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Granato A, Phillips WA, Schulz JM, Suzuki M, Larkum ME. Dysfunctions of cellular context-sensitivity in neurodevelopmental learning disabilities. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 161:105688. [PMID: 38670298 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Pyramidal neurons have a pivotal role in the cognitive capabilities of neocortex. Though they have been predominantly modeled as integrate-and-fire point processors, many of them have another point of input integration in their apical dendrites that is central to mechanisms endowing them with the sensitivity to context that underlies basic cognitive capabilities. Here we review evidence implicating impairments of those mechanisms in three major neurodevelopmental disabilities, fragile X, Down syndrome, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Multiple dysfunctions of the mechanisms by which pyramidal cells are sensitive to context are found to be implicated in all three syndromes. Further deciphering of these cellular mechanisms would lead to the understanding of and therapies for learning disabilities beyond any that are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Granato
- Dept. of Veterinary Sciences. University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin 10095, Italy.
| | - William A Phillips
- Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Scotland FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Jan M Schulz
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Neuroscience & Rare Diseases Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Mototaka Suzuki
- Dept. of Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1098 XH, the Netherlands
| | - Matthew E Larkum
- Neurocure Center for Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany; Institute of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Fernandez-Del-Olmo M, Sánchez-Molina JA, Novo-Ponte S, Fogelson N. Directed connectivity in Parkinson's disease patients during over-ground and treadmill walking. Exp Gerontol 2023; 178:112220. [PMID: 37230335 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Treadmill walking is considered a useful therapeutic tool for improving gait in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. The study investigated the role of top-down, frontal-parietal versus bottom-up parietal-frontal networks, during over-ground and treadmill walking in PD and control subjects, using functional connectivity. To this end, EEG was recorded simultaneously, during a ten-minute period of continuous walking either over-ground or on a treadmill, in thirteen PD patients and thirteen age-matched controls. We evaluated EEG directed connectivity, using phase transfer entropy in three frequency bands: theta, alpha and beta. PD patients showed increased top-down connectivity during over-ground compared with treadmill walking, in the beta frequency range. Control subjects showed no significant differences in connectivity between the two walking conditions. Our results suggest that in PD patients, OG walking was associated with increased allocation of attentional resources, compared with that on the TL. These functional connectivity modulations may shed further light on the mechanisms underlying treadmill versus overground walking in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sabela Novo-Ponte
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noa Fogelson
- Department of Humanities, University Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Fogelson N, Diaz-Brage P. Altered directed connectivity during processing of predictive stimuli in psychiatric patient populations. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 132:2739-2750. [PMID: 34571367 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study investigated the role of top-down versus bottom-up connectivity, during the processing of predictive information, in three different psychiatric disorders. METHODS Electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded during the performance of a task, which evaluates the ability to use predictive information in order to facilitate predictable versus random target detection. We evaluated EEG event-related directed connectivity, in patients with schizophrenia (SZ), major depressive disorder (MDD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), compared with healthy age-matched controls. Directed connectivity was evaluated using phase transfer entropy. RESULTS We showed that top-down frontal-parietal connectivity was weaker in SZ (theta and beta bands) and ASD (alpha band) compared to control subjects, during the processing of stimuli consisting of the predictive sequence. In SZ patients, top-down connectivity was also attenuated, during the processing of predictive targets in the beta frequency band. In contrast, compared with controls, MDD patients displayed an increased top-down flow of information, during the processing of predicted targets (alpha band). CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that top-down frontal-parietal connectivity is altered differentially across three major psychiatric disorders, specifically during the processing of predictive stimuli. SIGNIFICANCE Altered top-down connectivity may contribute to the specific prediction deficits observed in each of the patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Fogelson
- EEG and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Humanities, University Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pablo Diaz-Brage
- EEG and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Humanities, University Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Altered directed connectivity during processing of implicit versus explicit predictive stimuli in Parkinson's disease patients. Brain Cogn 2021; 152:105773. [PMID: 34225173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated the role of top-down versus bottom-up connectivity, during the processing of implicit or explicit predictive information, in Parkinson's disease (PD). EEG was recorded during the performance of a task, which evaluated the ability to utilize either implicit or explicit predictive contextual information in order to facilitate the detection of predictable versus random targets. Thus, subjects performed an implicit and explicit session, where subjects were either unaware or made aware of a predictive sequence that signals the presentation of a subsequent target, respectively. We evaluated EEG event-related directed connectivity, in PD patients compared with healthy age-matched controls, using phase transfer entropy. PD patients showed increased top-down frontal-parietal connectivity, compared to control subjects, during the processing of the last (most informative) stimulus of the predictive sequence and of random standards, in the implicit and explicit session, respectively. These findings suggest that PD is associated with compensatory top-down connectivity, specifically during the processing of implicit predictive stimuli. During the explicit session, PD patients seem to allocate more attentional resources to non-informative standard stimuli, compared to controls. These connectivity changes shed further light on the cognitive deficits, associated with the processing of predictive contextual information, that are observed in PD patients.
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Tran KH, McDonald AP, D'Arcy RCN, Song X. Contextual Processing and the Impacts of Aging and Neurodegeneration: A Scoping Review. Clin Interv Aging 2021; 16:345-361. [PMID: 33658771 PMCID: PMC7917362 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s287619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Contextual processing (or context processing; CP) is an integral component of cognition. CP allows people to manage their thoughts and actions by adjusting to surroundings. CP involves the formation of an internal representation of context in relation to the environment, maintenance of this information over a period of time, and the updating of mental representations to reflect changes in the environment. Each of these functions can be affected by aging and associated conditions. Here, we introduced contextual processing research and summarized the literature studying the impact of normal aging and neurodegeneration-related cognitive decline on CP. Through searching the PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar databases, 23 studies were retrieved that focused on the impact of aging, mild cogniitve impairment (MCI), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD) on CP. Results indicated that CP is particularly vulnerable to aging and neurodegeneration. Older adults had a delayed onset and reduced amplitude of electrophysiological response to information detection, comparison, and execution. MCI patients demonstrated clear signs of impaired CP compared to normal aging. The only study on AD suggested a decreased proactive control in AD participants in maintaining contextual information, but seemingly intact reactive control. Studies on PD restricted to non-demented older participants, who showed limited ability to use contextual information in cognitive and motor processes, exhibiting impaired reactive control but more or less intact proactive control. These data suggest that the decline in CP with age is further impacted by accelerated aging and neurodegeneration, providing insights for improving intervention strategies. This review highlights the need for increased attention to research this important but understudied field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim H Tran
- Clinical Research Centre, Surrey Memorial Hospital, Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, BC, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew P McDonald
- Clinical Research Centre, Surrey Memorial Hospital, Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, BC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ryan C N D'Arcy
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Xiaowei Song
- Clinical Research Centre, Surrey Memorial Hospital, Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, BC, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Fogelson N, Diaz-Brage P, Li L, Peled A, Klein E. Functional connectivity abnormalities during processing of predictive stimuli in patients with major depressive disorder. Brain Res 2020; 1727:146543. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kóbor A, Horváth K, Kardos Z, Takács Á, Janacsek K, Csépe V, Nemeth D. Tracking the implicit acquisition of nonadjacent transitional probabilities by ERPs. Mem Cognit 2019; 47:1546-1566. [PMID: 31236822 PMCID: PMC6823303 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-019-00949-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The implicit acquisition of complex probabilistic regularities has been found to be crucial in numerous automatized cognitive abilities, including language processing and associative learning. However, it has not been completely elucidated how the implicit extraction of second-order nonadjacent transitional probabilities is reflected by neurophysiological processes. Therefore, this study investigated the sensitivity of event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to these probabilistic regularities embedded in a sequence of visual stimuli without providing explicit information on the structure of the stimulus stream. Healthy young adults (N = 32) performed a four-choice RT task that included a sequential regularity between nonadjacent trials yielding a complex transitional probability structure. ERPs were measured relative to both stimulus and response onset. RTs indicated the rapid acquisition of the sequential regularity and the transitional probabilities. The acquisition process was also tracked by the stimulus-locked and response-locked P3 component: The P3 peak was larger for the sequence than for the random stimuli, while the late P3 was larger for less probable than for more probable short-range relations among the random stimuli. According to the RT and P3 effects, sensitivity to the sequential regularity is assumed to be supported by the initial sensitivity to the transitional probabilities. These results suggest that stimulus-response contingencies on the probabilistic regularities of the ongoing stimulus context are implicitly mapped and constantly revised. Overall, this study (1) highlights the role of predictive processes during implicit memory formation, and (2) delineates a potential to gain further insight into the dynamics of implicit acquisition processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kóbor
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, H–1117 Hungary
| | - Kata Horváth
- Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46, Budapest, H–1064 Hungary
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46, Budapest, H–1064 Hungary
- Brain, Memory and Language Research Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, H–1117 Hungary
| | - Zsófia Kardos
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, H–1117 Hungary
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Egry József utca 1, Budapest, H-1111 Hungary
| | - Ádám Takács
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46, Budapest, H–1064 Hungary
| | - Karolina Janacsek
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46, Budapest, H–1064 Hungary
- Brain, Memory and Language Research Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, H–1117 Hungary
| | - Valéria Csépe
- Brain Imaging Centre, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, H–1117 Hungary
- Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Egry József utca 1, Budapest, H-1111 Hungary
| | - Dezso Nemeth
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Izabella utca 46, Budapest, H–1064 Hungary
- Brain, Memory and Language Research Group, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest, H–1117 Hungary
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), INSERM, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier–Bâtiment 462–Neurocampus 95 Boulevard Pinel, 69675 Bron, Lyon France
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Altered predictive contextual processing of emotional faces versus abstract stimuli in adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 130:963-975. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Athletes versus video game players: A predictive contextual processing study. Neurosci Lett 2018; 684:156-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Battaglia S, Garofalo S, di Pellegrino G. Context-dependent extinction of threat memories: influences of healthy aging. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12592. [PMID: 30135561 PMCID: PMC6105728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31000-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although a substantial progress has been made in recent years on understanding the processes mediating extinction of learned threat, little is known about the context-dependent extinction of threat memories in elderly individuals. We used a 2-day differential threat conditioning and extinction procedure to determine whether young and older adults differed in the contextual recall of conditioned responses after extinction. On Day 1, conditioned stimuli were paired with an aversive electric shock in a 'danger' context and then extinguished in a different 'safe' context. On Day 2, the extinguished stimulus was presented to assess extinction recall (safe context), and threat renewal (danger context). Physiological and verbal report measures of threat conditioning were collected throughout the experiment. Skin conductance response (SCR data revealed no significant differences between age groups during acquisition and extinction of threat conditioning on Day 1. On Day 2, however, older adults showed impaired recall of extinction memory, with increased SCR to the extinguished stimulus in the 'safe' context, and reduced ability to process context properly. In addition, there were no age group differences in fear ratings and contingency awareness, thus revealing that aging selectively impairs extinction memories as indexed by autonomic responses. These results reveal that aging affects the capacity to use context to modulate learned responses to threat, possibly due to changes in brain structures that enable context-dependent behaviour and are preferentially vulnerable during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Battaglia
- Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Garofalo
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe di Pellegrino
- Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Kóbor A, Takács Á, Kardos Z, Janacsek K, Horváth K, Csépe V, Nemeth D. ERPs differentiate the sensitivity to statistical probabilities and the learning of sequential structures during procedural learning. Biol Psychol 2018; 135:180-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Processing of implicit versus explicit predictive contextual information in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 2018; 109:39-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Melnikova EA. [Analysis of the cerebral mechanisms underlying rehabilitation of the patients after stroke]. VOPROSY KURORTOLOGII, FIZIOTERAPII, I LECHEBNOĬ FIZICHESKOĬ KULTURY 2016; 92:4-10. [PMID: 26841522 DOI: 10.17116/kurort201564-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The authors present the results of the comprehensive analysis of the principal cerebral mechanisms involved in the processes of rehabilitation of the patients after stroke based on the review of the literature concerning this issue. The data obtained in the course of original investigations including 203 patients who had undergone stroke confirm and refine the currently available information pertinent to the problem in question. First and foremost, they demonstrate the influence of the demographic, neurophysiological, and clinical factors as well as neuroimaging and ultrasound studies on the parameters of the evoked potentials in the brain of the stroke-affected patients. In addition, they provide a deeper insight into the role of short-term memory in the realization of the motor response. The probable macro- and microstructural, functional, neurochemical, and pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to the rehabilitation of the patients who had undergone stroke are considered with reference to their relationships. Special emphasis is laid on the methods for regulation of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Melnikova
- State autonomous healthcare facility 'Moscow Research and Practical Centre for Medical Rehabilitation, Restorative and Sports Medicine', Moscow Health Department, Moscow, Russian Federation, 105120
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