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Balta Beylergil S, Skelly P, Quagraine I, Kilbane C, Ghasia FF, Shaikh AG. Navigating Visual Challenges: How Parkinson's Disease Alters Cognitive Priorities in Visual Search. Mov Disord 2024. [PMID: 38962844 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Parkinson's disease (PD) hampers visual search tasks such as reading, driving, and navigation. We examined expectations from past experiences, guiding cognition and contextual priors, on visual search in PD. METHODS We compared eye movements as PD and healthy participants searched for a hidden object (target) in cluttered real-world scenes. RESULTS PD participants prolonged fixation on high-probability (high-prior) locations for the target, consistent across expected and unexpected scenario. Such emphasis on contextual visual priors, evidenced by high fixation duration on high-probability areas, was beneficial when the target was at the expected location but presented challenges when the target was situated in an unlikely place. CONCLUSION This study contributes to understanding how PD impacts visual search behavior and cognitive processing. The findings indicate that PD alters attention allocation and visual processing by affecting the utilization of contextual visual priors. It provides insights for potential interventions targeting visuo-cognitive deficits in PD patients. Published 2024. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Balta Beylergil
- National VA Parkinson's Consortium Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Peggy Skelly
- National VA Parkinson's Consortium Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ibrahim Quagraine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Camilla Kilbane
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals, and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Fatema F Ghasia
- Visual Neuroscience Laboratory, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Aasef G Shaikh
- National VA Parkinson's Consortium Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals, and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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2
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Marcar VL, Wolf M. Modulation of the neuronal response in human primary visual cortex by re-entrant projections during retinal input processing as manifest in the visual evoked potential. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30752. [PMID: 38770287 PMCID: PMC11103468 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Initial deflections in the visual evoked potential (VEP) reflect the neuronal process of extracting features from the retinal input; a process not modulated by re-entrant projections. Later deflections in the VEP reflect the neuronal process of combining features into an object, a process referred to as 'object closure' and modulated by re-entrant projections. Our earlier work indicated that the VEP reflects independent neuronal responses processing temporal - and spatial luminance contrast and that these responses arise from an interaction between forward and re-entrant input. In this earlier work, changing the temporal luminance contrast property of a stimulus altered its spatial luminance contrast property. We recorded the VEP in 12 volunteers viewing image pairs of a windmill, regular dartboard or an RMS dartboard rotated by either Π/4, Π/2, 3Π/4 or Π radians with respect to each other. The windmill and regular dartboard had identical white to black ratio, while the two dartboards identical contrast edges per unit area. Rotation varied temporal luminance contrast of a stimulus without affecting its spatial luminance contrast. N75, P100, N135 and P240 amplitude and latency were compared and a source localisation and temporal frequency analysis performed. P100 amplitude signals a neuronal response processing temporal luminance contrast that is modulated by re-entrant projections with fast axonal conduction velocities. N135 and P240 signal the neuronal response processing spatial luminance contrast and is modulated by re-entrant projections with slow axonal conduction velocities. The dorsal stream is interconnected by fast axonal conduction velocities, the ventral stream by slow axonal conduction velocities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine L. Marcar
- University Hospital Zürich, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory (BORL), Frauenklinikstrasse 10, CH-8091, Zürich, Switzerland
- University Hospital Zürich, Comprehensive Cancer Center Zürich (CCCZ), Rämistrasse 100, CH-8091, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Wolf
- University Hospital Zürich, Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory (BORL), Frauenklinikstrasse 10, CH-8091, Zürich, Switzerland
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Seemiller ES, Gaska J, O'Keefe E, Shoda E, Knapp J, Winterbottom M. Vision screening and vocational aptitude: A factor analysis approach. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286513. [PMID: 37256907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
For a good vision screening battery to quickly and accurately reflect the status of the human visual system it should be relevant, reliable, and streamlined. Because the early visual system has limited functional architecture, many simple measurements of the visual system may in fact be measuring the shared computations and parallel processes of other visual functions, making much of the measurement process redundant. This can make a screening battery repetitious and therefore inefficient. The purpose of this research is to investigate these redundancies in a large occupational screening dataset using factor analysis. 192 subjects participated in the Operational Based Vision Assessment (OBVA) Laboratory Automated Vision Testing (AVT) procedure. The AVT includes digital tests for visual acuity, luminance and cone contrast sensitivity, motion coherence, stereopsis, and binocular motor function. Psychometric thresholds and fusional ranges were collected from each subject and a factor analysis was utilized to investigate independent latent variables in the dataset. A promax rotation revealed 5 factors that explained 74% of the total variance: (1) medium and high spatial frequency vision, (2) stereoacuity and horizontal fusional range, (3) cone contrast sensitivity, (4) motion perception, and (5) low spatial frequency vision. Practically, these results suggest that the screening battery can be reduced to 5 independent measurements that capture much of the variance in the dataset. Furthermore, the factors predicted operational and vocational aptitude better than any single variable. More interestingly, these relationships also reiterate known computational processes within the human visual system, such as the parallel processing of low and high spatial frequency content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Seemiller
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, United States of America
| | - James Gaska
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, United States of America
| | | | | | - Jonelle Knapp
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, United States of America
| | - Marc Winterbottom
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, United States of America
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4
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Silvestri V, Arioli M, Baccolo E, Macchi Cassia V. Sensitivity to trustworthiness cues in own- and other-race faces: The role of spatial frequency information. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272256. [PMID: 36067183 PMCID: PMC9447876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has shown that adults are better at processing faces of the most represented ethnic group in their social environment compared to faces from other ethnicities, and that they rely more on holistic/configural information for identity discrimination in own-race than other-race faces. Here, we applied a spatial filtering approach to the investigation of trustworthiness perception to explore whether the information on which trustworthiness judgments are based differs according to face race. European participants (N = 165) performed an online-delivered pairwise preference task in which they were asked to select the face they would trust more within pairs randomly selected from validated White and Asian broad spectrum, low-pass filter and high-pass filter trustworthiness continua. Results confirmed earlier demonstrations that trustworthiness perception generalizes across face ethnicity, but discrimination of trustworthiness intensity relied more heavily on the LSF content of the images for own-race faces compared to other-race faces. Results are discussed in light of previous work on emotion discrimination and the hypothesis of overlapping perceptual mechanisms subtending social perception of faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Silvestri
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Martina Arioli
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Baccolo
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Is there magnocellular facilitation of early neural processes underlying visual word recognition? Evidence from masked repetition priming with ERPs. Neuropsychologia 2022; 170:108230. [PMID: 35395249 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An influential theory in the field of visual object recognition proposes that it is the fast magnocellular (M) system that facilitates neural processing of spatially more fine-grained information rather the slower parvocellular (P) system. While written words can be considered as a special type of visual objects, it is unknown whether magnocellular facilitation also plays a role in reading. We used a masked priming paradigm that has been shown to result in neural facilitation in visual word processing and tested whether these facilitating effects are mediated by the magnocellular system. In two experiments, we manipulated the influence of magnocellular and parvocellular systems on visual processing of a contextually predictable target character by contrasting high versus low spatial frequency and luminance versus color contrast, respectively. In addition, unchanged (normal) primes were included in both experiments as a manipulation check. As expected, unchanged primes elicited typical repetition effects in the N1, N250 and P3 components of the ERP in both experiments. In the experiment manipulating spatial contrast, we obtained repetition effects only for the N1 component for both M- and P-biased primes. In the luminance versus color contrast experiment, repetition effects were found in N1 and N250 for both M- and P- biased primes. Furthermore, no interactions were found between M-vs. P-biased prime types and repetition. Together these results indicate that M- and P- information contributes jointly to early neural processes underlying visual word recognition.
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Adámek P, Langová V, Horáček J. Early-stage visual perception impairment in schizophrenia, bottom-up and back again. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 8:27. [PMID: 35314712 PMCID: PMC8938488 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Visual perception is one of the basic tools for exploring the world. However, in schizophrenia, this modality is disrupted. So far, there has been no clear answer as to whether the disruption occurs primarily within the brain or in the precortical areas of visual perception (the retina, visual pathways, and lateral geniculate nucleus [LGN]). A web-based comprehensive search of peer-reviewed journals was conducted based on various keyword combinations including schizophrenia, saliency, visual cognition, visual pathways, retina, and LGN. Articles were chosen with respect to topic relevance. Searched databases included Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science. This review describes the precortical circuit and the key changes in biochemistry and pathophysiology that affect the creation and characteristics of the retinal signal as well as its subsequent modulation and processing in other parts of this circuit. Changes in the characteristics of the signal and the misinterpretation of visual stimuli associated with them may, as a result, contribute to the development of schizophrenic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Adámek
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | - Veronika Langová
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Horáček
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
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7
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Lacroix A, Harquel S, Mermillod M, Vercueil L, Alleysson D, Dutheil F, Kovarski K, Gomot M. The Predictive Role of Low Spatial Frequencies in Automatic Face Processing: A Visual Mismatch Negativity Investigation. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:838454. [PMID: 35360280 PMCID: PMC8963370 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.838454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual processing is thought to function in a coarse-to-fine manner. Low spatial frequencies (LSF), conveying coarse information, would be processed early to generate predictions. These LSF-based predictions would facilitate the further integration of high spatial frequencies (HSF), conveying fine details. The predictive role of LSF might be crucial in automatic face processing, where high performance could be explained by an accurate selection of clues in early processing. In the present study, we used a visual Mismatch Negativity (vMMN) paradigm by presenting an unfiltered face as standard stimulus, and the same face filtered in LSF or HSF as deviant, to investigate the predictive role of LSF vs. HSF during automatic face processing. If LSF are critical for predictions, we hypothesize that LSF deviants would elicit less prediction error (i.e., reduced mismatch responses) than HSF deviants. Results show that both LSF and HSF deviants elicited a mismatch response compared with their equivalent in an equiprobable sequence. However, in line with our hypothesis, LSF deviants evoke significantly reduced mismatch responses compared to HSF deviants, particularly at later stages. The difference in mismatch between HSF and LSF conditions involves posterior areas and right fusiform gyrus. Overall, our findings suggest a predictive role of LSF during automatic face processing and a critical involvement of HSF in the fusiform during the conscious detection of changes in faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Lacroix
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC, Grenoble, France
- *Correspondence: Adeline Lacroix
| | - Sylvain Harquel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC, Grenoble, France
- Defitech Chair in Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, EPFL, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martial Mermillod
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurent Vercueil
- Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, InsermU1216, CHU Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - David Alleysson
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LPNC, Grenoble, France
| | - Frédéric Dutheil
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LaPSCo, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Klara Kovarski
- Hôpital Fondation Rothschild, I3N, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, INCC UMR 8002, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Marie Gomot
- UMR 1253 iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
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8
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Remy I, Schwitzer T, Albuisson É, Schwan R, Krieg J, Bernardin F, Ligier F, Lalanne L, Maillard L, Laprevote V. Impaired P100 among regular cannabis users in response to magnocellular biased visual stimuli. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 113:110437. [PMID: 34520807 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Regular cannabis using causes vision impairment by affecting human retinal neurotransmission. However, studies less considered its impact on the subsequent visual cortical processing, key feature for the integration of the visual signal in brain. We aimed at investigating this purpose in regular cannabis users using spatial frequencies and temporal frequencies filtered visual stimuli. We recruited 45 regular cannabis users and 25 age-matched controls. We recorded visual evoked potentials during the projection of low spatial frequency (0.5 cycles/degree) or high spatial frequency gratings (15 cycles/degree), which were presented statically (0 Hz) or dynamically (8 Hz). We analyzed the amplitude, latency, and area under the curve of both P100 and N170, best EEG markers for early visual processing. Data were compared between groups by repeated measures ANCOVA. Results showed a significant decrease in P100 amplitude among regular cannabis users in low spatial frequency (F(1,67) = 4.43; p = 0.04) and in dynamic condition (F(1,67) = 4.35; p = 0.04). Analysis also reported a decrease in P100 area under the curve in regular cannabis users to low spatial frequency (F(1,67) = 4.31; p = 0.04) and in dynamic condition (F(1,67) = 7.65; p < 0.01). No effect was found on P100 latency, N170 amplitude, latency, or area under the curve. We found alteration of P100 responses to low spatial frequency and dynamic stimuli in regular cannabis users. This result could be interpreted as a preferential magnocellular impairment where such deficit could be linked to glutamatergic dysfunction. As mentioned in the literature, visual and electrophysiological anomalies in schizophrenia are related to a magnocellular dysfunction. Further studies are needed to clarify electrophysiological deficits in both populations. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: Electrophysiological Study of the Functioning of Magnocellular Visual Pathway in Regular Cannabis Users (CAUSA MAP). [NCT02864680; ID 2013-A00097-38]. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02864680?cond=Cannabis&cntry=FR&draw=2&rank=1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving Remy
- Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes du Grand Nancy, Laxou F-54520, France; INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, F-67200, France; BioSerenity - 47, Boulevard de l'Hôpital, ICM-IPEPS, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Schwitzer
- Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes du Grand Nancy, Laxou F-54520, France; Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Médecine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54505, France; Université de Lorraine, IADI, INSERM U1254, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54511, France
| | - Éliane Albuisson
- Unité de méthodologie, Gestion des données statistiques, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy, DRCI, Département MPI, UMDS, F-54000 Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Médecine, Département du Grand Est de Recherche en Soins Primaires (DEGERESP), F-54000 Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Institut Élie-Cartan de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Raymund Schwan
- Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes du Grand Nancy, Laxou F-54520, France; Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Médecine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54505, France; Université de Lorraine, IADI, INSERM U1254, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, F-54511, France
| | - Julien Krieg
- Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes du Grand Nancy, Laxou F-54520, France; INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, F-67200, France
| | - Florent Bernardin
- Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes du Grand Nancy, Laxou F-54520, France; INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, F-67200, France
| | - Fabienne Ligier
- Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Pôle Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Laxou F-54520, France; Université de Lorraine, EA 4360 APEMAC, Equipe MICS, F-54000, France; Université de Lorraine, EA 4432 InterPsy, Equipe PRISME, F-54000, France
| | - Laurence Lalanne
- INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, F-67200, France; Unité de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, F-67200, France
| | - Louis Maillard
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, UMR 7039, F-54500, Nancy, France; Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy, Nancy F-54000, France
| | - Vincent Laprevote
- Centre Psychothérapique de Nancy, Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes du Grand Nancy, Laxou F-54520, France; INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Département de Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, F-67200, France; Université de Lorraine, Faculté de Médecine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54505, France.
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Vaziri-Pashkam M, Conway BR. How The visual system turns things the right way up. Cogn Neuropsychol 2022; 39:54-57. [PMID: 35624546 PMCID: PMC10759311 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2022.2073808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Vaziri-Pashkam
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bevil R. Conway
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Xu M, Chen Y, Peng Y, He Z, Jiang J, Yu X, Hou F, Zhou J, Qu J. Binocular Summation Is Intact in Intermittent Exotropia After Surgery. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:791548. [PMID: 34993215 PMCID: PMC8724027 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.791548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To determine binocular summation of surgically treated intermittent exotropia (IXT) patients by measuring the contrast threshold. Methods: We recruited 38 surgically treated IXT patients aged 8–24 years and 20 age-matched healthy controls. All participants had normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity (Snellen ≥ 20/20) in both eyes. The IXT patients had undergone the surgery at least a year prior to the study. Twenty-one of them obtained good alignment and 17 experienced a recurrence of exotropia. We measured the observers' monocular and binocular contrast sensitivities (CS) at six spatial frequencies (1.5, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 cycles/degree) as an index of visual information processing at the threshold level. Binocular summation was evaluated against a baseline model of simple probability summation based on the CS at each spatial frequency and the area under the log contrast sensitivity function (AULCSF). Results: The exo-deviation of IXTs with good alignment was −6.38 ± 3.61 prism diopters (pd) at 33 cm and −5.14 ± 4.07 pd at 5 m. For the patients with recurrence, it was −23.47 ± 5.53 pd and −21.12 ± 4.28 pd, respectively. There was no significant difference in the binocular summation ratio (BSR) between the surgically treated IXT patients, including those with good alignment and recurrence, and normal controls at each spatial frequency [F(2,55) = 0.416, P = 0.662] and AULCSF [F(2,55) = 0.469, P = 0.628]. In addition, the BSR was not associated with stereopsis (r = −0.151, P = 0.365). Conclusion: Our findings of normal contrast sensitivity binocular summation ratio in IXT after surgical treatment suggest that the ability of the visual cortex in processing binocular information is intact at the contrast threshold level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiping Xu
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yiya Chen
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yiyi Peng
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhifen He
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinping Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Hou
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiawei Zhou
| | - Jia Qu
- Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, China
- Jia Qu
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11
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Flexible time course of spatial frequency use during scene categorization. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14079. [PMID: 34234183 PMCID: PMC8263560 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human observers can quickly and accurately categorize scenes. This remarkable ability is related to the usage of information at different spatial frequencies (SFs) following a coarse-to-fine pattern: Low SFs, conveying coarse layout information, are thought to be used earlier than high SFs, representing more fine-grained information. Alternatives to this pattern have rarely been considered. Here, we probed all possible SF usage strategies randomly with high resolution in both the SF and time dimensions at two categorization levels. We show that correct basic-level categorizations of indoor scenes are linked to the sampling of relatively high SFs, whereas correct outdoor scene categorizations are predicted by an early use of high SFs and a later use of low SFs (fine-to-coarse pattern of SF usage). Superordinate-level categorizations (indoor vs. outdoor scenes) rely on lower SFs early on, followed by a shift to higher SFs and a subsequent shift back to lower SFs in late stages. In summary, our results show no consistent pattern of SF usage across tasks and only partially replicate the diagnostic SFs found in previous studies. We therefore propose that SF sampling strategies of observers differ with varying stimulus and task characteristics, thus favouring the notion of flexible SF usage.
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Asher JM, O’Hare L, Hibbard PB. No Evidence of Reduced Contrast Sensitivity in Migraine-with-Aura for Large, Narrowband, Centrally Presented Noise-Masked Stimuli. Vision (Basel) 2021; 5:32. [PMID: 34205592 PMCID: PMC8293456 DOI: 10.3390/vision5020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with migraine aura show differences in visual perception compared to control groups. Measures of contrast sensitivity have suggested that people with migraine aura are less able to exclude external visual noise, and that this relates to higher variability in neural processing. The current study compared contrast sensitivity in migraine with aura and control groups for narrow-band grating stimuli at 2 and 8 cycles/degree, masked by Gaussian white noise. We predicted that contrast sensitivity would be lower in the migraine with aura group at high noise levels. Contrast sensitivity was higher for the low spatial frequency stimuli, and decreased with the strength of the masking noise. We did not, however, find any evidence of reduced contrast sensitivity associated with migraine with aura. We propose alternative methods as a more targeted assessment of the role of neural noise and excitability as contributing factors to migraine aura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi M. Asher
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK;
| | - Louise O’Hare
- Division of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK;
| | - Paul B. Hibbard
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK;
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13
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Kim C, Chong SC. Partial awareness can be induced by independent cognitive access to different spatial frequencies. Cognition 2021; 212:104692. [PMID: 33773425 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Partial awareness-an intermediate state between complete consciousness and unconsciousness-has been explained by independent cognitive access to different levels of representation in hierarchical visual processing. This account, however, cannot explain graded visual experiences in low levels. We aimed to explain partial awareness in low levels of visual processing by independent cognitive access to different spatial frequencies. To observe partial awareness stably, we used a novel method. Stimuli were presented briefly (12 ms) and repeatedly with a specific inter-stimulus interval, ranging from 0 to 235 ms. By using various stimuli containing high and low spatial frequencies (superimposed sinusoidal gratings, Navon letters, and scenes), we found that conscious percept was degraded with increasing inter-stimulus intervals. However, the degree of degradation was smaller for low spatial frequency than for high spatial frequency information. Our results reveal that cognitive access to different spatial frequencies can occur independently and this can explain partial awareness in low levels of visual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheongil Kim
- Graduate Program in Cognitive Science, Yonsei University, South Korea
| | - Sang Chul Chong
- Graduate Program in Cognitive Science, Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, South Korea.
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14
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Using perceptual tasks to selectively measure magnocellular and parvocellular performance: Rationale and a user's guide. Psychon Bull Rev 2021; 28:1029-1050. [PMID: 33742424 PMCID: PMC8367893 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-020-01874-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The visual system uses parallel pathways to process information. However, an ongoing debate centers on the extent to which the pathways from the retina, via the Lateral Geniculate nucleus to the visual cortex, process distinct aspects of the visual scene and, if they do, can stimuli in the laboratory be used to selectively drive them. These questions are important for a number of reasons, including that some pathologies are thought to be associated with impaired functioning of one of these pathways and certain cognitive functions have been preferentially linked to specific pathways. Here we examine the two main pathways that have been the focus of this debate: the magnocellular and parvocellular pathways. Specifically, we review the results of electrophysiological and lesion studies that have investigated their properties and conclude that while there is substantial overlap in the type of information that they process, it is possible to identify aspects of visual information that are predominantly processed by either the magnocellular or parvocellular pathway. We then discuss the types of visual stimuli that can be used to preferentially drive these pathways.
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15
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Marcar VL, Wolf M. An investigation into the relationship between stimulus property, neural response and its manifestation in the visual evoked potential involving retinal resolution. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:2612-2628. [PMID: 33448503 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The visual evoked potential (VEP) has been shown to reflect the size of the neural population activated by a processing mechanism selective to the temporal - and spatial luminance contrast property of a stimulus. We set out to better understand how the factors determining the neural response associated with these mechanisms. To do so we recorded the VEP from 14 healthy volunteers viewing two series of pattern reversing stimuli with identical temporal-and spatial luminance contrast properties. In one series the size of the elements increased towards the edge of the image, in the other it decreased. In the former element size was congruent with receptive field size across eccentricity, in the later it was incongruent. P100 amplitude to the incongruent series exceeded that obtained to the congruent series. Using electric dipoles due the excitatory neural response we accounted for this using dipole cancellation of electric dipoles of opposite polarity originating in supra- and infragranular layers of V1. The phasic neural response in granular lamina of V1 exhibited magnocellular characteristics, the neural response outside of the granular lamina exhibited parvocellular characteristics and was modulated by re-entrant projections. Using electric current density, we identified areas of the dorsal followed by areas of the ventral stream as the source of the re-entrant signal modulating infragranular activity. Our work demonstrates that the VEP does not signal reflect the overall level of a neural response but is the result of an interaction between electric dipoles originating from neural responses in different lamina of V1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine L Marcar
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Wolf
- Biomedical Optics Research Laboratory, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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16
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Kim US, Mahroo OA, Mollon JD, Yu-Wai-Man P. Retinal Ganglion Cells-Diversity of Cell Types and Clinical Relevance. Front Neurol 2021; 12:661938. [PMID: 34093409 PMCID: PMC8175861 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.661938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the bridging neurons that connect the retinal input to the visual processing centres within the central nervous system. There is a remarkable diversity of RGCs and the various subtypes have unique morphological features, distinct functions, and characteristic pathways linking the inner retina to the relevant brain areas. A number of psychophysical and electrophysiological tests have been refined to investigate this large and varied population of RGCs. Technological advances, such as high-resolution optical coherence tomography imaging, have provided additional tools to define the pattern of RGC involvement and the chronological sequence of events in both inherited and acquired optic neuropathies. The mechanistic insights gained from these studies, in particular the selective vulnerability and relative resilience of particular RGC subtypes, are of fundamental importance as they are directly relevant to the development of targeted therapies for these invariably progressive blinding diseases. This review provides a comprehensive description of the various types of RGCs, the developments in proposed methods of classification, and the current gaps in our knowledge of how these RGCs are differentially affected depending on the underlying aetiology. The synthesis of the current body of knowledge on the diversity of RGCs and the pathways that are potentially amenable to therapeutic modulation will hopefully lead to much needed effective treatments for patients with optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ungsoo Samuel Kim
- Kim's Eye Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ungsoo Samuel Kim
| | - Omar A. Mahroo
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Section of Ophthalmology, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - John D. Mollon
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Yu-Wai-Man
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair and MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge Eye Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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17
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The Brain’s Asymmetric Frequency Tuning: Asymmetric Behavior Originates from Asymmetric Perception. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12122083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To construct a coherent multi-modal percept, vertebrate brains extract low-level features (such as spatial and temporal frequencies) from incoming sensory signals. However, because frequency processing is lateralized with the right hemisphere favouring low frequencies while the left favours higher frequencies, this introduces asymmetries between the hemispheres. Here, we describe how this lateralization shapes the development of several cognitive domains, ranging from visuo-spatial and numerical cognition to language, social cognition, and even aesthetic appreciation, and leads to the emergence of asymmetries in behaviour. We discuss the neuropsychological and educational implications of these emergent asymmetries and suggest future research approaches.
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18
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Flicker fusion thresholds as a clinical identifier of a magnocellular-deficit dyslexic subgroup. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21638. [PMID: 33303835 PMCID: PMC7730401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78552-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The magnocellular-dorsal system is well isolated by high temporal frequency. However, temporal processing thresholds have seldom been explored in developmental dyslexia nor its subtypes. Hence, performances on two, four-alternative forced-choice achromatic flicker fusion threshold tasks modulated at low (5%) and high (75%) temporal contrast were compared in dyslexic and neurotypical children individually matched for age and intelligence (8–12 years, n = 54 per group). As expected, the higher modulation resulted in higher flicker fusion thresholds in both groups. Compared to neurotypicals, the dyslexic group displayed significantly lower ability to detect flicker at high temporal frequencies, both at low and high temporal contrast. Yet, discriminant analysis did not adequately distinguish the dyslexics from neurotypicals, on the basis of flicker thresholds alone. Rather, two distinct dyslexic subgroups were identified by cluster analysis – one characterised by significantly lower temporal frequency thresholds than neurotypicals (referred to as ‘Magnocellular-Deficit’ dyslexics; 53.7%), while the other group (‘Magnocellular-Typical’ dyslexics; 46.3%) had comparable thresholds to neurotypicals. The two dyslexic subgroups were not differentially associated with phonological or naming speed subtypes and showed comparable mean reading rate impairments. However, correlations between low modulation flicker fusion threshold and reading rate for the two subgroups were significantly different (p = .0009). Flicker fusion threshold performances also showed strong classification accuracy (79.3%) in dissociating the Magnocellular-Deficit dyslexics and neurotypicals. We propose that temporal visual processing impairments characterize a previously unidentified subgroup of dyslexia and suggest that measurement of flicker fusion thresholds could be used clinically to assist early diagnosis and appropriate treatment recommendations for dyslexia.
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19
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Ciavarelli A, Contemori G, Battaglini L, Barollo M, Casco C. Dyslexia and the magnocellular-parvocellular coactivaton hypothesis. Vision Res 2020; 179:64-74. [PMID: 33310233 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that the lateral masking of a fast-moving low spatial frequency (SF) target was strong when exerted by static flankers of lower or equal to the target SF and absent when flankers' SF was higher than the target's one. These masking and unmasking effects have been interpreted as due to Magnocellular-Magnocellular (M-M) inhibition and Parvocellular-on-Magnocellular (P-M) disinhibitory coactivation, respectively. Based on the hypothesis that the balance between the two systems is perturbed in Developmental Dyslexia (DD), we asked whether dyslexic children (DDs) behaved differently than Typically Developing children (TDs) in conditions of lateral masking. DDs and TDs performed a motion discrimination task, of a .5c/deg Gabor target moving at 16 deg/sec, either isolated or flanked by static Gabors with a SF of .125, .5 or 2 c/deg (Experiment 1). As a control, they also performed a contrast detection task of a static target, either isolated or flanked (Experiment 2). DDs did not perform any different from TDs with either a static target or an isolated moving target of low spatial frequency, thus suggesting efficient feedforward Magnocellular (M) and Parvocellular (P) processing. Also, DDs showed similar contrast thresholds to TDs in the M-M inhibition condition. Conversely, DDs did not recover from lateral masking in the M-P coactivation condition. In addition, their performance in this condition negatively correlated with non-words accuracy, supporting the suggestion that an inefficient Magno-Parvo coactivation may possibly be associated to both higher visual suppression and reduced perceptual stability during reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Ciavarelli
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neuro.Vis.U.S. Laboratory, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Giulio Contemori
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neuro.Vis.U.S. Laboratory, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Battaglini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neuro.Vis.U.S. Laboratory, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Michele Barollo
- Neuro.Vis.U.S. Laboratory, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Dipartimento dei Beni Culturali, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Clara Casco
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Neuro.Vis.U.S. Laboratory, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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20
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Ji Y, Bi HY. Visual Dysfunction in Chinese Children With Developmental Dyslexia: Magnocellular-Dorsal Pathway Deficit or Noise Exclusion Deficit? Front Psychol 2020; 11:958. [PMID: 32581906 PMCID: PMC7290236 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have suggested that children with developmental dyslexia (DD) not only show phonological deficit but also have difficulties in visual processing, especially in non-alphabetic languages such as Chinese. However, mechanisms underlying this impairment in vision are still unclear. Visual magnocellular deficit theory suggests that the difficulties in the visual processing of dyslexia are caused by the dysfunction of the magnocellular system. However, some researchers have pointed out that previous studies supporting the magnocellular theory did not control for the role of “noise”. The visual processing difficulties of dyslexia might be related to the noise exclusion deficit. The present study aims to examine these two possible explanations via two experiments. In experiment 1, we recruited 26 Chinese children with DD and 26 chronological age–matched controls (CA) from grades 3 to 5. We compared the Gabor contrast sensitivity between the two groups in high-noise and low-noise conditions. Results showed a significant between-group difference in contrast sensitivity in only the high-noise condition. In experiment 2, we recruited another 29 DD and 29 CA and compared the coherent motion/form sensitivity in the high- and low-noise conditions. Results also showed that DD exhibited lower coherent motion and form sensitivities than CA in the high-noise condition, whereas no evidence was observed that the group difference was significant in the low-noise condition. These results suggest that Chinese children with dyslexia have noise exclusion deficit, supporting the noise exclusion hypothesis. The present study provides evidence for revealing the visual dysfunction of dyslexia from the Chinese perspective. The nature of the perceptual noise exclusion and the relationship between the two theoretical hypotheses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Center for Brain Science and Learning Difficulties, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Yan Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Center for Brain Science and Learning Difficulties, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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21
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Bruchmann M, Schindler S, Straube T. The spatial frequency spectrum of fearful faces modulates early and mid‐latency ERPs but not the N170. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13597. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Bruchmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience University of Muenster Münster Germany
- Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience University of Muenster Münster Germany
| | - Sebastian Schindler
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience University of Muenster Münster Germany
- Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience University of Muenster Münster Germany
| | - Thomas Straube
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience University of Muenster Münster Germany
- Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience University of Muenster Münster Germany
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22
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Feitosa-Santana C, Fernandes Costa M, Ballalai Ferraz H, Andrade LAF, Moura AL, Amaro E, Hamer RD, Fix Ventura D. Visual losses in early-onset and late-onset Parkinson's disease. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2020; 37:A285-A293. [PMID: 32400706 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.382042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) manifest visual losses. However, it is not known whether these losses are equivalent in both early-onset (EOPD) and late-onset (LOPD) patients. We evaluated contrast sensitivity and color vision in EOPD and LOPD patients and in age-matched controls. Losses occurred in both patient groups but were more pronounced in EOPD, consistent with the notion that non-motor symptoms are affected by age of symptom onset. More studies of visual function in EOPD and LOPD patients are needed to understand how aging is related to the pathophysiology of non-motor PD symptomatology. This would permit earlier diagnosis and, perhaps, better management of the disease.
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23
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Friedl WM, Keil A. Effects of Experience on Spatial Frequency Tuning in the Visual System: Behavioral, Visuocortical, and Alpha-band Responses. J Cogn Neurosci 2020; 32:1153-1169. [PMID: 31933434 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Using electrophysiology and a classic fear conditioning paradigm, this work examined adaptive visuocortical changes in spatial frequency tuning in a sample of 50 undergraduate students. High-density EEG was recorded while participants viewed 400 total trials of individually presented Gabor patches of 10 different spatial frequencies. Patches were flickered to produce sweep steady-state visual evoked potentials (ssVEPs) at a temporal frequency of 13.33 Hz, with stimulus contrast ramping up from 0% to 41% Michelson over the course of each 2800-msec trial. During the final 200 trials, a selected range of Gabor stimuli (either the lowest or highest spatial frequencies, manipulated between participants) were paired with an aversive 90-dB white noise auditory stimulus. Changes in spatial frequency tuning from before to after conditioning for paired and unpaired gratings were evaluated at the behavioral and electrophysiological level. Specifically, ssVEP amplitude changes were evaluated for lateral inhibition and generalization trends, whereas change in alpha band (8-12 Hz) activity was tested for a generalization trend across spatial frequencies, using permutation-controlled F contrasts. Overall time courses of the sweep ssVEP amplitude envelope and alpha-band power were orthogonal, and ssVEPs proved insensitive to spatial frequency conditioning. Alpha reduction (blocking) was most pronounced when viewing fear-conditioned spatial frequencies, with blocking decreasing along the gradient of spatial frequencies preceding conditioned frequencies, indicating generalization across spatial frequencies. Results suggest that alpha power reduction-conceptually linked to engagement of attention and alertness/arousal mechanisms-to fear-conditioned stimuli operates independently of low-level spatial frequency processing (indexed by ssVEPs) in primary visual cortex.
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24
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Transcranial alternating current stimulation of α but not β frequency sharpens multiple visual functions. Brain Stimul 2019; 13:343-352. [PMID: 31711878 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) can entrain and enhance cortical oscillatory activity in a frequency-dependent manner. In our previous study (Nakazono et al., 2016), 20 Hz (β) tACS significantly increased excitability of primary motor cortex compared with 10 Hz (α) tACS. α oscillations are a prominent feature of the primary visual cortex (V1) in a resting electroencephalogram. Hence, we investigated whether α and β tACS can differentially influence multiple visual functions. METHODS Firstly, we evaluated the after-effects of α and β tACS on pattern-reversal (PR) and focal-flash (FF) visual evoked potentials (VEPs). Secondly, we determined the relationship between resting α oscillations and PR-VEPs modulated by tACS. Thirdly, the behavioral effects of tACS were assessed by contrast sensitivity. RESULTS α tACS modulated the amplitudes of PR-VEPs, compared with β tACS, but did not modulate the FF-VEPs. Time-frequency analysis revealed that α tACS facilitated event-related α phase synchronizations without increasing power, which consequently increased the PR-VEP amplitudes. There was a significant positive correlation between PR-VEP amplitudes and resting α oscillations. These findings suggested that α tACS modulated α oscillations, and affected visual functions of contrast and spatial frequency. Indeed, α tACS also improved subjects' contrast sensitivity at the behavioral level. Conversely, β tACS increased posterior α activity, but did not change VEP amplitudes. CONCLUSIONS α tACS can influence different neuronal populations from those influenced by β tACS. Thus, our results provide evidence that α tACS sharpens multiple visual functions by modulating α oscillations in V1.
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25
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Fernandes TMP, Felismino DDSF, Almeida NLD, Santos NAD. Percepção Visual no Tremor Essencial: Uma Revisão Sistemática. PSICOLOGIA: TEORIA E PESQUISA 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/0102.3772e35210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Investigou-se a relação entre percepção visual e tremor essencial (TE). Realizou-se uma revisão dos estudos publicados sobre o tema nas bases de dados PubMed, BIREME, CINAHL, Web of Science, PsycINFO, SciELO, SCOPUS e ELSEVIER desde a origem até 05 de janeiro de 2017. A triagem, extração de dados e avaliação foram realizadas por dois revisores. Para avaliar a qualidade dos estudos utilizou-se as diretrizes do National Institutes of Health (NIH). De 132 estudos potencialmente elegíveis, 12 foram selecionados de acordo com os critérios de elegibilidade. Os resultados indicaram que pessoas com TE apresentam baixa sensibilidade visual quando comparados com indivíduos saudáveis, apesar de não apresentarem prejuízos na visão de cores. Apesar da heterogeneidade dos dados, observamos que existem prejuízos visuais em pessoas com TE e estes podem ser uma das principais características clínicas não-motoras.
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26
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Fernandes TMP, Silverstein SM, Almeida NLD, Santos NAD. Psychophysical evaluation of contrast sensitivity using Gabor patches in tobacco addiction. J Clin Neurosci 2018; 57:68-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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27
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Vaziri-Pashkam M, Taylor J, Xu Y. Spatial Frequency Tolerant Visual Object Representations in the Human Ventral and Dorsal Visual Processing Pathways. J Cogn Neurosci 2018; 31:49-63. [PMID: 30188780 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Primate ventral and dorsal visual pathways both contain visual object representations. Dorsal regions receive more input from magnocellular system while ventral regions receive inputs from both magnocellular and parvocellular systems. Due to potential differences in the spatial sensitivites of manocellular and parvocellular systems, object representations in ventral and dorsal regions may differ in how they represent visual input from different spatial scales. To test this prediction, we asked observers to view blocks of images from six object categories, shown in full spectrum, high spatial frequency (SF), or low SF. We found robust object category decoding in all SF conditions as well as SF decoding in nearly all the early visual, ventral, and dorsal regions examined. Cross-SF decoding further revealed that object category representations in all regions exhibited substantial tolerance across the SF components. No difference between ventral and dorsal regions was found in their preference for the different SF components. Further comparisons revealed that, whereas differences in the SF component separated object category representations in early visual areas, such a separation was much smaller in downstream ventral and dorsal regions. In those regions, variations among the object categories played a more significant role in shaping the visual representational structures. Our findings show that ventral and dorsal regions are similar in how they represent visual input from different spatial scales and argue against a dissociation of these regions based on differential sensitivity to different SFs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yaoda Xu
- Harvard University.,Yale University
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28
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Milleret C, Bui Quoc E. Beyond Rehabilitation of Acuity, Ocular Alignment, and Binocularity in Infantile Strabismus. Front Syst Neurosci 2018; 12:29. [PMID: 30072876 PMCID: PMC6058758 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2018.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infantile strabismus impairs the perception of all attributes of the visual scene. High spatial frequency components are no longer visible, leading to amblyopia. Binocularity is altered, leading to the loss of stereopsis. Spatial perception is impaired as well as detection of vertical orientation, the fastest movements, directions of movement, the highest contrasts and colors. Infantile strabismus also affects other vision-dependent processes such as control of postural stability. But presently, rehabilitative therapies for infantile strabismus by ophthalmologists, orthoptists and optometrists are restricted to preventing or curing amblyopia of the deviated eye, aligning the eyes and, whenever possible, preserving or restoring binocular vision during the critical period of development, i.e., before ~10 years of age. All the other impairments are thus ignored; whether they may recover after strabismus treatment even remains unknown. We argue here that medical and paramedical professionals may extend their present treatments of the perceptual losses associated with infantile strabismus. This hypothesis is based on findings from fundamental research on visual system organization of higher mammals in particular at the cortical level. In strabismic subjects (as in normal-seeing ones), information about all of the visual attributes converge, interact and are thus inter-dependent at multiple levels of encoding ranging from the single neuron to neuronal assemblies in visual cortex. Thus if the perception of one attribute is restored this may help to rehabilitate the perception of other attributes. Concomitantly, vision-dependent processes may also improve. This could occur spontaneously, but still should be assessed and validated. If not, medical and paramedical staff, in collaboration with neuroscientists, will have to break new ground in the field of therapies to help reorganize brain circuitry and promote more comprehensive functional recovery. Findings from fundamental research studies in both young and adult patients already support our hypothesis and are reviewed here. For example, presenting different contrasts to each eye of a strabismic patient during training sessions facilitates recovery of acuity in the amblyopic eye as well as of 3D perception. Recent data also demonstrate that visual recoveries in strabismic subjects improve postural stability. These findings form the basis for a roadmap for future research and clinical development to extend presently applied rehabilitative therapies for infantile strabismus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Milleret
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, College de France, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Bui Quoc
- Department of Ophthalmology, Robert Debré University Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris Paris, France
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Fernandes TMP, de Andrade MJO, Santana JB, Nogueira RMTBL, dos Santos NA. Tobacco Use Decreases Visual Sensitivity in Schizophrenia. Front Psychol 2018; 9:288. [PMID: 29559947 PMCID: PMC5845747 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking prevalence in patients who are diagnosed with schizophrenia (SCZ) is higher than in the general population. Chronic tobacco use in SCZ patients may reduce the side effects of antipsychotic drugs, thus serving as a self-medication for such side effects. Understanding the ways in which chronic tobacco use influences visual sensitivity has clinical implications, which may serve as a tool for non-invasively diagnosing early-stage visual processing deficits. The present study evaluated the effects of chronic tobacco use on visual sensitivity in SCZ patients. Our purpose was to provide new directions for future research, mainly psychophysical and electrophysiological studies. In the present study, 40 smoker controls (SC), 20 SCZ tobacco users, and 20 SCZ tobacco nonusers were recruited from the Psychosocial Care Center. Visual sensitivity was compared between both SCZ groups and the SC group. Patients with SCZ who were chronic tobacco users presented lower visual sensitivity for chromatic (p < 0.001) and achromatic (p < 0.001) stimuli compared with the other groups. Our findings highlight the need to evaluate possible addictive behavior in patients with SCZ, which may contribute to public policies that seek to improve the quality of life of SCZ patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago M. P. Fernandes
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Perception, Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Michael J. Oliveira de Andrade
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Perception, Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Jessica B. Santana
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Perception, Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Natanael A. dos Santos
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Perception, Neuroscience and Behavior Laboratory, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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Stein J. What is Developmental Dyslexia? Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8020026. [PMID: 29401712 PMCID: PMC5836045 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Until the 1950s, developmental dyslexia was defined as a hereditary visual disability, selectively affecting reading without compromising oral or non-verbal reasoning skills. This changed radically after the development of the phonological theory of dyslexia; this not only ruled out any role for visual processing in its aetiology, but it also cast doubt on the use of discrepancy between reading and reasoning skills as a criterion for diagnosing it. Here I argue that this theory is set at too high a cognitive level to be explanatory; we need to understand the pathophysiological visual and auditory mechanisms that cause children's phonological problems. I discuss how the 'magnocellular theory' attempts to do this in terms of slowed and error prone temporal processing which leads to dyslexics' defective visual and auditory sequencing when attempting to read. I attempt to deal with the criticisms of this theory and show how it leads to a number of successful ways of helping dyslexic children to overcome their reading difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Stein
- Department Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK.
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On separating the magnocellular from the parvocellular: Responses to two statements by Goodhew et al. Atten Percept Psychophys 2017; 79:2233. [PMID: 28733836 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-017-1386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Goodhew et al. (Attention Perception & Psychophysics, 79, 1147-1164, 2017) claim we (Skottun & Skoyles) hold: (1) that it is not possible to separate contributions from the magno- and parvocellular systems to psychophysical tasks, and (2) that there are no differences between magno- and parvocellular cells. Neither of these claims is correct.
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Skottun BC. A few words on differentiating magno- and parvocellular contributions to vision on the basis of temporal frequency. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:756-760. [PMID: 27984055 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A number of authors have proposed that changes in temporal frequency within the range of 0-30Hz may be used to differentiate contributions from the magno- and parvocellular systems. The present analyses estimate the percentage of active magnocellular cells as a function of frequency based on published cut-off values for magno- and parvocellular cells. These analyses indicate that varying the temporal frequency over the range of 0-30Hz has little effect upon the percentage of active magnocellular cells. The analyses were also carried out for a series of hypothetical cut-off frequencies and standard deviations of these frequencies for magnocellular cells. The results of these simulations indicate that even large alterations in these values do not alter the above conclusion to a noteworthy extent.
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Skottun BC. A few remarks on the utility of visual motion perception to assess the integrity of the magnocellular system or the dorsal stream. Cortex 2016; 79:155-8. [PMID: 27085512 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that visual motion perception may be used to assess magnocellular or dorsal stream integrity. It is here pointed out, based on recently published data from dyslexic readers, that it is possible for deficient motion perception to exist without there being deficiencies in neither the magnocellular system nor in the dorsal stream. This makes it difficult to rely upon tests of motion perception to assess the integrity of these structures.
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