res 2010; 17:91-101. [PMID: 19590929 PMCID: PMC4992359 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Heavy alcohol exposure produces profound damage to the developing central nervous system (CNS) as well as the adult brain. Children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) have a variety of cognitive, behavioral, and neurological impairments. FASD currently represents the leading cause of mental retardation. Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) and neurodegeneration in the adult brain. Although the cellular/molecular mechanism underlying ethanol's neurotoxicity has not been fully understood, it is generally believed that oxidative stress plays an important role. Identification of neuroprotective agents that can ameliorate ethanol neurotoxicity is an important step for developing preventive/therapeutic strategies. Targeting ethanol-induced oxidative stress using natural antioxidants is an attractive approach. Anthocyanins, a large subgroup of flavonoids present in many vegetables and fruits, are safe and potent antioxidants. They exhibit diverse potential health benefits including cardioprotection, anti-atherosclerotic activity, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammation properties. Anthocyanins can cross the blood-brain barrier and distribute in the CNS. Recent studies indicate that anthocyanins represent novel neuroprotective agents and may be beneficial in ameliorating ethanol neurotoxicity. In this review, we discuss the evidence and potential of anthocyanins in alleviating ethanol-induced damage to the CNS. Furthermore, we discuss possible underlying mechanisms as well as future research approaches necessary to establish the therapeutic role of anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 124C Combs Research Building, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 124C Combs Research Building, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Fofana B, Yao XH, Rampitsch C, Cloutier S, Wilkins JA, Nyomba BLG. Prenatal alcohol exposure alters phosphorylation and glycosylation of proteins in rat offspring liver. Proteomics 2009; 10:417-34. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Benz J, Rasmussen C, Andrew G. Diagnosing fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: History, challenges and future directions. Paediatr Child Health 2009; 14:231-7. [PMID: 20357921 PMCID: PMC2690536 DOI: 10.1093/pch/14.4.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is one of the most common preventable causes of developmental disability, and is currently one of the most pressing public health concerns in Canada. FASD refers to the range of physical, mental, behavioural and learning disabilities that an individual may acquire as a result of maternal alcohol consumption. In the present paper, the history of the diagnostic approach to alcohol-related disorders over the past 35 years is reviewed. Research supporting the importance of early diagnosis for the long-term outcomes and management of individuals with FASD is presented, and challenges that have plagued efforts to efficiently diagnose individuals with FASD are discussed. Finally, the study reviews the future directions and implications regarding current diagnostic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Benz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Carmen Rasmussen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Gail Andrew
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
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Brown KL, Burman MA, Duong HB, Stanton ME. Neonatal binge alcohol exposure produces dose dependent deficits in interstimulus interval discrimination eyeblink conditioning in juvenile rats. Brain Res 2009; 1248:162-75. [PMID: 19007754 PMCID: PMC2650429 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption in neonatal rats produces cerebellar damage and is widely used to model 3rd-trimester human fetal alcohol exposure. Neonatal "binge-like" exposure to high doses of alcohol (5 g/kg/day or more) impairs acquisition of eyeblink classical conditioning (EBC), a cerebellar-dependent Pavlovian motor learning task. We have recently found impairments in interstimulus interval (ISI) discrimination--a complex task variant of EBC--in adult rats following postnatal day (PD) 4-9 alcohol exposure at doses of 3, 4, and 5 g/kg/day. Because robust developmental differences in conditioned response (CR) generation and CR latency measures are present between untreated juveniles and adults in this task, we sought to extend alcohol findings to juvenile rats (PD30). Five neonatal treatment groups were used: (1) undisturbed controls, (2) sham intubation controls, (3) 3 g/kg/day of alcohol (blood alcohol concentration {BAC}=139.9 mg/dl), (4) 4 g/kg/day of alcohol (BAC=237.3 mg/dl), or (5) 5 g/kg/day of alcohol (BAC=301.8 mg/dl). Intubations occurred over PD4-9. ISI discrimination training in juveniles (PD30-33) revealed dose-dependent CR deficits in all three alcohol-exposed groups relative to controls. Contrary to expected outcomes, CR latency measures were not significantly affected as a function of neonatal treatment. Comparison of these findings with our recent study in adults suggests that alcohol-induced impairments in ISI discrimination EBC may be greater in adults relative to juveniles. The present findings provide further evidence that ISI discrimination may provide greater sensitivity to functional deficits resulting from moderate levels of neonatal alcohol exposure relative to single-cue EBC paradigms.
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Gallardo E, Queiroz JA. The role of alternative specimens in toxicological analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:795-821. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Burd L, Hofer R. Biomarkers for detection of prenatal alcohol exposure: A critical review of fatty acid ethyl esters in meconium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 82:487-93. [DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Determination of Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters (FAEE) and Ethyl Glucuronide (EtG) in Hair: A Promising Way for Retrospective Detection of Alcohol Abuse During Pregnancy? Ther Drug Monit 2008; 30:255-63. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e318167d602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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