1
|
Leo H, Kipp M. Remyelination in Multiple Sclerosis: Findings in the Cuprizone Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416093. [PMID: 36555733 PMCID: PMC9783537 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Remyelination therapies, which are currently under development, have a great potential to delay, prevent or even reverse disability in multiple sclerosis patients. Several models are available to study the effectiveness of novel compounds in vivo, among which is the cuprizone model. This model is characterized by toxin-induced demyelination, followed by endogenous remyelination after cessation of the intoxication. Due to its high reproducibility and ease of use, this model enjoys high popularity among various research and industrial groups. In this review article, we will summarize recent findings using this model and discuss the potential of some of the identified compounds to promote remyelination in multiple sclerosis patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Kipp
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-381-494-8400
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kolatorova L, Vitku J, Suchopar J, Hill M, Parizek A. Progesterone: A Steroid with Wide Range of Effects in Physiology as Well as Human Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7989. [PMID: 35887338 PMCID: PMC9322133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Progesterone is a steroid hormone traditionally linked with female fertility and pregnancy. In current reproductive medicine, progesterone and its analogues play crucial roles. While the discovery of its effects has a long history, over recent decades, various novel actions of this interesting steroid have been documented, of which its neuro- and immunoprotective activities are the most widely discussed. Discoveries of the novel biological activities of progesterone have also driven research and development in the field of progesterone analogues used in human medicine. Progestogen treatment has traditionally and predominately been used in maintaining pregnancy, the prevention of preterm labor, various gynecological pathologies, and in lowering the negative effects of menopause. However, there are also various other medical fields where progesterone and its analogues could find application in the future. The aim of this work is to show the mechanisms of action of progesterone and its metabolites, the physiological and pharmacological actions of progesterone and its synthetic analogues in human medicine, as well as the impacts of its production and use on the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Kolatorova
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni 8, 116 94 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.V.); (M.H.)
| | - Jana Vitku
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni 8, 116 94 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.V.); (M.H.)
| | - Josef Suchopar
- DrugAgency, a.s., Klokotska 833/1a, 142 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Martin Hill
- Department of Steroids and Proteofactors, Institute of Endocrinology, Narodni 8, 116 94 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.V.); (M.H.)
| | - Antonin Parizek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General Teaching Hospital, Apolinarska 18, 128 51 Prague, Czech Republic;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aryanpour R, Zibara K, Pasbakhsh P, Jame'ei SB, Namjoo Z, Ghanbari A, Mahmoudi R, Amani S, Kashani IR. 17β-Estradiol Reduces Demyelination in Cuprizone-fed Mice by Promoting M2 Microglia Polarity and Regulating NLRP3 Inflammasome. Neuroscience 2021; 463:116-127. [PMID: 33794337 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen produces a beneficial role in animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS). The effect of 17β-estradiol therapy on microglia polarization and neuroinflammation in the corpus callosum of the cuprizone-induced demyelination model has not been elucidated. In this study, mice were given 0.2% cuprizone (CPZ) for 5 weeks to induce demyelination during which they received 50 ng of 17β-estradiol (EST), injected subcutaneously in the neck region, twice weekly. Data revealed that treatment with 17β-estradiol therapy (CPZ+EST) improved neurological behavioral deficits, displayed by a significant reduction in escape latencies, in comparison to untreated CPZ mice. Also, administration of 17β-estradiol caused a decrease in demyelination levels and axonal injury, as demonstrated by staining with Luxol fast blue, immunofluorescence to myelin basic protein, and transmission electron microscopy analysis. In addition, at the transcriptional level in the brain, mice treated with 17β-estradiol (CPZ+EST) showed a decrease in the levels of M1-assosicted microglia markers (CD86, iNOS and MHC-II) whereas M2-associated genes (Arg-1, CD206 and Trem-2) were increased, compared to CPZ mice. Moreover, administration of 17β-estradiol resulted in a significant reduction (∼3-fold) in transcript levels of NLRP3 inflammasome and its downstream product IL-18, compared to controls. In summary, this study demonstrated for the first time that exogenous 17β-estradiol therapy robustly leads to the reduction of M1 phenotype, stimulation of polarized M2 microglia, and repression of NLRP3 inflammasome in the corpus callosum of CPZ demyelination model of MS. The positive effects of 17β-estradiol on microglia and inflammasome seems to facilitate and accelerate the remyelination process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roya Aryanpour
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Kazem Zibara
- PRASE and Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Parichehr Pasbakhsh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zeinab Namjoo
- Department of Anatomical Science, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Amir Ghanbari
- Cell and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Reza Mahmoudi
- Cell and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Showan Amani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Ragerdi Kashani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chowen JA, Garcia-Segura LM. Role of glial cells in the generation of sex differences in neurodegenerative diseases and brain aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 196:111473. [PMID: 33766745 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diseases and aging-associated alterations of the nervous system often show sex-specific characteristics. Glial cells play a major role in the endogenous homeostatic response of neural tissue, and sex differences in the glial transcriptome and function have been described. Therefore, the possible role of these cells in the generation of sex differences in pathological alterations of the nervous system is reviewed here. Studies have shown that glia react to pathological insults with sex-specific neuroprotective and regenerative effects. At least three factors determine this sex-specific response of glia: sex chromosome genes, gonadal hormones and neuroactive steroid hormone metabolites. The sex chromosome complement determines differences in the transcriptional responses in glia after brain injury, while gonadal hormones and their metabolites activate sex-specific neuroprotective mechanisms in these cells. Since the sex-specific neuroprotective and regenerative activity of glial cells causes sex differences in the pathological alterations of the nervous system, glia may represent a relevant target for sex-specific therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, and IMDEA Food Institute, CEIUAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis M Garcia-Segura
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sitruk-Ware R, Bonsack B, Brinton R, Schumacher M, Kumar N, Lee JY, Castelli V, Corey S, Coats A, Sadanandan N, Gonzales-Portillo B, Heyck M, Shear A, Blaise C, Zhang H, Sheyner M, García-Sánchez J, Navarro L, El-Etr M, De Nicola AF, Borlongan CV. Progress in progestin-based therapies for neurological disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 122:38-65. [PMID: 33359391 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hormone therapy, primarily progesterone and progestins, for central nervous system (CNS) disorders represents an emerging field of regenerative medicine. Following a failed clinical trial of progesterone for traumatic brain injury treatment, attention has shifted to the progestin Nestorone for its ability to potently and selectively transactivate progesterone receptors at relatively low doses, resulting in robust neurogenetic, remyelinating, and anti-inflammatory effects. That CNS disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal cord injury (SCI), and stroke, develop via demyelinating, cell death, and/or inflammatory pathological pathways advances Nestorone as an auspicious candidate for these disorders. Here, we assess the scientific and clinical progress over decades of research into progesterone, progestins, and Nestorone as neuroprotective agents in MS, ALS, SCI, and stroke. We also offer recommendations for optimizing timing, dosage, and route of the drug regimen, and identifying candidate patient populations, in advancing Nestorone to the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brooke Bonsack
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jea-Young Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Vanessa Castelli
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sydney Corey
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Alexandreya Coats
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Nadia Sadanandan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Bella Gonzales-Portillo
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Matt Heyck
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Alex Shear
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Cozene Blaise
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Henry Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michael Sheyner
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Julián García-Sánchez
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Lisset Navarro
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Scheld M, Heymann F, Zhao W, Tohidnezhad M, Clarner T, Beyer C, Zendedel A. Modulatory effect of 17β-estradiol on myeloid cell infiltration into the male rat brain after ischemic stroke. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 202:105667. [PMID: 32407868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of human disability and mortality in the world. Neuroinflammation is the main pathological event following ischemia which contributes to secondary brain tissue damage and is driven by infiltration of circulating immune cells such as macrophages. Because of neuroprotective properties against ischemic brain damage, estrogens have the potential to become of therapeutic interest. However, the exact mechanisms of neuroprotection and signaling pathways is not completely understood. In the current study, 12-week-old male Wistar rats underwent an experimental ischemia by occluding the middle cerebral artery transiently (tMCAO) for 1 h. Male rats subjected to tMCAO were randomly assigned to receive 17β-estradiol or vehicle treatment. The animals were sacrificed 72 h post tMCAO, transcardially perfused and the brains were proceeded either for TTC staining and gene analysis or for flow cytometry (CD45, CD11b, CD11c, CD40). We found that 17β-estradiol substitution significantly reduced the cortical infarct which was paralleled by an improved Garcia test scoring. Flow cytometry revealed that CD45+ cells as well as CD45+CD11b+CD11c+ cells were massively increased in tMCAO animals and numbers were nearly restored to sham levels after 17β-estradiol treatment. Gene expression analysis showed a reperfusion time-dependent upregulation of the markers CD45, CD11b and the activation marker CD40. The reduction in gene expression after 72 h of reperfusion and simultaneous 17β-estradiol substitution did not reach statistical significance. These data indicate that 17β-estradiol alleviated the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and selectively suppressed the activation of the neuroinflammatory cascade via reduction of the number of activated microglia or infiltrated monocyte-derived macrophages in brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Scheld
- University Clinic, Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany.
| | - F Heymann
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - W Zhao
- University Clinic, Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - M Tohidnezhad
- University Clinic, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - T Clarner
- University Clinic, Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - C Beyer
- University Clinic, Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - A Zendedel
- University Clinic, Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A Fatal Alliance between Microglia, Inflammasomes, and Central Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113764. [PMID: 32466593 PMCID: PMC7312017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells in the CNS, which survey the brain parenchyma for pathogens, initiate inflammatory responses, secrete inflammatory mediators, and phagocyte debris. Besides, they play a role in the regulation of brain ion homeostasis and in pruning synaptic contacts and thereby modulating neural networks. More recent work shows that microglia are embedded in brain response related to stress phenomena, the development of major depressive disorders, and pain-associated neural processing. The microglia phenotype varies between activated-toxic-neuroinflammatory to non-activated-protective-tissue remodeling, depending on the challenges and regulatory signals. Increased inflammatory reactions result from brain damage, such as stroke, encephalitis, as well as chronic dysfunctions, including stress and pain. The dimension of damage/toxic stimuli defines the amplitude of inflammation, ranging from an on-off event to low but continuous simmering to uncontrollable. Pain, either acute or chronic, involves inflammasome activation at the point of origin, the different relay stations, and the sensory and processing cortical areas. This short review aimed at identifying a sinister role of the microglia-inflammasome platform for the development and perpetuation of acute and chronic central pain and its association with changes in CNS physiology.
Collapse
|
8
|
Jakimovski D, Zivadinov R, Bergsland N, Ramasamy DP, Hagemeier J, Weinstock-Guttman B, Kolb C, Hojnacki D, Dwyer MG. Sex-Specific Differences in Life Span Brain Volumes in Multiple Sclerosis. J Neuroimaging 2020; 30:342-350. [PMID: 32392376 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Numerous sex-specific differences in multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptibility, disease manifestation, disability progression, inflammation, and neurodegeneration have been previously reported. Previous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have shown structural differences between female and male MS brain volumes. To determine sex-specific global and tissue-specific brain volume throughout the MS life span in a real-world large MRI database. METHODS A total of 2,199 MS patients (female/male ratio of 1,651/548) underwent structural MRI imaging on either a 1.5-T or 3-T scanner. Global and tissue-specific volumes of whole brain (WBV), white matter, and gray matter (GMV) were determined by utilizing Structural Image Evaluation using Normalisation of Atrophy Cross-sectional (SIENAX). Lateral ventricular volume (LVV) was determined with the Neurological Software Tool for REliable Atrophy Measurement (NeuroSTREAM). General linear models investigated sex and age interactions, and post hoc comparative sex analyses were performed. RESULTS Despite being age-matched with female MS patents, a greater proportion of male MS patients were diagnosed with progressive MS and had lower normalized WBV (P < .001), GMV (P < .001), and greater LVV (P < .001). In addition to significant stand-alone main effects, an interaction between sex and age had an additional effect on the LVV (F-statistics = 4.53, P = .033) and GMV (F-statistics = 4.59, P = .032). The sex and age interaction was retained in both models of LVV (F-statistics = 3.31, P = .069) and GMV (F-statistics = 6.1, P = .003) when disease subtype and disease-modifying treatment (DMT) were also included. Although male MS patients presented with significantly greater LVV and lower GMV during the early and midlife period when compared to their female counterparts (P < .001 for LVV and P < .019 for GMV), these differences were nullified in 60+ years old patients. Similar findings were seen within a subanalysis of MS patients that were not on any DMT at the time of enrollment. CONCLUSION There are sex-specific differences in the LVV and GMV over the MS life span.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Jakimovski
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Robert Zivadinov
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY.,Translational Imaging Center at Clinical Translational Research Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Niels Bergsland
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY.,IRCCS, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
| | - Deepa P Ramasamy
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Jesper Hagemeier
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Bianca Weinstock-Guttman
- Jacobs MS Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Channa Kolb
- Jacobs MS Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - David Hojnacki
- Jacobs MS Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Michael G Dwyer
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hönikl LS, Lämmer F, Gempt J, Meyer B, Schlegel J, Delbridge C. High expression of estrogen receptor alpha and aromatase in glial tumor cells is associated with gender-independent survival benefits in glioblastoma patients. J Neurooncol 2020; 147:567-575. [PMID: 32240464 PMCID: PMC7256026 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-020-03467-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly malignant glial tumor, affecting men more often than women. The reason for this gender-specific predominance remains unclear, raising the question whether these effects are subject to hormonal control. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and aromatase in human GBM tissue samples in relation to patient survival and furthermore to investigate the effect of standard chemotherapy in combination with estradiol treatment on glioblastoma tumor cell lines in vitro. Methods 60 tissue samples (31 male, 29 female) of GBM patients were analysed with immunohistochemistry for ERα and aromatase for survival analyses. The cell lines LN18 and LN229 were treated with 17β-estradiol (E2) in different dosing regimens and the cell viability was measured with MTT assay. After estradiol pre-treatment Temozolomide was added and tested again. Results High expression of ERα and aromatase in the GBM tissue samples was associated with significantly longer survival times of GBM patients, regardless of gender and body-mass-index. The treatment with high concentrations of estradiol resulted in lower tumor cell viability, compared to control. The cells significantly showed a stronger sensitivity against Temozolomid (TMZ) after estradiol pre-treatment. Conclusion ERα-expression of glial tumour cells seems to play an important prognostic role as a biomarker in GBM, as well as the expression of the enzyme Aromatase. The combined treatment of GBM with standard chemotherapy and estradiol may be beneficial to patient’s survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Stefanie Hönikl
- Department of Neuropathology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Friederike Lämmer
- Department of Neuropathology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Gempt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernhard Meyer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schlegel
- Department of Neuropathology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claire Delbridge
- Department of Neuropathology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Azcoitia I, Barreto GE, Garcia-Segura LM. Molecular mechanisms and cellular events involved in the neuroprotective actions of estradiol. Analysis of sex differences. Front Neuroendocrinol 2019; 55:100787. [PMID: 31513774 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol, either from peripheral or central origin, activates multiple molecular neuroprotective and neuroreparative responses that, being mediated by estrogen receptors or by estrogen receptor independent mechanisms, are initiated at the membrane, the cytoplasm or the cell nucleus of neural cells. Estrogen-dependent signaling regulates a variety of cellular events, such as intracellular Ca2+ levels, mitochondrial respiratory capacity, ATP production, mitochondrial membrane potential, autophagy and apoptosis. In turn, these molecular and cellular actions of estradiol are integrated by neurons and non-neuronal cells to generate different tissue protective responses, decreasing blood-brain barrier permeability, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity and promoting synaptic plasticity, axonal growth, neurogenesis, remyelination and neuroregeneration. Recent findings indicate that the neuroprotective and neuroreparative actions of estradiol are different in males and females and further research is necessary to fully elucidate the causes for this sex difference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo Azcoitia
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludables (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Luis M Garcia-Segura
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludables (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avenida Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Slowik A, Lammerding L, Zendedel A, Habib P, Beyer C. Impact of steroid hormones E2 and P on the NLRP3/ASC/Casp1 axis in primary mouse astroglia and BV-2 cells after in vitro hypoxia. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 183:18-26. [PMID: 29772377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and animal model studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of 17beta-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) in different disease models of the central nervous system (CNS) including ischemic stroke. Inflammasomes are involved in the interleukin-1 beta (IL1beta) maturation, in particular, NLRP3, the adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) and the active caspase-1 (Casp1) form. Recently, we showed that administration of E2 or P selectively regulated these components after experimental ischemic stroke in rats. Therefore, we investigated the impact of E2 and P on the NLRP3/ASC/Casp1 axis in the murine microglia-like cell line BV-2 cells and primary astrocytes after short-term in vitro hypoxia. The inflammatory cytokine IL1beta but not IL18 was increased after short-term hypoxia in astroglia and BV-2 cells. The same applied to NLPR3 and ASC. Casp1 activity was also elevated in astroglia and BV-2 cells after hypoxia. The administration of E2 or P selectively dampened IL1beta, ASC and NLRP3 expression mainly in BV-2 cells. Both steroid hormones failed to reduce Casp1 activity after hypoxia. We conclude that E2- and P-mediated anti-inflammatory mechanisms occur upstream of Casp1 through the regulation of NLRP3 and its adaptor ASC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Slowik
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Leoni Lammerding
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Adib Zendedel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Giulan Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Pardes Habib
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; JARA-Brain, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
The psychoneuroimmunology of pregnancy. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 51:25-35. [PMID: 29110974 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy is associated with a number of significant changes in maternal physiology. Perhaps one of the more notable changes is the significant alteration in immune function that occurs during pregnancy. This change in immune function is necessary to support a successful pregnancy, but also creates a unique period of life during which a female is susceptible to disease and, as we'll speculate here, may also contribute to mental health disorders associated with pregnancy and the postpartum period. Here, we review the known changes in peripheral immune function that occur during pregnancy and the postpartum period, while highlighting the impact of hormones during these times on immune function, brain or neural function, as well as behavior. We also discuss the known and possible impact of pregnancy-induced immune changes on neural function during this time and briefly discuss how these changes might be a risk factor for perinatal anxiety or mood disorders.
Collapse
|
13
|
Larson TA. Sex Steroids, Adult Neurogenesis, and Inflammation in CNS Homeostasis, Degeneration, and Repair. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:205. [PMID: 29760681 PMCID: PMC5936772 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex steroidal hormones coordinate the development and maintenance of tissue architecture in many organs, including the central nervous systems (CNS). Within the CNS, sex steroids regulate the morphology, physiology, and behavior of a wide variety of neural cells including, but not limited to, neurons, glia, endothelial cells, and immune cells. Sex steroids spatially and temporally control distinct molecular networks, that, in turn modulate neural activity, synaptic plasticity, growth factor expression and function, nutrient exchange, cellular proliferation, and apoptosis. Over the last several decades, it has become increasingly evident that sex steroids, often in conjunction with neuroinflammation, have profound impact on the occurrence and severity of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Here, I review the foundational discoveries that established the regulatory role of sex steroids in the CNS and highlight recent advances toward elucidating the complex interaction between sex steroids, neuroinflammation, and CNS regeneration through adult neurogenesis. The majority of recent work has focused on neuroinflammatory responses following acute physical damage, chronic degeneration, or pharmacological insult. Few studies directly assess the role of immune cells in regulating adult neurogenesis under healthy, homeostatic conditions. As such, I also introduce tractable, non-traditional models for examining the role of neuroimmune cells in natural neuronal turnover, seasonal plasticity of neural circuits, and extreme CNS regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy A. Larson
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Frintrop L, Liesbrock J, Paulukat L, Johann S, Kas MJ, Tolba R, Heussen N, Neulen J, Konrad K, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Beyer C, Seitz J. Reduced astrocyte density underlying brain volume reduction in activity-based anorexia rats. World J Biol Psychiatry 2018; 19:225-235. [PMID: 28132573 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1273552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Severe grey and white matter volume reductions were found in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) that were linked to neuropsychological deficits while their underlying pathophysiology remains unclear. For the first time, we analysed the cellular basis of brain volume changes in an animal model (activity-based anorexia, ABA). METHODS Female rats had 24 h/day running wheel access and received reduced food intake until a 25% weight reduction was reached and maintained for 2 weeks. RESULTS In ABA rats, the volumes of the cerebral cortex and corpus callosum were significantly reduced compared to controls by 6% and 9%, respectively. The number of GFAP-positive astrocytes in these regions decreased by 39% and 23%, total astrocyte-covered area by 83% and 63%. In neurons no changes were observed. The findings were complemented by a 60% and 49% reduction in astrocyte (GFAP) mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS Volumetric brain changes in ABA animals mirror those in human AN patients. These alterations are associated with a reduction of GFAP-positive astrocytes as well as GFAP expression. Reduced astrocyte functioning could help explain neuronal dysfunctions leading to symptoms of rigidity and impaired learning. Astrocyte loss could constitute a new research target for understanding and treating semi-starvation and AN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Frintrop
- a Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Johanna Liesbrock
- a Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany.,b Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Lisa Paulukat
- a Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany.,b Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Sonja Johann
- a Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Martien J Kas
- c Department of Translational Neuroscience , Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , The Netherlands.,d Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Rene Tolba
- e Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery , University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Nicole Heussen
- f Department of Medical Statistics , University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Joseph Neulen
- g Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine , University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Kerstin Konrad
- b Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann
- b Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Cordian Beyer
- a Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Jochen Seitz
- b Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy , University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Slowik A, Lammerding L, Hoffmann S, Beyer C. Brain inflammasomes in stroke and depressive disorders: Regulation by oestrogen. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30. [PMID: 28477436 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a devastating pathophysiological process that results in brain damage and neuronal death. Pathogens, cell fragments and cellular dysfunction trigger inflammatory responses. Irrespective of the cause, inflammasomes are key intracellular multiprotein signalling platforms that sense neuropathological conditions. The activation of inflammasomes leads to the auto-proteolytic cleavage of caspase-1, resulting in the proteolysis of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)1β and IL18 into their bioactive forms. It also initiates pyroptosis, a type of cell death. The two cytokines contribute to the pathogenesis in acute and chronic brain diseases and also play a central role in human aging and psychiatric disorders. Sex steroids, in particular oestrogens, are well-described neuroprotective agents in the central nervous system. Oestrogens improve the functional outcome after ischaemia and traumatic brain injury, reduce neuronal death in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, as well as in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, attenuate glutamate excitotoxicity and the formation of radical oxygen species, and lessen the spread of oedema after damage. Moreover, oestrogens alleviate menopause-related depressive symptoms and have a positive influence on depressive disorders probably by influencing growth factor production and serotonergic brain circuits. Recent evidence also suggests that inflammasome signalling affects anxiety- and depressive-like behaviour and that oestrogen ameliorates depression-like behaviour through the suppression of inflammasomes. In the present review, we highlight the most recent findings demonstrating that oestrogens selectively suppress the activation of the neuroinflammatory cascade in the brain in acute and chronic brain disease models. Furthermore, we aim to describe putative regulatory signalling pathways involved in the control of inflammasomes. Finally, we consider that psychiatric disorders such as depression also contain an inflammatory component that could be modulated by oestrogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Slowik
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - L Lammerding
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - S Hoffmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- JARA - Translational Brain Medicine, Aachen, Germany
| | - C Beyer
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- JARA - Translational Brain Medicine, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Merlo S, Spampinato SF, Sortino MA. Estrogen and Alzheimer's disease: Still an attractive topic despite disappointment from early clinical results. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 817:51-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
17
|
Sherer ML, Posillico CK, Schwarz JM. An examination of changes in maternal neuroimmune function during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 66:201-209. [PMID: 28669797 PMCID: PMC6348474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is strong evidence that the immune system changes dramatically during pregnancy in order to prevent the developing fetus from being "attacked" by the maternal immune system. Due to these alterations in peripheral immune function, many women that suffer from autoimmune disorders actually find significant relief from their symptoms throughout pregnancy; however, these changes can also leave the mother more susceptible to infections that would otherwise be mitigated by the inflammatory response (Robinson and Klein, 2012). Only one other study has looked at changes in microglial number and morphology during pregnancy and the postpartum period (Haim et al., 2016), but no one has yet examined the neuroimmune response following an immune challenge during this time. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the impact of an immune challenge during various time-points throughout pregnancy and the postpartum period on the expression of immune molecules in the brain of the mother and fetus. Our results indicate that similar to the peripheral immune suppression measured during pregnancy, we also see significant suppression of the immune response in the maternal brain, particularly during late gestation. In contrast to the peripheral immune system, immune modulation in the maternal brain extends moderately into the postpartum period. Additionally, we found that the fetal immune response in the brain and placenta is also suppressed just before parturition, suggesting that cytokine production in the fetus and placenta are mirroring the peripheral cytokine response of the mother.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan L Sherer
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
| | - Caitlin K Posillico
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Jaclyn M Schwarz
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
PLXNA3 Variant rs5945430 is Associated with Severe Clinical Course in Male Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Neuromolecular Med 2017; 19:286-292. [PMID: 28536997 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-017-8443-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) exhibits sex bias in disease clinical course as male MS patients develop severe, progressive clinical course with accumulating disability. So far, no factors have been found associating with this sex bias in MS severity. We set out to determine the genetic factor contributing to MS male-specific progressive disease. This is an MS cross-sectional study involving 213 Kuwaiti MS patients recruited at Dasman Diabetes Institute. Exome sequencing was performed on 18 females and 8 male MS patients' genomic DNA. rs5945430 genotyping was performed using Taqman genotyping assay. Estradiol levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Exome analysis revealed a missense variant (rs5945430) in Plexin A3 (PLXNA3) gene (Xq28) associated with male-specific MS severity. Genotyping of 187 MS patients for rs5945430 confirmed the association of rs5945430G with increased disease severity in MS males (p = 0.013; OR 3.8; 95% CI 1.24-11.7) and disability (p = 0.024). Estradiol levels shown to effect PLXNA3 expression were lower in MS males compared to MS females, and they were lower than control rs5945430G males (p = 0.057), whereas MS females had similar estradiol levels to healthy females reducing the level of expressed PLXNA3 GG in MS females. PLXNA3 rs5945430G is associated with increased disease severity in MS male patients. Estradiol is a possible protective factor against the expression of rs5945430G in MS females.
Collapse
|
19
|
Zendedel A, Mönnink F, Hassanzadeh G, Zaminy A, Ansar MM, Habib P, Slowik A, Kipp M, Beyer C. Estrogen Attenuates Local Inflammasome Expression and Activation after Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1364-1375. [PMID: 28127698 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0400-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
17-estradiol (E2) is a neuroprotective hormone with a high anti-inflammatory potential in different neurological disorders. The inflammatory response initiated by spinal cord injury (SCI) involves the processing of interleukin-1beta (IL-1b) and IL-18 mediated by caspase-1 which is under the control of an intracellular multiprotein complex called inflammasome. We recently described in a SCI model that between 24 and 72 h post-injury, most of inflammasome components including IL-18, IL-1b, NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 are upregulated. In this study, we investigated the influence of E2 treatment after spinal cord contusion on inflammasome regulation. After contusion of T9 spinal segment, 12-week-old male Wistar rats were treated subcutaneously with E2 immediately after injury and every 12 h for the next 3 days. Behavioral scores were significantly improved in E2-treated animals compared to vehicle-treated groups. Functional improvement in E2-treated animals was paralleled by the attenuated expression of certain inflammasome components such as ASC, NLRP1b, and NLRP3 together with IL1b, IL-18, and caspase-1. On the histopathological level, microgliosis and oligodendrocyte injury was ameliorated. These findings support and extend the knowledge of the E2-mediated neuroprotective function during SCI. The control of the inflammasome machinery by E2 might be a missing piece of the puzzle to understand the anti-inflammatory potency of E2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adib Zendedel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Giulan Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Fabian Mönnink
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gholamreza Hassanzadeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Arash Zaminy
- Giulan Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Malek Masoud Ansar
- Giulan Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Pardes Habib
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Slowik
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Kipp
- Department of Anatomy II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-Brain, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Heitzer M, Kaiser S, Kanagaratnam M, Zendedel A, Hartmann P, Beyer C, Johann S. Administration of 17β-Estradiol Improves Motoneuron Survival and Down-regulates Inflammasome Activation in Male SOD1(G93A) ALS Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:8429-8443. [PMID: 27957680 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease manifested by the progressive loss of upper and lower motoneurons. The pathomechanism of ALS is complex and not yet fully understood. Neuroinflammation is believed to significantly contribute to disease progression. Inflammasome activation was recently shown in the spinal cord of human sporadic ALS patients and in the SOD1(G93A) mouse model for ALS. In the present study, we investigated the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) treatment in pre-symptomatic and symptomatic male SOD1(G93A) mice. Symptomatic mice with E2 substitution exhibited improved motor performance correlating with an increased survival of motoneurons in the lumbar spinal cord. Expression of NLRP3 inflammasome proteins and levels of activated caspase 1 and mature interleukin 1 beta were significantly reduced in SOD1(G93A) mice supplemented with E2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marius Heitzer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sarah Kaiser
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mithila Kanagaratnam
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Adib Zendedel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Philipp Hartmann
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-BRAIN, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sonja Johann
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Wendlingweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Thomas R, Zuchowska P, Morris AWJ, Marottoli FM, Sunny S, Deaton R, Gann PH, Tai LM. Epidermal growth factor prevents APOE4 and amyloid-beta-induced cognitive and cerebrovascular deficits in female mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:111. [PMID: 27788676 PMCID: PMC5084423 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular (CV) dysfunction is emerging as a critical component of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including altered CV coverage. Angiogenic growth factors (AGFs) are key for controlling CV coverage, especially during disease pathology. Therefore, evaluating the effects of AGFs in vivo can provide important information on the role of CV coverage in AD. We recently demonstrated that epidermal growth factor (EGF) prevents amyloid-beta (Aβ)-induced damage to brain endothelial cells in vitro. Here, our goal was to assess the protective effects of EGF on cognition, CV coverage and Aβ levels using an AD-Tg model that incorporates CV relevant AD risk factors. APOE4 is the greatest genetic risk factor for sporadic AD especially in women and is associated with CV dysfunction. EFAD mice express human APOE3 (E3FAD) or APOE4 (E4FAD), overproduce human Aβ42 and are a well characterized model of APOE pathology. Thus, initially the role of APOE and sex in cognitive and CV dysfunction was assessed in EFAD mice in order to identify a group for EGF treatment. At 8 months E4FAD female mice were cognitively impaired, had low CV coverage, high microbleeds and low plasma EGF levels. Therefore, E4FAD female mice were selected for an EGF prevention paradigm (300 μg/kg/wk, 6 to 8.5 months). EGF prevented cognitive decline and was associated with lower microbleeds and higher CV coverage, but not changes in Aβ levels. Collectively, these data suggest that EGF can prevent Aβ-induced damage to the CV. Developing therapeutic strategies based on AGFs may be particularly efficacious for APOE4-induced AD risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riya Thomas
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Paulina Zuchowska
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Alan W. J. Morris
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Felecia M. Marottoli
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Sangeeta Sunny
- Research Histology and Tissue Imaging Core (RHTIC), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Ryan Deaton
- Research Histology and Tissue Imaging Core (RHTIC), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Peter H. Gann
- Research Histology and Tissue Imaging Core (RHTIC), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Leon M. Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Panzica G, Melcangi RC. Structural and molecular brain sexual differences: A tool to understand sex differences in health and disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 67:2-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|