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Rody T, De Amorim JA, De Felice FG. The emerging neuroprotective roles of exerkines in Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:965190. [PMID: 36118704 PMCID: PMC9472554 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.965190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the extensive knowledge of the beneficial effects of physical exercise, a sedentary lifestyle is still a predominant harm in our society. Sedentarism is one of the major modifiable risk factors for metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, obesity and neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD)–characterized by synaptic failure, amyloid protein deposition and memory loss. Physical exercise promotes neuroprotective effects through molecules released in circulation and mediates the physiological crosstalk between the periphery and the brain. This literature review summarizes the current understanding of the roles of exerkines, molecules released during physical exercise, as systemic and central factors that mediate the beneficial effects of physical exercise on cognition. We highlight the neuroprotective role of irisin—a myokine released from the proteolytic cleavage of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) transmembrane protein. Lastly, we review evidence pointing to physical exercise as a potential preventative and interventional strategy against cognitive decline in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayna Rody
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Julia A. De Amorim
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G. De Felice
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Fernanda G. De Felice,
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Matsunaga D, Nakagawa H, Ishiwata T. Difference in the brain serotonin and its metabolite level and anxiety-like behavior between forced and voluntary exercise conditions in rats. Neurosci Lett 2020; 744:135556. [PMID: 33373674 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise is beneficial to both physical and mental health, though it is unclear whether voluntary and forced exercise have the same effects. We investigated the effects of chronic forced and voluntary wheel running on brain levels of serotonin (5-HT), its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and anxiety-like behavioral change in rats. Forty-eight rats were randomly assigned to standard cages (sedentary control: SC); voluntary exercise (free running on a wheel, V-EX); voluntary limited exercise (wheel available only 1 h per day, VL-EX); and forced exercise (running on a motorized wheel, F-EX). After 4 weeks, rats either underwent the open field test (OFT) or their 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels were measured in the major serotonergic neural cell bodies and projection areas. 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei were increased in the V-EX, but not in the VL-EX and F-EX groups, compared with the SC group. In the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and caudate putamen, only 5-HT levels were increased in the V-EX group. Interestingly, in the amygdala, only 5-HIAA levels were significantly increased in the V-EX group. Conversely, we found that F-EX rats showed no significant 5-HT changes and increased anxiety-like behavior. VL-EX did not have significant beneficial effects on any of the experimental parameters. These data suggest that only unlimited voluntary exercise stimulates the serotonergic system and suppresses anxiety-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Matsunaga
- Graduate School of Community & Human Services, Rikkyo University, 1-2-26 Kitano, Niiza, Saitama, 352-8558, Japan
| | - Hikaru Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Community & Human Services, Rikkyo University, 1-2-26 Kitano, Niiza, Saitama, 352-8558, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ishiwata
- Graduate School of Community & Human Services, Rikkyo University, 1-2-26 Kitano, Niiza, Saitama, 352-8558, Japan.
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Abstract
There are vast literatures on the neural effects of alcohol and the neural effects of exercise. Simply put, exercise is associated with brain health, alcohol is not, and the mechanisms by which exercise benefits the brain directly counteract the mechanisms by which alcohol damages it. Although a degree of brain recovery naturally occurs upon cessation of alcohol consumption, effective treatments for alcohol-induced brain damage are badly needed, and exercise is an excellent candidate from a mechanistic standpoint. In this chapter, we cover the small but growing literature on the interactive neural effects of alcohol and exercise, and the capacity of exercise to repair alcohol-induced brain damage. Increasingly, exercise is being used as a component of treatment for alcohol use disorders (AUD), not because it reverses alcohol-induced brain damage, but because it represents a rewarding, alcohol-free activity that could reduce alcohol cravings and improve comorbid conditions such as anxiety and depression. It is important to bear in mind, however, that multiple studies attest to a counterintuitive positive relationship between alcohol intake and exercise. We therefore conclude with cautionary notes regarding the use of exercise to repair the brain after alcohol damage.
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Coelacanth-specific adaptive genes give insights into primitive evolution for water-to-land transition of tetrapods. Mar Genomics 2018; 38:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Gradari S, Pallé A, McGreevy KR, Fontán-Lozano Á, Trejo JL. Can Exercise Make You Smarter, Happier, and Have More Neurons? A Hormetic Perspective. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:93. [PMID: 27013955 PMCID: PMC4789405 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise can make you smarter, happier and have more neurons depending on the dose (intensity) of the training program. It is well recognized that exercise protocols induce both positive and negative effects depending on the intensity of the exercise, among other key factors, a process described as a hormetic-like biphasic dose-response. However, no evidences have been reported till very recently about the biphasic response of some of the potential mediators of the exercise-induced actions. This hypothesis and theory will focus on the adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) as a putative physical substrate for hormesis responses to exercise in the context of exercise-induced actions on cognition and mood, and on the molecular pathways which might potentially be mediating these actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Gradari
- Laboratory of Adult Neurogenesis, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Pallé
- Laboratory of Adult Neurogenesis, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
| | - Kerry R McGreevy
- Laboratory of Adult Neurogenesis, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Fontán-Lozano
- Laboratory of Adult Neurogenesis, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Trejo
- Laboratory of Adult Neurogenesis, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
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Whole body heat stress increases motor cortical excitability and skill acquisition in humans. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 127:1521-1529. [PMID: 26616546 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vigorous systemic exercise stimulates a cascade of molecular and cellular processes that enhance central nervous system (CNS) plasticity and performance. The influence of heat stress on CNS performance and learning is novel. We designed two experiments to determine whether passive heat stress (1) facilitated motor cortex excitability and (2) improved motor task acquisition compared to no heat stress. METHODS Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the first dorsal interosseus (FDI) were collected before and after 30 min of heat stress at 73 °C. A second cohort of subjects performed a motor learning task using the FDI either following heat or the no heat condition. RESULTS Heat stress increased heart rate to 65% of age-predicted maximum. After heat, mean resting MEP amplitude increased 48% (p<0.05). MEP stimulus-response amplitudes did not differ according to stimulus intensity. In the second experiment, heat stress caused a significant decrease in absolute and variable error (p<0.05) during a novel movement task using the FDI. CONCLUSIONS Passive environmental heat stress (1) increases motor cortical excitability, and (2) enhances performance in a motor skill acquisition task. SIGNIFICANCE Controlled heat stress may prime the CNS to enhance motor skill acquisition during rehabilitation.
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Patten AR, Yau SY, Fontaine CJ, Meconi A, Wortman RC, Christie BR. The Benefits of Exercise on Structural and Functional Plasticity in the Rodent Hippocampus of Different Disease Models. Brain Plast 2015; 1:97-127. [PMID: 29765836 PMCID: PMC5928528 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-150016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, the benefits of physical exercise on structural and functional plasticity in the hippocampus are discussed. The evidence is clear that voluntary exercise in rats and mice can lead to increases in hippocampal neurogenesis and enhanced synaptic plasticity which ultimately result in improved performance in hippocampal-dependent tasks. Furthermore, in models of neurological disorders, including fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, traumatic brain injury, stroke, and neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease exercise can also elicit beneficial effects on hippocampal function. Ultimately this review highlights the multiple benefits of exercise on hippocampal function in both the healthy and the diseased brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R. Patten
- Division of Medical Sciences, Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Suk Yu Yau
- Division of Medical Sciences, Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christine J. Fontaine
- Division of Medical Sciences, Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alicia Meconi
- Division of Medical Sciences, Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ryan C. Wortman
- Division of Medical Sciences, Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian R. Christie
- Division of Medical Sciences, Island Medical Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- Brain Research Centre and Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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8
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Effect of forced exercise and exercise withdrawal on memory, serum and hippocampal corticosterone levels in rats. Exp Brain Res 2015; 233:2789-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Tapia-Rojas C, Aranguiz F, Varela-Nallar L, Inestrosa NC. Voluntary Running Attenuates Memory Loss, Decreases Neuropathological Changes and Induces Neurogenesis in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Pathol 2015; 26:62-74. [PMID: 25763997 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of memory and cognitive abilities, and the appearance of amyloid plaques composed of the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles formed of tau protein. It has been suggested that exercise might ameliorate the disease; here, we evaluated the effect of voluntary running on several aspects of AD including amyloid deposition, tau phosphorylation, inflammatory reaction, neurogenesis and spatial memory in the double transgenic APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mouse model of AD. We report that voluntary wheel running for 10 weeks decreased Aβ burden, Thioflavin-S-positive plaques and Aβ oligomers in the hippocampus. In addition, runner APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice showed fewer phosphorylated tau protein and decreased astrogliosis evidenced by lower staining of GFAP. Further, runner APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice showed increased number of neurons in the hippocampus and exhibited increased cell proliferation and generation of cells positive for the immature neuronal protein doublecortin, indicating that running increased neurogenesis. Finally, runner APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice showed improved spatial memory performance in the Morris water maze. Altogether, our findings indicate that in APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice, voluntary running reduced all the neuropathological hallmarks of AD studied, reduced neuronal loss, increased hippocampal neurogenesis and reduced spatial memory loss. These findings support that voluntary exercise might have therapeutic value on AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheril Tapia-Rojas
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Florencia Aranguiz
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Varela-Nallar
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro UC Síndrome de Down, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.,Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Metabolic brain activity underlying behavioral performance and spatial strategy choice in sedentary and exercised Wistar rats. Neuroscience 2014; 281:110-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Cechella JL, Leite MR, Rosario AR, Sampaio TB, Zeni G. Diphenyl diselenide-supplemented diet and swimming exercise enhance novel object recognition memory in old rats. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:9666. [PMID: 24994534 PMCID: PMC4150883 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-014-9666-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The benefits of exercise and the element selenium on mental health and cognitive performance are well documented. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the intake of a diet supplemented with diphenyl diselenide [(PhSe)2] and the swimming exercise could enhance memory in old Wistar rats. Male Wistar rats (24 months) were fed daily with standard diet chow or standard chow supplemented with 1 ppm of (PhSe)2 during 4 weeks. Animals were submitted to swimming training with a workload (3 % of body weight, 20 min/day for 4 weeks). After 4 weeks, the object recognition test (ORT) and the object location test (OLT) were performed. The results of this study demonstrated that intake of a supplemented diet with (PhSe)2 and swimming exercise was effective in improving short-term and long-term memory as well as spatial learning, increasing the hippocampal levels of phosphorylated cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) in old rats. This study also provided evidence that (PhSe)2-supplemented diet facilitated memory of old rats by modulating cAMP levels and stimulating CREB phosphorylation, without altering the levels of Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L. Cechella
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Marlon R. Leite
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Alisson R. Rosario
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Tuane B. Sampaio
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900 Brazil
| | - Gilson Zeni
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900 Brazil
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Comparison of gene and protein expressions in rats residing in standard cages with those having access to an exercise wheel. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:950516. [PMID: 24719897 PMCID: PMC3955688 DOI: 10.1155/2014/950516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lifelong physical inactivity is associated with morbidity in adulthood, possibly influenced by changes in gene and protein expressions occurring earlier in life. mRNA (Affymetrix gene array) and proteomic (2D-DIGE MALDI-TOF/MS) analyses were determined in cardiac tissue of young (3 months) and old (16 months) Sprague-Dawley rats housed with no access to physical activity (SED) versus an exercise wheel (EX). Unfavorable phenotypes for body weight, dyslipidemia, and tumorogenesis appeared more often in adult SED versus EX. No differentially expressed genes (DEGs) occurred between groups at 3 or 16 months. Within groups, SED and EX shared 215 age-associated DEGs. In SED, ten unique DEGs occurred with age; three had cell adhesion functions (fn1, lgals3, ncam2). In EX, five unique DEGs occurred with age; two involved hypothalamic, pituitary, and gonadal hormone axis (nrob2, xpnpep2). Protein expression involved in binding, sugar metabolic processes, and vascular regulation declined with age in SED (KNT1, ALBU, GPX1, PYGB, LDHB, G3P, PYGM, PGM1, ENOB). Protein expression increased with age in EX for ATP metabolic processes (MYH6, MYH7, ATP5J, ATPA) and vascular function (KNT1, ALBU, GPX1). Differences in select gene and protein expressions within sedentary and active animals occurred with age and contributed to distinct health-related phenotypes in adulthood.
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Chorna NE, Santos-Soto IJ, Carballeira NM, Morales JL, de la Nuez J, Cátala-Valentin A, Chornyy AP, Vázquez-Montes A, De Ortiz SP. Fatty acid synthase as a factor required for exercise-induced cognitive enhancement and dentate gyrus cellular proliferation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77845. [PMID: 24223732 PMCID: PMC3818398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Voluntary running is a robust inducer of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Given that fatty acid synthase (FASN), the key enzyme for de novo fatty acid biosynthesis, is critically involved in proliferation of embryonic and adult neural stem cells, we hypothesized that FASN could mediate both exercise-induced cell proliferation in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG) and enhancement of spatial learning and memory. In 20 week-old male mice, voluntary running-induced hippocampal-specific upregulation of FASN was accompanied also by hippocampal-specific accumulation of palmitate and stearate saturated fatty acids. In experiments addressing the functional role of FASN in our experimental model, chronic intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) microinfusions of C75, an irreversible FASN inhibitor, and significantly impaired exercise-mediated improvements in spatial learning and memory in the Barnes maze. Unlike the vehicle-injected mice, the C75 group adopted a non-spatial serial escape strategy and displayed delayed escape latencies during acquisition and memory tests. Furthermore, pharmacologic blockade of FASN function with C75 resulted in a significant reduction, compared to vehicle treated controls, of the number of proliferative cells in the DG of running mice as measured by immunoreactive to Ki-67 in the SGZ. Taken together, our data suggest that FASN plays an important role in exercise-mediated cognitive enhancement, which might be associated to its role in modulating exercise-induced stimulation of neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya E. Chorna
- Department of Biology, Metabolomics Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Functional Genomics Research Core, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Iván J. Santos-Soto
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Nestor M. Carballeira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Joan L. Morales
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Janneliz de la Nuez
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Alma Cátala-Valentin
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Anatoliy P. Chornyy
- High Performance Computing Facility, University of Puerto Rico, Central Administration, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Adrinel Vázquez-Montes
- Department of Biology, Functional Genomics Research Core, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Sandra Peña De Ortiz
- Department of Biology, Functional Genomics Research Core, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, United States of America
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Physical exercise improves learning in zebrafish, Danio rerio. Behav Processes 2013; 100:44-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Aerobic exercise attenuates inhibitory avoidance memory deficit induced by paradoxical sleep deprivation in rats. Brain Res 2013; 1529:66-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Forced and voluntary exercises equally improve spatial learning and memory and hippocampal BDNF levels. Behav Brain Res 2013; 247:34-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zagaar M, Dao A, Levine A, Alhaider I, Alkadhi K. Regular exercise prevents sleep deprivation associated impairment of long-term memory and synaptic plasticity in the CA1 area of the hippocampus. Sleep 2013; 36:751-61. [PMID: 23633758 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.2642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to investigate the effects of treadmill exercise on sleep deprivation (S-D)-induced impairment of hippocampal dependent long-term memory, late phase long-term potentiation (L-LTP) and its signaling cascade in the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) area. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Animals were conditioned to run on treadmills for 4 weeks then deprived of sleep for 24 h using the columns-in-water method. We tested the effect of exercise and/or S-D on behavioral performance using a post-learning paradigm in the radial arm water maze (RAWM) and in vivo extracellular recording in the CA1 area. The levels of L-LTP-related molecules in the CA1 area were then assessed both before and after L-LTP induction. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS After 24 h of S-D, spatial long-term memory impairment in the RAWM and L-LTP suppression was prevented by 4 weeks of regular exercise. Regular exercise also restored the S-D-associated decreases in the basal levels of key signaling molecules such as: calcium/calmodulin kinase IV (CaMKIV), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK/ERK), phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (P-CREB) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), in the CA1 area. After L-LTP induction, regular exercise also prevented the S-D-induced down regulation of BDNF and P-CREB protein levels. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that our exercise protocol may prevent 24-h S-D-induced impairments in long-term memory and LTP by preventing deleterious changes in the basal and post-stimulation levels of P-CREB and BDNF associated with S-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munder Zagaar
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, TX
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Radahmadi M, Alaei H, Sharifi MR, Hosseini N. The Effect of Synchronized Forced Running with Chronic Stress on Short, Mid and Long- term Memory in Rats. Asian J Sports Med 2012; 4:54-62. [PMID: 23785577 PMCID: PMC3685161 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.34532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Impairment of learning and memory processes has been demonstrated by many studies using different stressors. Other reports suggested that exercise has a powerful behavioral intervention to improve cognitive function and brain health. In this research, we investigated protective effects of treadmill running on chronic stress-induced memory deficit in rats. METHODS Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=10) as follows: Control (Co), Sham (Sh), Stress (St), Exercise (Ex) and Stress and Exercise (St & Ex) groups. Chronic restraint stress was applied by 6h/day/21days and also treadmill running at a speed 20-21m/min for 1h/day/21days. Memory function was evaluated by the passive avoidance test in different intervals (1, 7 and 21 days) after foot shock. RESULTS OUR RESULTS SHOWED THAT: 1) Although exercise alone showed beneficial effects especially on short and mid-term memory (P<0.05) in comparison with control group, but synchronized exercise with stress had not significantly improved short, mid and long-term memory deficit in stressed rats. 2) Short and mid-term memory deficit was significantly (P<0.05) observed in synchronized exercise with stress and stress groups with respect to normal rats. 3) Memory deficit in synchronized exercise with stress group was nearly similar to stressed rats. 4) Helpful effects of exercise were less than harmful effects of stress when they were associated together. CONCLUSION The data correspond to the possibility that although treadmill running alone has helpful effects on learning and memory consolidation, but when it is synchronized with stress there is no significant benefit and protective effects in improvement of memory deficit induced by chronic stress. However, it is has a better effect than no training on memory deficit in stressed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hojjatallah Alaei
- Address: Department of physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Bayod S, del Valle J, Canudas AM, Lalanza JF, Sanchez-Roige S, Camins A, Escorihuela RM, Pallàs M. Long-term treadmill exercise induces neuroprotective molecular changes in rat brain. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:1380-90. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00425.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise enhances general health. However, its effects on neurodegeneration are controversial, and the molecular pathways in the brain involved in this enhancement are poorly understood. Here, we examined the effect of long-term moderate treadmill training on adult male rat cortex and hippocampus to identify the cellular mechanisms behind the effects of exercise. We compared three animal groups: exercised (30 min/day, 12 m/min, 5 days/wk, 36 wk), handled but nonexercised (treadmill handling procedure, 0 m/min), and sedentary (nonhandled and nonexercised). Moderate long-term exercise induced an increase in IGF-1 levels and also in energy parameters, such as PGC-1α and the OXPHOS system. Moreover, the sirtuin 1 pathway was activated in both the exercised and nonexercised groups but not in sedentary rats. This induction could be a consequence of exercise as well as the handling procedure. To determine whether the long-term moderate treadmill training had neuroprotective effects, we studied tau hyperphosphorylation and GSK3β activation. Our results showed reduced levels of phospho-tau and GSK3β activation mainly in the hippocampus of the exercised animals. In conclusion, in our rodent model, exercise improved several major brain parameters, especially in the hippocampus. These improvements induced the upregulation of sirtuin 1, a protein that extends life, the stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis, the activation of AMPK, and the prevention of signs of neurodegeneration. These findings are consistent with other reports showing that physical exercise has positive effects on hormesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Bayod
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, Barcelona
- Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona; and
| | - J. del Valle
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, Barcelona
- Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona; and
| | - A. M. Canudas
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, Barcelona
- Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona; and
| | - J. F. Lalanza
- Department de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Institut de Neurociencies, Fac de Medicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S. Sanchez-Roige
- Department de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Institut de Neurociencies, Fac de Medicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A. Camins
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, Barcelona
- Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona; and
| | - R. M. Escorihuela
- Department de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Institut de Neurociencies, Fac de Medicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Pallàs
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, Barcelona
- Centros de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona; and
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Ni H, Li C, Feng X, Cen JN. Effects of forced running exercise on cognitive function and its relation to zinc homeostasis-related gene expression in rat hippocampus. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 142:704-12. [PMID: 20703826 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-010-8793-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Voluntary exercise has been implicated to be beneficial for overall health and cognitive function in both clinical and experimental studies, but little is presently known about forced physical exercise on cognition and underlying molecular mechanism. We have used real-time RT-PCR to analyze gene expression in hippocampus, in the presence and absence of physical exercise, during spatial learning of rats in the Morris water maze. Our results show distinct zinc homeostasis-related gene expression profiles associated with learning and memory. Rats with physical exercise (EXP) showed a significant up-regulation of mRNA expression of zinc transporter-2 (ZnT-2), ZnT-4, ZnT-5, ZnT-6, and ZnT-7, metallothionein-1 (MT-1)-MT-3, divalent cation transporter-1, and Zrt-Irt-like proteins-7 in hippocampus when compared with control rats. In addition, spatial learning ability was improved in EXP rats compared with that in control group. This study provides the first comparative view of zinc homeostasis-related gene expression in hippocampus following forced physical exercise. These results suggested that forced physical exercise may provide a simple means to maintain brain function and promote learning capacity. Results of this study also suggest that exercise mobilizes zinc homeostasis-related gene expression profiles that would be predicted to benefit brain plasticity processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ni
- Neurology Laboratory, The Children's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, No.303, Jingde Road, 215003 Suzhou, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Santin K, da Rocha RF, Cechetti F, Quincozes-Santos A, de Souza DF, Nardin P, Rodrigues L, Leite MC, Moreira JCF, Salbego CG, Gonçalves CA. Moderate exercise training and chronic caloric restriction modulate redox status in rat hippocampus. Brain Res 2011; 1421:1-10. [PMID: 21974860 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity has been related to antioxidant adaptations, which is associated with health benefits, including those to the nervous system. Additionally, available data suggest exercise and a caloric restriction regimen may reduce both the incidence and severity of neurological disorders. Therefore, our aim was to compare hippocampal redox status and glial parameters among sedentary, trained, caloric-restricted sedentary and caloric-restricted trained rats. Forty male adult rats were divided into 4 groups: ad libitum-fed sedentary (AS), ad libitum-fed exercise training (AE), calorie-restricted sedentary (RS) and calorie-restricted exercise training (RE). The caloric restriction (decrease of 30% in food intake) and exercise training (moderate in a treadmill) were carried out for 3 months. Thereafter hippocampus was surgically removed, and then redox and glial parameters were assessed. Increases in reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and total antioxidant reactivity (TAR) were observed in AE, RS and RE. The nitrite/nitrate levels decreased only in RE. We found a decrease in carbonyl content in AE, RS and RE, while no modifications were detected in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Total reactive antioxidant potential (TRAP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, S100B and glial fibrilary acid protein (GFAP) content did not change, but caloric restriction was able to increase glutamine synthetase (GS) activity in RS and glutamate uptake in RS and RE. Exercise training, caloric restriction and both combined can decrease oxidative damage in the hippocampus, possibly involving modulation of astroglial function, and could be used as a strategy for the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiane Santin
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Basic Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil.
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22
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Yau SY, Lau BWM, So KF. Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis: A Possible Way how Physical Exercise Counteracts Stress. Cell Transplant 2011; 20:99-111. [DOI: 10.3727/096368910x532846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It was considered that neurogenesis only occurred during the embryonic and developmental stage. This view has greatly changed since the discovery of adult neurogenesis in two brain regions: the hippocampus and the olfactory bulb. Recently, it is suggested that altered hippocampal neurogenesis is related to pathophysiology of mood disorders and mechanism of antidepressant treatments. Accumulating knowledge about the effects of physical exercise on brain function suggests a special role of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in cognitive and mental health, even though the functional significance of adult neurogenesis is still debated. The beneficial effects of running correlating with increased adult neurogenesis may provide a hint that newborn neurons may be involved, at least in part, in the counteractive mechanism of physical exercise on stress-related disorders, like depression. The present review provides an overview of recent findings to emphasize the possible involvement of hippocampal neurogenesis in mediating the beneficial effects of physical exercise on counteracting stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Yu Yau
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Benson Wui-Man Lau
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
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Berchtold NC, Castello N, Cotman CW. Exercise and time-dependent benefits to learning and memory. Neuroscience 2010; 167:588-97. [PMID: 20219647 PMCID: PMC2857396 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
While it is well established that exercise can improve cognitive performance, it is unclear how long these benefits endure after exercise has ended. Accordingly, the effects of voluntary exercise on cognitive function and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels, a major player in the mechanisms governing the dynamics of memory formation and storage, were assessed immediately after a 3-week running period, or after a 1-week or 2-week delay following the exercise period. All exercised mice showed improved performance on the radial arm water maze relative to sedentary animals. Unexpectedly, fastest acquisition (fewest errors and shortest latency) occurred in animals trained following a 1-week delay, while best memory performance in the probe trial was observed in those trained immediately after the exercise period. Assessment of the time course of hippocampal BDNF availability following exercise revealed significant elevations of BDNF immediately after the exercise period (186% of sedentary levels) and at 1 and 2 weeks after exercise ended, with levels returning to baseline by 3-4 weeks. BDNF protein levels showed a positive correlation with cognitive improvement in radial water maze training and with memory performance on day 4, supporting the idea that BDNF availability contributes to the time-dependent cognitive benefits of exercise revealed in this study. Overall, this novel approach assessing the temporal endurance of cognitive and biochemical effects of exercise unveils new concepts in the exercise-learning field, and reveals that beneficial effects of exercise on brain plasticity continue to evolve even after exercise has ended.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Berchtold
- Institute for Memory Impairment and Neurobiological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4545, USA.
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24
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Rolland Y, Abellan van Kan G, Vellas B. Healthy Brain Aging: Role of Exercise and Physical Activity. Clin Geriatr Med 2010; 26:75-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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25
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Bruel-Jungerman E, Veyrac A, Dufour F, Horwood J, Laroche S, Davis S. Inhibition of PI3K-Akt signaling blocks exercise-mediated enhancement of adult neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7901. [PMID: 19936256 PMCID: PMC2775944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Physical exercise has been shown to increase adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and enhances synaptic plasticity. The antiapoptotic kinase, Akt has also been shown to be phosphorylated following voluntary exercise; however, it remains unknown whether the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway is involved in exercise-induced neurogenesis and the associated facilitation of synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus. Methodology/Principal Findings To gain insight into the potential role of this signaling pathway in exercise-induced neurogenesis and LTP in the dentate gyrus rats were infused with the PI3K inhibitor, LY294002 or vehicle control solution (icv) via osmotic minipumps and exercised in a running wheel for 10 days. Newborn cells in the dentate gyrus were date-labelled with BrdU on the last 3 days of exercise. Then, they were either returned to the home cage for 2 weeks to assess exercise-induced LTP and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus, or were killed on the last day of exercise to assess proliferation and activation of the PI3K-Akt cascade using western blotting. Conclusions/Significance Exercise increases cell proliferation and promotes survival of adult-born neurons in the dentate gyrus. Immediately after exercise, we found that Akt and three downstream targets, BAD, GSK3β and FOXO1 were activated. LY294002 blocked exercise-induced phosphorylation of Akt and downstream target proteins. This had no effect on exercise-induced cell proliferation, but it abolished most of the beneficial effect of exercise on the survival of newly generated dentate gyrus neurons and prevented exercise-induced increase in dentate gyrus LTP. These results suggest that activation of the PI3 kinase-Akt signaling pathway plays a significant role via an antiapoptotic function in promoting survival of newly formed granule cells generated during exercise and the associated increase in synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Bruel-Jungerman
- CNRS, UMR 8620, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de l'Apprentissage, de la Mémoire et de la Communication, UMR 8620, Orsay, France
| | - Alexandra Veyrac
- CNRS, UMR 8620, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de l'Apprentissage, de la Mémoire et de la Communication, UMR 8620, Orsay, France
| | - Franck Dufour
- CNRS, UMR 8620, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de l'Apprentissage, de la Mémoire et de la Communication, UMR 8620, Orsay, France
| | | | - Serge Laroche
- CNRS, UMR 8620, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de l'Apprentissage, de la Mémoire et de la Communication, UMR 8620, Orsay, France
| | - Sabrina Davis
- CNRS, UMR 8620, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Sud, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de l'Apprentissage, de la Mémoire et de la Communication, UMR 8620, Orsay, France
- * E-mail:
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García-Capdevila S, Portell-Cortés I, Torras-Garcia M, Coll-Andreu M, Costa-Miserachs D. Effects of long-term voluntary exercise on learning and memory processes: dependency of the task and level of exercise. Behav Brain Res 2009; 202:162-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Effects of treadmill exercise on cell proliferation and differentiation in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in a rat model of type II diabetes. Neurochem Res 2008; 34:1039-46. [PMID: 18982449 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9870-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effects of a treadmill exercise on serum glucose levels and Ki67 and doublecortin (DCX) immunoreactivity, which is a marker of cell proliferation expressed during cell cycles except G0 and early G1 and a marker of progenitors differentiating into neurons, respectively, in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus (SZDG) using a type II diabetic model. At 6 weeks of age, Zucker lean control (ZLC) and Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats were put on a treadmill with or without running for 1 h/day/5 consecutive days at 22 m/min for 5 weeks. Body weight was significantly increased in the control (without running)-ZDF rats compared to that in the other groups. In the control groups blood glucose levels were increased by 392.7 mg/dl in the control-ZDF rats and by 143.3 mg/dl in the control-ZLC rats. However, in the exercise groups, blood glucose levels were similar between the exercise-ZLC and ZDF rats: The blood glucose levels were 110.0 and 118.2 mg/dl, respectively. Ki67 positive nuclei were detected in the SZDG in control and exercise groups. The number of Ki67 positive nuclei was significantly high in exercise groups compared to that in the control groups. In addition, Ki67 positive cells were abundant in ZLC groups compared to those in ZDF groups. DCX-immunoreactive structures in the control-ZDF rats were lower than that in the control-ZLC rats. In the exercise groups, DCX-immunoreactive structures (somata and processes with tertiary dendrites) and DCX protein levels were markedly increased in both the exercise-ZLC and ZDF rats compared to that in the control groups. These results suggest that a treadmill exercise reduces blood glucose levels in ZDF rats and increases cell proliferation and differentiation in the SZDG in ZLC and ZDF rats compared to those in control groups.
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28
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Rolland Y, Abellan van Kan G, Vellas B. Physical activity and Alzheimer's disease: from prevention to therapeutic perspectives. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2008; 9:390-405. [PMID: 18585641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A number of factors, including physical activity, may contribute to prevention of cognitive decline and delay the onset of dementia. In addition to its convincing multiple benefits, an increasing body of evidence suggests that an active life has a protective effect on brain functioning in elders. Physical activity may also slow down the course of Alzheimer's disease. These hypotheses have led to increasing research in this specific area during the past decade. This review systematically analyzes the current literature on Alzheimer's disease and the effect of physical activity. Epidemiological studies, short-term randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in nondemented participants, and biological research suggest that physical activity improves cognitive function in older subjects. The limitations of these works are discussed. No RCTs have yet demonstrated that regular physical activity prevents dementia. Additional challenging clinical interventional studies are needed to demonstrate this relationship, but accumulating evidence from biological research is available. Defining the optimal preventive and therapeutic strategies in terms of type, duration, and intensity of physical activity remain an open question. In the future, the prevention of Alzheimer's disease may be based on rules governing lifestyle habits such as diet, cognitive activity, and physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Rolland
- Inserm, Toulouse, France; University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.
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29
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Short-term exercise in aged Tg2576 mice alters neuroinflammation and improves cognition. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 30:121-9. [PMID: 18258444 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise is a treatment paradigm that can ameliorate cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer disease (AD) and AD mouse models. Since exercise is also known to alter the peripheral immune response, one potential mechanism for the cognitive improvement following exercise may be by modulating the inflammatory repertoire in the central nervous system. We investigated the effects of voluntary exercise in the Tg2576 mouse model of AD at a time-point at which pathology has already developed. Inflammatory mRNA markers are increased in sedentary Tg2576 mice versus non-transgenic controls. We demonstrate that short-term voluntary wheel running improved spatial learning in aged transgenic mice as compared to sedentary Tg2576 controls. Inflammatory profiles of the Tg2576 and non-transgenic mice were different following exercise with the non-transgenic mice showing a broader response as compared to the Tg2576. Notably, exercising Tg2576 exhibited increases in a few markers including CXCL1 and CXCL12, two chemokines that may affect cognition.
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30
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Cotman CW, Berchtold NC, Christie LA. Exercise builds brain health: key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation. Trends Neurosci 2007; 30:464-72. [PMID: 17765329 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2007.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1361] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human and other animal studies demonstrate that exercise targets many aspects of brain function and has broad effects on overall brain health. The benefits of exercise have been best defined for learning and memory, protection from neurodegeneration and alleviation of depression, particularly in elderly populations. Exercise increases synaptic plasticity by directly affecting synaptic structure and potentiating synaptic strength, and by strengthening the underlying systems that support plasticity including neurogenesis, metabolism and vascular function. Such exercise-induced structural and functional change has been documented in various brain regions but has been best-studied in the hippocampus - the focus of this review. A key mechanism mediating these broad benefits of exercise on the brain is induction of central and peripheral growth factors and growth factor cascades, which instruct downstream structural and functional change. In addition, exercise reduces peripheral risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease, which converge to cause brain dysfunction and neurodegeneration. A common mechanism underlying the central and peripheral effects of exercise might be related to inflammation, which can impair growth factor signaling both systemically and in the brain. Thus, through regulation of growth factors and reduction of peripheral and central risk factors, exercise ensures successful brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl W Cotman
- University of California, Irvine Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia, 1113 Gillespie Building, Irvine, CA 92617-4540, USA.
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31
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van Haaften RIM, Schroen B, Janssen BJA, van Erk A, Debets JJM, Smeets HJM, Smits JFM, van den Wijngaard A, Pinto YM, Evelo CTA. Biologically relevant effects of mRNA amplification on gene expression profiles. BMC Bioinformatics 2006; 7:200. [PMID: 16608515 PMCID: PMC1523219 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-7-200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 04/11/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gene expression microarray technology permits the analysis of global gene expression profiles. The amount of sample needed limits the use of small excision biopsies and/or needle biopsies from human or animal tissues. Linear amplification techniques have been developed to increase the amount of sample derived cDNA. These amplified samples can be hybridised on microarrays. However, little information is available whether microarrays based on amplified and unamplified material yield comparable results. In the present study we compared microarray data obtained from amplified mRNA derived from biopsies of rat cardiac left ventricle and non-amplified mRNA derived from the same organ. Biopsies were linearly amplified to acquire enough material for a microarray experiment. Both amplified and unamplified samples were hybridized to the Rat Expression Set 230 Array of Affymetrix. Results Analysis of the microarray data showed that unamplified material of two different left ventricles had 99.6% identical gene expression. Gene expression patterns of two biopsies obtained from the same parental organ were 96.3% identical. Similarly, gene expression pattern of two biopsies from dissimilar organs were 92.8% identical to each other. Twenty-one percent of reporters called present in parental left ventricular tissue disappeared after amplification in the biopsies. Those reporters were predominantly seen in the low intensity range. Sequence analysis showed that reporters that disappeared after amplification had a GC-content of 53.7+/-4.0%, while reporters called present in biopsy- and whole LV-samples had an average GC content of 47.8+/-5.5% (P <0.001). Those reporters were also predicted to form significantly more (0.76+/-0.07 versus 0.38+/-0.1) and longer (9.4+/-0.3 versus 8.4+/-0.4) hairpins as compared to representative control reporters present before and after amplification. Conclusion This study establishes that the gene expression profile obtained after amplification of mRNA of left ventricular biopsies is representative for the whole left ventricle of the rat heart. However, specific gene transcripts present in parental tissues were undetectable in the minute left ventricular biopsies. Transcripts that were lost due to the amplification process were not randomly distributed, but had higher GC-content and hairpins in the sequence and were mainly found in the lower intensity range which includes many transcription factors from specific signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel IM van Haaften
- BiGCaT Bioinformatics, University of Maastricht and Technical University Eindhoven, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Blanche Schroen
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiology/ CARIM, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ben JA Janssen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology/ CARIM, University of Maastricht, Maastricht
| | - Arie van Erk
- BiGCaT Bioinformatics, University of Maastricht and Technical University Eindhoven, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques JM Debets
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology/ CARIM, University of Maastricht, Maastricht
| | - Hubert JM Smeets
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht
| | - Jos FM Smits
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology/ CARIM, University of Maastricht, Maastricht
| | | | - Yigal M Pinto
- Experimental and Molecular Cardiology/ CARIM, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris TA Evelo
- BiGCaT Bioinformatics, University of Maastricht and Technical University Eindhoven, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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