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Flores-Mendez M, Ohl L, Roule T, Zhou Y, Tintos-Hernández JA, Walsh K, Ortiz-González XR, Akizu N. IMPDH2 filaments protect from neurodegeneration in AMPD2 deficiency. EMBO Rep 2024:10.1038/s44319-024-00218-2. [PMID: 39075237 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00218-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysregulation is one of the most common causes of pediatric neurodegenerative disorders. However, how the disruption of ubiquitous and essential metabolic pathways predominantly affect neural tissue remains unclear. Here we use mouse models of a childhood neurodegenerative disorder caused by AMPD2 deficiency to study cellular and molecular mechanisms that lead to selective neuronal vulnerability to purine metabolism imbalance. We show that mouse models of AMPD2 deficiency exhibit predominant degeneration of the hippocampal dentate gyrus, despite a general reduction of brain GTP levels. Neurodegeneration-resistant regions accumulate micron-sized filaments of IMPDH2, the rate limiting enzyme in GTP synthesis, while these filaments are barely detectable in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Furthermore, we show that IMPDH2 filament disassembly reduces GTP levels and impairs growth of neural progenitor cells derived from individuals with human AMPD2 deficiency. Together, our findings suggest that IMPDH2 polymerization prevents detrimental GTP deprivation, opening the possibility of exploring the induction of IMPDH2 assembly as a therapy for neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Flores-Mendez
- Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura Ohl
- Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Roule
- Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yijing Zhou
- Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jesus A Tintos-Hernández
- Division of Neurology and Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kelsey Walsh
- Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xilma R Ortiz-González
- Division of Neurology and Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Naiara Akizu
- Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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2
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Allegrini S, Camici M, Garcia-Gil M, Pesi R, Tozzi MG. Interplay between mTOR and Purine Metabolism Enzymes and Its Relevant Role in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6735. [PMID: 38928439 PMCID: PMC11203890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells reprogram their metabolism to meet the increased demand for nucleotides and other molecules necessary for growth and proliferation. In fact, cancer cells are characterized by an increased "de novo" synthesis of purine nucleotides. Therefore, it is not surprising that specific enzymes of purine metabolism are the targets of drugs as antineoplastic agents, and a better knowledge of the mechanisms underlying their regulation would be of great help in finding new therapeutic approaches. The mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, which is often activated in cancer cells, promotes anabolic processes and is a major regulator of cell growth and division. Among the numerous effects exerted by mTOR, noteworthy is its empowerment of the "de novo" synthesis of nucleotides, accomplished by supporting the formation of purinosomes, and by increasing the availability of necessary precursors, such as one-carbon formyl group, bicarbonate and 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate. In this review, we highlight the connection between purine and mitochondrial metabolism, and the bidirectional relation between mTOR signaling and purine synthesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Allegrini
- Unità di Biochimica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (R.P.); (M.G.T.)
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- CISUP, Centro per l’Integrazione Della Strumentazione Dell’Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marcella Camici
- Unità di Biochimica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (R.P.); (M.G.T.)
| | - Mercedes Garcia-Gil
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- CISUP, Centro per l’Integrazione Della Strumentazione Dell’Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Unità di Fisiologia Generale, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 31, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossana Pesi
- Unità di Biochimica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (R.P.); (M.G.T.)
| | - Maria Grazia Tozzi
- Unità di Biochimica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy; (M.C.); (R.P.); (M.G.T.)
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3
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Flores-Mendez M, Ohl L, Roule T, Zhou Y, Tintos-Hernández JA, Walsh K, Ortiz-González XR, Akizu N. IMPDH2 filaments protect from neurodegeneration in AMPD2 deficiency. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.20.576443. [PMID: 38328116 PMCID: PMC10849482 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.20.576443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic dysregulation is one of the most common causes of pediatric neurodegenerative disorders. However, how the disruption of ubiquitous and essential metabolic pathways predominantly affect neural tissue remains unclear. Here we use mouse models of AMPD2 deficiency to study cellular and molecular mechanisms that lead to selective neuronal vulnerability to purine metabolism imbalance. We show that AMPD deficiency in mice primarily leads to hippocampal dentate gyrus degeneration despite causing a generalized reduction of brain GTP levels. Remarkably, we found that neurodegeneration resistant regions accumulate micron sized filaments of IMPDH2, the rate limiting enzyme in GTP synthesis. In contrast, IMPDH2 filaments are barely detectable in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, which shows a progressive neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Furthermore, using a human AMPD2 deficient neural cell culture model, we show that blocking IMPDH2 polymerization with a dominant negative IMPDH2 variant, impairs AMPD2 deficient neural progenitor growth. Together, our findings suggest that IMPDH2 polymerization prevents detrimental GTP deprivation in neurons with available GTP precursor molecules, providing resistance to neurodegeneration. Our findings open the possibility of exploring the involvement of IMPDH2 assembly as a therapeutic intervention for neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Flores-Mendez
- Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura Ohl
- Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Roule
- Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yijing Zhou
- Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jesus A Tintos-Hernández
- Division of Neurology and Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Kelsey Walsh
- Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xilma R Ortiz-González
- Division of Neurology and Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Naiara Akizu
- Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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4
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Karaaslan BG, Turan I, Aydemir S, Meric ZA, Atay D, Akcay A, Sari AA, Hershfield M, Cipe F, Aksoy BA, Ersoy GZ, Bozkurt C, Demirkol YK, Ozturk G, Aydogmus C, Kiykim A, Cokugras H. Neurologic Status of Patients with Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase Deficiency Before and After Hematopoetic Stem Cell Transplantation. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:2062-2075. [PMID: 37726596 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-023-01585-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive combined immunodeficiency. The phenotype is profound T cell deficiency with variable B and NK cell functions and results in recurrent and persistent infections that typically begin in the first year of life. Neurologic findings occur in approximately two-thirds of patients. The mechanism of neurologic abnormalities is unclear. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only curative treatment for PNP deficiency. METHODS We report here six patients from five unrelated families with PNP deficiency treated in two centers in Turkey. We evaluated the neurological status of patients and compared to post-transplantation period if available. Then, we performed PubMed, Google Scholar, and Researchgate searches using the terms "PNP" and "hematopoietic stem cell transplantation" to find all reported cases of PNP transplantation and compared to our cohort. RESULTS Six patients were treated in two centers in Turkey. One patient died from post-transplant complications. The other four patients underwent successful HSCT with good immune reconstitution after transplantation (follow-up 21-48 months) and good neurological outcomes. The other patient with a new mutation is still waiting for a matching HLA donor. DISCUSSION In PNP deficiency, clinical manifestations are variable, and this disease should be considered in the presence of many different clinical findings. Despite the comorbidities that occurred before transplantation, HSCT currently appears to be the only treatment option for this disease. HSCT not only cures immunologic disorders, but probably also improves or at least stabilizes the neurologic status of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Gemici Karaaslan
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Isilay Turan
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, University of Health Sciences, Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezin Aydemir
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Akyuncu Meric
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Didem Atay
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, School of Medicine, Altunizade Hospital, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arzu Akcay
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, School of Medicine, Altunizade Hospital, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aysun Ayaz Sari
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, School of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Michael Hershfield
- Department of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Funda Cipe
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, University of Health Sciences, Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology & Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit Altınbas University, Medical Park Bahcelievler Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Basak Adakli Aksoy
- Department of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology & Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit Altınbas University, Medical Park Bahcelievler Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gizem Zengin Ersoy
- Department of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology & Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit Altınbas University, Medical Park Bahcelievler Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ceyhun Bozkurt
- Department of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology & Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit Istinye University, Medical Park Bahcelievler Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Gulyuz Ozturk
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, School of Medicine, Altunizade Hospital, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Aydogmus
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, University of Health Sciences, Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayca Kiykim
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Haluk Cokugras
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
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5
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Camici M, Garcia-Gil M, Allegrini S, Pesi R, Bernardini G, Micheli V, Tozzi MG. Inborn Errors of Purine Salvage and Catabolism. Metabolites 2023; 13:787. [PMID: 37512494 PMCID: PMC10383617 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular purine nucleotides derive mainly from de novo synthesis or nucleic acid turnover and, only marginally, from dietary intake. They are subjected to catabolism, eventually forming uric acid in humans, while bases and nucleosides may be converted back to nucleotides through the salvage pathways. Inborn errors of the purine salvage pathway and catabolism have been described by several researchers and are usually referred to as rare diseases. Since purine compounds play a fundamental role, it is not surprising that their dysmetabolism is accompanied by devastating symptoms. Nevertheless, some of these manifestations are unexpected and, so far, have no explanation or therapy. Herein, we describe several known inborn errors of purine metabolism, highlighting their unexplained pathological aspects. Our intent is to offer new points of view on this topic and suggest diagnostic tools that may possibly indicate to clinicians that the inborn errors of purine metabolism may not be very rare diseases after all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Camici
- Unità di Biochimica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mercedes Garcia-Gil
- Unità di Fisiologia Generale, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 31, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- CISUP, Centro per l'Integrazione Della Strumentazione Dell'Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Allegrini
- Unità di Biochimica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- CISUP, Centro per l'Integrazione Della Strumentazione Dell'Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossana Pesi
- Unità di Biochimica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Bernardini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Vanna Micheli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
- LND Famiglie Italiane ODV-Via Giovanetti 15-20, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Tozzi
- Unità di Biochimica, Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Via San Zeno 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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6
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Wang Y, Huang J. Untargeted metabolomic analysis of metabolites related to body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:70. [PMID: 36854840 PMCID: PMC9974688 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-00995-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a disorder associated with depression and eating disorders. It often arises from minor defects in appearance or an individual imagining that he or she is defective. However, the mechanisms causing BDD remain unclear, and its pathogenesis and adjuvant treatment methods still need to be explored. Here, we employed a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics approach to identify key metabolic differences in BDD versus healthy patients. We obtained plasma samples from two independent cohorts (including eight BDD patients and eight healthy control patients). Raw data were analyzed using Compound Discoverer to determine peak alignment, retention time correction, and extraction of peak areas. Metabolite structure identification was also obtained using Compound Discoverer by of accurate mass matching (< 10 ppm) and secondary spectral matching queries of compound databases. Next, multidimensional statistical analyses were performed using the ropls R package. These analyses included: unsupervised principal component analysis, supervised partial Least-Squares Discriminant Analysis, and orthogonal partial Least-Squares Discriminant Analysis. We then identified the most promising metabolic signatures associated with BDD across all metabolomic datasets. Principal component analysis showed changes in small-molecule metabolites in patients, and we also found significant differences in metabolite abundance between the BDD and normal groups. Our findings suggest that the occurrence of BDD may be related to metabolites participating in the following KEGG pathways: ABC transporters, purine metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, pyrimidine, pyrimidine metabolism, biosynthesis of 12-, 14-, and 16-membered macrolides, microbial metabolism in diverse environments, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and caffeine and insect hormone biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Wang
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinlong Huang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No.155, Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China.
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7
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Sharma Y, Saini AG, Kaur R, Bhatia V, Didwal G, Kumar P, Uppala R. Neurodegeneration and Early Infantile Epilepsy Associated with ITPA Variants: A Case Series and Review of Literature. Neuropediatrics 2022; 53:167-175. [PMID: 35098521 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1742322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inosine triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase (ITPase) deficiency associated with mutations in the ITPA gene is a recently characterized purine pathway defect that presents with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy and lethal course. This disorder is rare, and only 12 cases are reported worldwide. METHODS We report two additional cases of ITPA-associated neurodegeneration and two pathogenic compound heterozygous variants. We also reviewed the previously published cases of ITPA-associated encephalopathy. RESULTS Both cases presented with progressive infantile-onset encephalopathy, severe developmental delay, microcephaly, facial dysmorphism, and epilepsy. Together with the presented two cases, 14 cases were available for analysis. The mean age of presentation was 16.7 ± 12.4 months (range 3-48 m). The most common clinical features at presentation were developmental delay, seizures, microcephaly, and hypotonia, seen in all 14 (100%) patients. The mean age of seizure onset was 4.75 months (range 2-14 m). Cardiomyopathy was noted in 42% of patients where it was explicitly evaluated (n = 5/12). Consanguinity was reported in 77% of the cases. The cardinal neuroradiological features are T2-signal abnormalities and diffusion restriction in the long tracts, especially the posterior limb of the internal capsule and the optic radiation. The majority of the patients died before 4 years of age (85.7%). CONCLUSION ITPA-related encephalopathy presents with infantile-onset neurodegeneration, progressive microcephaly, and epilepsy. Progressive brain atrophy and diffusion restriction in the white matter tracts are important radiological clues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashu Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arushi Gahlot Saini
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajdeep Kaur
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vikas Bhatia
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gunjan Didwal
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Revathi Uppala
- Genetics Division, Sandor Specialty Diagnostic Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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8
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Andries A, Feyaerts A, Mekahli D, Van Schepdael A. Quantification of allantoin and other metabolites of the purine degradation pathway in human plasma samples using a newly developed HILIC‐LC‐MS/MS method. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1010-1018. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asmin Andries
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences Pharmaceutical Analysis KU Leuven – University of Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Alan Feyaerts
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences Pharmaceutical Analysis KU Leuven – University of Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Djalila Mekahli
- Department of Development and Regeneration Laboratory of Pediatrics KU Leuven – University of Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences Pharmaceutical Analysis KU Leuven – University of Leuven Leuven Belgium
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9
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Erbescu A, Papuc SM, Budisteanu M, Arghir A, Neagu M. Re-emerging concepts of immune dysregulation in autism spectrum disorders. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1006612. [PMID: 36339838 PMCID: PMC9626859 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1006612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by communication and social interaction deficits, and by restricted interests and stereotyped, repetitive behavior patterns. ASD has a strong genetic component and a complex architecture characterized by the interplay of rare and common genetic variants. Recently, increasing evidence suggest a significant contribution of immune system dysregulation in ASD. The present paper reviews the latest updates regarding the altered immune landscape of this complex disorder highlighting areas with potential for biomarkers discovery as well as personalization of therapeutic approaches. Cross-talk between the central nervous system and immune system has long been envisaged and recent evidence brings insights into the pathways connecting the brain to the immune system. Disturbance of cytokine levels plays an important role in the establishment of a neuroinflammatory milieu in ASD. Several other immune molecules involved in antigen presentation and inflammatory cellular phenotypes are also at play in ASD. Maternal immune activation, the presence of brain-reactive antibodies and autoimmunity are other potential prenatal and postnatal contributors to ASD pathophysiology. The molecular players involved in oxidative-stress response and mitochondrial system function, are discussed as contributors to the pro-inflammatory pattern. The gastrointestinal inflammation pathways proposed to play a role in ASD are also discussed. Moreover, the body of evidence regarding some of the genetic factors linked to the immune system dysregulation is reviewed and discussed. Last, but not least, the epigenetic traits and their interactions with the immune system are reviewed as an expanding field in ASD research. Understanding the immune-mediated pathways that influence brain development and function, metabolism, and intestinal homeostasis, may lead to the identification of robust diagnostic or predictive biomarkers for ASD individuals. Thus, novel therapeutic approaches could be developed, ultimately aiming to improve their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Erbescu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,Faculty of Biology, Doctoral School, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Magdalena Budisteanu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,Prof. Dr. Alex. Obregia Clinical Hospital of Psychiatry, Bucharest, Romania.,Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aurora Arghir
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Monica Neagu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.,Faculty of Biology, Doctoral School, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.,Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
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10
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Torun B, Bilgin A, Orhan D, Gocmen R, Kılıc SS, Kuskonmaz B, Cetinkaya D, Tezcan I, Cagdas D. Combined immunodeficiency due to purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency: Outcome of three patients. Eur J Med Genet 2022; 65:104428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Compound Sophorae Decoction: treating ulcerative colitis by affecting multiple metabolic pathways. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:267-283. [PMID: 33875167 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic refractory non-specific intestinal inflammatory disease that is difficult to be cured. The discovery of new ulcerative colitis-related metabolite biomarkers may help further understand UC and facilitate early diagnosis. It may also provide a basis for explaining the mechanism of drug action in the treatment of UC. Compound Sophorae Decoction (CSD) is an empirical formula used in the clinical treatment of UC. Although it is known to be efficacious, its mechanism of action in the treatment of UC is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in endogenous substances in UC rats and the effects of CSD on metabolic pathways using the metabonomics approach. Metabolomics studies in rats with UC and normal rats were performed using LC-MS/MS. Rats with UC induced using TNBS enema were used as the study models. Metabolic profiling and pathway analysis of biomarkers was performed using statistical and pathway enrichment analyses. 36 screened potential biomarkers were found to be significantly different between the UC and the normal groups; it was also found that CSD could modulate the levels of these potential biomarkers. CSD was found to be efficacious in UC by regulating multiple metabolic pathways.
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12
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Teke Kisa P, Arslan N. Inborn errors of immunity and metabolic disorders: current understanding, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2021; 34:277-294. [PMID: 33675210 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2020-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inborn errors of metabolism consist of a heterogeneous group of disorders with various organ systems manifestations, and some metabolic diseases also cause immunological disorders or dysregulation. In this review, metabolic diseases that affect the immunological system and particularly lead to primary immune deficiency will be reviewed. In a patient with frequent infections and immunodeficiency, the presence of symptoms such as growth retardation, abnormal facial appearance, heart, skeletal, lung deformities, skin findings, arthritis, motor developmental retardation, seizure, deafness, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, impairment of liver function tests, the presence of anemia, thrombocytopenia and eosinophilia in hematological examinations should suggest metabolic diseases for the underlying cause. In some patients, these phenotypic findings may appear before the immunodeficiency picture. Metabolic diseases leading to immunological disorders are likely to be rare but probably underdiagnosed. Therefore, the presence of recurrent infections or autoimmune findings in a patient with a suspected metabolic disease should suggest that immune deficiency may also accompany the picture, and diagnostic examinations in this regard should be deepened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Teke Kisa
- Division of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nur Arslan
- Division of Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
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Bardou MLD, Henriques MT, Grumach AS. Inborn errors of immunity associated with characteristic phenotypes. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2021; 97 Suppl 1:S75-S83. [PMID: 33347837 PMCID: PMC9432272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the report is to describe the main immunodeficiencies with syndromic characteristics according to the new classification of Inborn Errors of Immunity. DATA SOURCE The data search was centered on the PubMed platform on review studies, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, case reports and a randomized study published in the last 10 years that allowed the characterization of the several immunological defects included in this group. DATA SYNTHESIS Immunodeficiencies with syndromic characteristics include 65 immunological defects in 9 subgroups. The diversity of clinical manifestations is observed in each described disease and may appear early or later, with variable severity. Congenital thrombocytopenia, syndromes with DNA repair defect, immuno-osseous dysplasias, thymic defects, Hyper IgE Syndrome, anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency and purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency were addressed. CONCLUSIONS Immunological defects can present with very different characteristics; however, the occurrence of infectious processes, autoimmune disorders and progression to malignancy may suggest diagnostic research. In the case of diseases with gene mutations, family history is of utmost importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maine Luellah Demaret Bardou
- Centro Universitário Saúde ABC, Faculdade de Medicina, Serviço de Referência em Doenças Raras, Imunologia Clínica, Santo André, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Teixeira Henriques
- Centro Universitário Saúde ABC, Faculdade de Medicina, Serviço de Referência em Doenças Raras, Imunologia Clínica, Santo André, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Anete Sevciovic Grumach
- Centro Universitário Saúde ABC, Faculdade de Medicina, Serviço de Referência em Doenças Raras, Imunologia Clínica, Santo André, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Lv X, Wang Q, Wang LH, Ren EF, Gong D. The inhibitory effect of citrus flavonoids naringenin and hesperetin against purine nucleoside phosphorylase: Spectroscopic, atomic force microscopy and molecular modeling studies. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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15
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Fekrvand S, Yazdani R, Abolhassani H, Ghaffari J, Aghamohammadi A. The First Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase Deficiency Patient Resembling IgA Deficiency and a Review of the Literature. Immunol Invest 2019; 48:410-430. [PMID: 30885031 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2019.1570249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency disorder characterized by decreased numbers of T-cells, variable B-cell abnormalities, decreased amount of serum uric acid and PNP enzyme activity. The affected patients usually present with recurrent infections, neurological dysfunction and autoimmune phenomena. In this study, whole-exome sequencing was used to detect mutation in the case suspected of having primary immunodeficiency. We found a homozygous mutation in PNP gene in a girl who is the third case from the national Iranian registry. She had combined immunodeficiency, autoimmune hemolytic anemia and a history of recurrent infections. She developed no neurological dysfunction. She died at the age of 11 after a severe chicken pox infection. PNP deficiency should be considered in late-onset children with recurrent infections, autoimmune disorders without typical neurologic impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Fekrvand
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran, and the University of Medical Science , Tehran , Iran
| | - Reza Yazdani
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran, and the University of Medical Science , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran, and the University of Medical Science , Tehran , Iran.,b Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine , Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Javad Ghaffari
- c Department of Pediatrics , Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences , Sari , Iran
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran, and the University of Medical Science , Tehran , Iran
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16
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Liu Y, Chen Y, Wang Y, Zhang X, Gao K, Chen S, Zhang X. microRNA Profiling in Glaucoma Eyes With Varying Degrees of Optic Neuropathy by Using Next-Generation Sequencing. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:2955-2966. [PMID: 30025119 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore the microRNA (miRNA) profile and its putative role in glaucomatous optic neuropathy by using next-generation sequencing. Methods Aqueous humor (AH) samples were collected from 19 primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) eyes and 17 cataract eyes before surgery. Next-generation sequencing was performed for RNA samples extracted from 18 AH samples, and the bioinformatics approach was applied for samples with adequate clean data output. The other 18 samples were used for quantitative PCR validation of sequencing results. Results In total, 12 (six POAG and six cataract controls) samples with sufficient clean data output after sequencing were used for further data analysis. Four hundred sixty-six and 480 mature miRNAs were detected in the POAG and cataract control groups, respectively. Among them, 164 miRNAs were detected in all POAG samples, and 96 miRNAs were detected in all cataract control samples. Furthermore, 88 miRNAs were identified as differently expressed between POAG and cataract control eyes. In addition, 16 miRNAs were differently expressed between POAG eyes with severe visual field damage and eyes with moderate visual field damage. This differential expression was predicted to regulate thiamine metabolism, purine metabolism, and transcriptional misregulation. Relative expression patterns of hsa-miR-184, hsa-miR-486-5p, and hsa-miR-93-5p were confirmed by quantitative PCR. Conclusions This study comprehensively demonstrated the miRNA expression profile in the AH of POAG eyes, especially the differential expression of miRNA in eyes with varying degrees of visual field damage, which, together with the underlying miRNA-related pathways, indicate new targets for the pathogenesis and progression of POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoming Liu
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Chen
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yayi Wang
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Gao
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shida Chen
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiulan Zhang
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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17
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Mycophenolate mofetil for sustained remission in nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2018; 33:2253-2265. [PMID: 29750317 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-018-3970-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The clinical application of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) has significantly widened beyond the prophylaxis of acute and chronic rejections in solid organ transplantation. MMF has been recognized as an excellent treatment option in many immunologic glomerulopathies. For children with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome (FRNS) or steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS) experiencing steroid toxicity, MMF has been recommended as a steroid-sparing drug. Uncontrolled studies in patients with FRNS and SDSN have shown that many patients can achieve sustained remission of proteinuria with MMF monotherapy. Three randomized controlled trials have similarly demonstrated that MMF is beneficial in these patients, but less effective than the calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporin A or tacrolimus. Some, but not all, patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) may also respond to MMF, usually given in combination with other drugs, with partial or complete remission. There are important limitations to the interpretation and comparability of these studies including study design, sample size, patient selection, clinical endpoints, carry-over effects, and duration of follow-up. In all studies, MMF had relatively few side effects, no nephrotoxicity, or no systemic toxicity. MMF is teratogenic, and contraceptive advice is required in females. There is a poor correlation between MMF dose and mycophenolic acid (MPA) exposure and significant inter- and intra-patient variability in drug pharmacokinetics. A higher estimated MPA-AUC0-12 target range than recommended for pediatric renal transplant recipients is essential to prevent relapses. Therefore, therapy should be guided by drug monitoring to avoid relapses. Further studies are needed to test the efficacy of MMF in inducing remission and, as part of a combination therapy, achieving sustained remission in patients with SRNS.
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18
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Andries A, De Rechter S, Janssens P, Mekahli D, Van Schepdael A. Simultaneous determination of allantoin and adenosine in human urine using liquid chromatography – UV detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1096:201-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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19
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20
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Camici M, Allegrini S, Tozzi MG. Interplay between adenylate metabolizing enzymes and AMP-activated protein kinase. FEBS J 2018; 285:3337-3352. [PMID: 29775996 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purine nucleotides are involved in a variety of cellular functions, such as energy storage and transfer, and signalling, in addition to being the precursors of nucleic acids and cofactors of many biochemical reactions. They can be generated through two separate pathways, the de novo biosynthesis pathway and the salvage pathway. De novo purine biosynthesis leads to the formation of IMP, from which the adenylate and guanylate pools are generated by two additional steps. The salvage pathways utilize hypoxanthine, guanine and adenine to generate the corresponding mononucleotides. Despite several decades of research on the subject, new and surprising findings on purine metabolism are constantly being reported, and some aspects still need to be elucidated. Recently, purine biosynthesis has been linked to the metabolic pathways regulated by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is the master regulator of cellular energy homeostasis, and its activity depends on the AMP : ATP ratio. The cellular energy status and AMPK activation are connected by AMP, an allosteric activator of AMPK. Hence, an indirect strategy to affect AMPK activity would be to target the pathways that generate AMP in the cell. Herein, we report an up-to-date review of the interplay between AMPK and adenylate metabolizing enzymes. Some aspects of inborn errors of purine metabolism are also discussed.
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21
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Battelli MG, Bortolotti M, Polito L, Bolognesi A. The role of xanthine oxidoreductase and uric acid in metabolic syndrome. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:2557-2565. [PMID: 29733945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) could contribute to the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome through the oxidative stress and the inflammatory response induced by XOR-derived reactive oxygen species and uric acid. Hyperuricemia is strongly linked to hypertension, insulin resistance, obesity and hypertriglyceridemia. The serum level of XOR is correlated to triglyceride/high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, fasting glycemia, fasting insulinemia and insulin resistance index. Increased activity of endothelium-linked XOR may promote hypertension. In addition, XOR is implicated in pre-adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis. XOR and uric acid play a role in cell transformation and proliferation as well as in the progression and metastatic process. Collected evidences confirm the contribution of XOR and uric acid in metabolic syndrome. However, in some circumstances XOR and uric acid may have anti-oxidant protective outcomes. The dual-face role of both XOR and uric acid explains the contradictory results obtained with XOR inhibitors and suggests caution in their therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giulia Battelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Massimo Bortolotti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Letizia Polito
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Andrea Bolognesi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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22
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Abstract
Several physiological functions of adenosine (Ado) appear to be mediated by four G protein-coupled Ado receptors. Ado is produced extracellularly from the catabolism of the excreted ATP, or intracellularly from AMP, and then released through its transporter. High level of intracellular Ado occurs only at low energy charge, as an intermediate of ATP breakdown, leading to hypoxanthine production. AMP, the direct precursor of Ado, is now considered as an important stress signal inside cell triggering metabolic regulation through activation of a specific AMP-dependent protein kinase. Intracellular Ado produced from AMP by allosterically regulated nucleotidases can be regarded as a stress signal as well. To study the receptor-independent effects of Ado, several experimental approaches have been proposed, such as inhibition or silencing of key enzymes of Ado metabolism, knockdown of Ado receptors in animals, the use of antagonists, or cell treatment with deoxyadenosine, which is substrate of the enzymes acting on Ado, but is unable to interact with Ado receptors. In this way, it was demonstrated that, among other functions, intracellular Ado modulates angiogenesis by regulating promoter methylation, induces hypothermia, promotes apoptosis in sympathetic neurons, and, in the case of oxygen and glucose deprivation, exerts a cytoprotective effect by replenishing the ATP pool.
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23
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Straussberg R, Onoufriadis A, Konen O, Zouabi Y, Cohen L, Lee JYW, Hsu CK, Simpson MA, McGrath JA. Novel homozygous missense mutation in NT5C2 underlying hereditary spastic paraplegia SPG45. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:3109-3113. [PMID: 28884889 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
SPG45 is a rare form of autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia associated with mental retardation. Detailed phenotyping and mutation analysis was undertaken in three individuals with SPG45 from a consanguineous family of Arab Muslim origin. Using whole-exome sequencing, we identified a novel homozygous missense mutation in NT5C2 (c.1379T>C; p.Leu460Pro). Our data expand the molecular basis of SPG45, adding the first missense mutation to the current database of nonsense, frameshift, and splice site mutations. NT5C2 mutations seem to have a broad clinical spectrum and should be sought in patients manifesting either as uncomplicated or complicated HSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Straussberg
- Neurogenetic Clinic, Neurology Institute, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alexandros Onoufriadis
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Osnat Konen
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Radiology Institute, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Yasmin Zouabi
- Neurogenetic Clinic, Neurology Institute, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lior Cohen
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Genetic Institute, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - John Y W Lee
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Chao-Kai Hsu
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael A Simpson
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - John A McGrath
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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Varani K, Vincenzi F, Merighi S, Gessi S, Borea PA. Biochemical and Pharmacological Role of A1 Adenosine Receptors and Their Modulation as Novel Therapeutic Strategy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1051:193-232. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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25
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Elsaid MF, Ibrahim K, Chalhoub N, Elsotouhy A, El Mudehki N, Abdel Aleem A. NT5C2 novel splicing variant expands the phenotypic spectrum of Spastic Paraplegia (SPG45): case report of a new member of thin corpus callosum SPG-Subgroup. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2017; 18:33. [PMID: 28327087 PMCID: PMC5359868 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-017-0395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP) is a genetically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative diseases. Thin Corpus Callosum (TCC) associated HSP is a distinguished subgroup of complex forms. Purines and pyrimidine, the basic DNA and RNA components, are regulating the cell metabolism, having roles in signal transduction, energy preservation and cellular repair. Genetic defects in nucleotide metabolism related genes have been only recently implicated in brain and neurodegenerative diseases’ pathogenesis. Case presentation We present a consanguineous Qatari family with two brothers, 9 and 3 years, who displayed a characteristic phenotype of early onset and markedly-severe spasticity with tiptoe walking, delayed dysarthric speech, persistent truncal hypotonia, and multiple variable-sized areas of brownish skin discoloration appearing at different places on the body. A clinical diagnosis suggestive of complex hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) was set after the family had the second affected child. Whole genome sequencing identified a novel homozygous NT5C2 splice site mutation (NM_012229.4/NM_001134373.2: c.1159 + 1G > T) that recessively segregated in family members. Brain MRI revealed dysgenic and thin corpus callosum (TCC) with peri-trigonal white matter cystic changes in both affected boys, whereas a well-developed corpus callosum with normal white matter was shown in their apparently normal brother, who found to be a carrier for the mutant variant. This mutation led to skipping of exon 14 with removal of 58 amino acid residues at the C-terminal half. The aberrantly spliced NT5C2 showed substantial reduction in expression level in the in-vitro study, indicating marked instability of the mutant NT5C2 protein. Conclusion The present report expands the phenotypic spectrum of SPG45 and confirms NT5C2-SPG45 as a member of the rare TCC SPG-subtypes. Homozygous alteration in NT5C2 seems essential to produce central white matter developmental defects. The study highlights the importance of cytosolic II 5’-nucleotidase (NT5C2) in maintaining the normal balance of purines’ pool in the brain, which seems to play a pivotal role in the normal development of central white matter structures. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12881-017-0395-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud F Elsaid
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khalid Ibrahim
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nader Chalhoub
- Neurogenetics Research program, Neurology Department, Weill Cornell Medical College, Qatar Foundation- Education City, 24144, Doha, Qatar.,Neurology Department, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Ahmed Elsotouhy
- Radiology Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Noora El Mudehki
- Physiotherapy Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alice Abdel Aleem
- Neurogenetics Research program, Neurology Department, Weill Cornell Medical College, Qatar Foundation- Education City, 24144, Doha, Qatar. .,Neurology Department, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA.
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Battelli MG, Polito L, Bortolotti M, Bolognesi A. Xanthine Oxidoreductase in Drug Metabolism: Beyond a Role as a Detoxifying Enzyme. Curr Med Chem 2017; 23:4027-4036. [PMID: 27458036 PMCID: PMC5345321 DOI: 10.2174/0929867323666160725091915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) catalyzes the last two steps of purine
catabolism in the highest uricotelic primates. XOR is an enzyme with
dehydrogenase activity that, in mammals, may be converted into oxidase activity
under a variety of pathophysiologic conditions. XOR activity is highly regulated
at the transcriptional and post-translational levels and may generate reactive
oxygen and nitrogen species, which trigger different consequences, ranging from
cytotoxicity to inflammation. The low specificity for substrates allows XOR to
metabolize a number of endogenous metabolites and a variety of exogenous
compounds, including drugs. The present review focuses on the role of XOR as a drug-metabolizing enzyme,
specifically for drugs with anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral,
immunosuppressive or vasodilator activities, as well as drugs acting on
metabolism or inducing XOR expression. XOR has an activating role that is essential to the pharmacological action of
quinone drugs, cyadox, antiviral nucleoside analogues, allopurinol, nitrate and
nitrite. XOR activity has a degradation function toward thiopurine nucleotides,
pyrazinoic acid, methylxanthines and tolbutamide, whose half-life may be
prolonged by the use of XOR inhibitors. In conclusion, to avoid potential drug interaction risks, such as a toxic excess
of drug bioavailability or a loss of drug efficacy, caution is suggested in the
use of XOR inhibitors, as in the case of hyperuricemic patients affected by gout
or tumor lysis syndrome, when it is necessary to simultaneously administer
therapeutic substances that are activated or degraded by the drug-metabolizing
activity of XOR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Letizia Polito
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, General Pathology Unit, School of Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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27
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Sauer AV, Hernandez RJ, Fumagalli F, Bianchi V, Poliani PL, Dallatomasina C, Riboni E, Politi LS, Tabucchi A, Carlucci F, Casiraghi M, Carriglio N, Cominelli M, Forcellini CA, Barzaghi F, Ferrua F, Minicucci F, Medaglini S, Leocani L, la Marca G, Notarangelo LD, Azzari C, Comi G, Baldoli C, Canale S, Sessa M, D’Adamo P, Aiuti A. Alterations in the brain adenosine metabolism cause behavioral and neurological impairment in ADA-deficient mice and patients. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40136. [PMID: 28074903 PMCID: PMC5225479 DOI: 10.1038/srep40136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) deficiency is an autosomal recessive variant of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) caused by systemic accumulation of ADA substrates. Neurological and behavioral abnormalities observed in ADA-SCID patients surviving after stem cell transplantation or gene therapy represent an unresolved enigma in the field. We found significant neurological and cognitive alterations in untreated ADA-SCID patients as well as in two groups of patients after short- and long-term enzyme replacement therapy with PEG-ADA. These included motor dysfunction, EEG alterations, sensorineural hypoacusia, white matter and ventricular alterations in MRI as well as a low mental development index or IQ. Ada-deficient mice were significantly less active and showed anxiety-like behavior. Molecular and metabolic analyses showed that this phenotype coincides with metabolic alterations and aberrant adenosine receptor signaling. PEG-ADA treatment corrected metabolic adenosine-based alterations, but not cellular and signaling defects, indicating an intrinsic nature of the neurological and behavioral phenotype in ADA deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha V. Sauer
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Raisa Jofra Hernandez
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Fumagalli
- Neurology Unit, Neurology Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Bianchi
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Dallatomasina
- Psychological Service, Neurological Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Riboni
- Psychological Service, Neurological Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Letterio S. Politi
- Imaging Core and Neuroradiology Unit, Head and Neck Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Tabucchi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Italy
- U.O.C. Clinical Pathology, AOUS, Siena, Italy
| | - Filippo Carlucci
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Italy
- U.O.C. Clinical Pathology, AOUS, Siena, Italy
| | - Miriam Casiraghi
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Carriglio
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Alberto Forcellini
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Barzaghi
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferrua
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Minicucci
- Neurophysiology Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Medaglini
- Neurophysiology Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Leocani
- Neurophysiology Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giancarlo la Marca
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lucia D. Notarangelo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Pathology Unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Azzari
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Comi
- Psychological Service, Neurological Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Baldoli
- Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Canale
- Multimedica hospital, Neurological Rehabilitation, Limbiate, Italy
| | - Maria Sessa
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Neurology Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia D’Adamo
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Aiuti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Li K, Zhang P, Chen L, Guan F. Effects of purine nucleotide administration on purine nucleotide metabolism in brains of heroin-dependent rats. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502016000400024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Garcia-Gil M, Tozzi MG, Balestri F, Colombaioni L, Camici M. Mitochondrial Damage and Apoptosis Induced by Adenosine Deaminase Inhibition and Deoxyadenosine in Human Neuroblastoma Cell Lines. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:1671-9. [PMID: 26659614 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The treatment with deoxycoformycin, a strong adenosine deaminase inhibitor, in combination with deoxyadenosine, causes apoptotic cell death of two human neuroblastoma cell lines, SH-SY5Y and LAN5. Herein we demonstrate that, in SH-SY5Y cells, this combination rapidly decreases mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and, in parallel, increases mitochondrial mass, while, later, induces nuclear fragmentation, and activation of caspase-8, -9, and -3. In previous papers we have shown that a human astrocytoma cell line, subjected to the same treatment, undergoes apoptotic death as well. Therefore, both astrocytoma and neuroblastoma cell lines undergo apoptotic death following the combined treatment with deoxycoformycin and deoxyadenosine, but several differences have been found in the mode of action, possibly reflecting a different functional and metabolic profile of the two cell lines. Overall this work indicates that the neuroblastoma cell lines, like the line of astrocytic origin, are very sensitive to purine metabolism perturbation thus suggesting new therapeutic approaches to nervous system tumors. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 1671-1679, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Garcia-Gil
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Unità Fisiologia Generale, Via S. Zeno 31, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Marcella Camici
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Unità Biochimica, Via S. Zeno 51, Pisa, Italy
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Giuliani P, Zuccarini M, Buccella S, Rossini M, D'Alimonte I, Ciccarelli R, Marzo M, Marzo A, Di Iorio P, Caciagli F. Development of a new HPLC method using fluorescence detection without derivatization for determining purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1009-1010:114-21. [PMID: 26720700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) activity is involved in cell survival and function, since PNP is a key enzyme in the purine metabolic pathway where it catalyzes the phosphorolysis of the nucleosides to the corresponding nucleobases. Its dysfunction has been found in relevant pathological conditions (such as inflammation and cancer), so the detection of PNP activity in plasma could represent an attractive marker for early diagnosis or assessment of disease progression. Thus the aim of this study was to develop a simple, fast and sensitive HPLC method for the determination of PNP activity in plasma. The separation was achieved on a Phenomenex Kinetex PFP column using 0.1% formic acid in water and methanol as mobile phases in gradient elution mode at a flow rate of 1ml/min and purine compounds were detected using UV absorption and fluorescence. The analysis was fast since the run was achieved within 13min. This method improved the separation of the different purines, allowing the UV-based quantification of the natural PNP substrates (inosine and guanosine) or products (hypoxanthine and guanine) and its subsequent metabolic products (xanthine and uric acid) with a good precision and accuracy. The most interesting innovation is the simultaneous use of a fluorescence detector (excitation/emission wavelength of 260/375nm) that allowed the quantification of guanosine and guanine without derivatization. Compared with UV, the fluorescence detection improved the sensitivity for guanine detection by about 10-fold and abolished almost completely the baseline noise due to the presence of plasma in the enzymatic reaction mixture. Thus, the validated method allowed an excellent evaluation of PNP activity in plasma which could be useful as an indicator of several pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Giuliani
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Mariachiara Zuccarini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Silvana Buccella
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Margherita Rossini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Iolanda D'Alimonte
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Renata Ciccarelli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Matteo Marzo
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Antonio Marzo
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Di Iorio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
| | - Francesco Caciagli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
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Kiykim A, Simsek IE, Kiykim E, Karakoc-Aydiner E, Baris S, Ozen AO, Aydogan M, Santisteban I, Hershfield M, Barlan I. Two patients with novel missense mutation in the purine nucleoside phosphorylase gene without serious or recurrent infections. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/cen3.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayca Kiykim
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology; Marmara University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Isil Eser Simsek
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology; Kocaeli University; Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Ertugrul Kiykim
- Division of Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolism; Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Elif Karakoc-Aydiner
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology; Marmara University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Safa Baris
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology; Marmara University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ahmet Oguzhan Ozen
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology; Marmara University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Metin Aydogan
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology; Kocaeli University; Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Ines Santisteban
- Department of Medicine; Duke University School of Medicine; Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Michael Hershfield
- Department of Medicine; Duke University School of Medicine; Durham North Carolina USA
| | - Isil Barlan
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology; Marmara University; Istanbul Turkey
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Yegutkin GG. Enzymes involved in metabolism of extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides: functional implications and measurement of activities. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 49:473-97. [PMID: 25418535 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.953627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides mediate diverse signaling effects in virtually all organs and tissues. Most models of purinergic signaling depend on functional interactions between distinct processes, including (i) the release of endogenous ATP and other nucleotides, (ii) triggering of signaling events via a series of nucleotide-selective ligand-gated P2X and metabotropic P2Y receptors as well as adenosine receptors and (iii) ectoenzymatic interconversion of purinergic agonists. The duration and magnitude of purinergic signaling is governed by a network of ectoenzymes, including the enzymes of the nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase) family, the nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (NPP) family, ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73, tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) and other alkaline and acid phosphatases, adenosine deaminase (ADA) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP). Along with "classical" inactivating ectoenzymes, recent data provide evidence for the co-existence of a counteracting ATP-regenerating pathway comprising the enzymes of the adenylate kinase (AK) and nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK/NME/NM23) families and ATP synthase. This review describes recent advances in this field, with special emphasis on purine-converting ectoenzymes as a complex and integrated network regulating purinergic signaling in such (patho)physiological states as immunomodulation, inflammation, tumorigenesis, arterial calcification and other diseases. The second part of this review provides a comprehensive overview and basic principles of major approaches employed for studying purinergic activities, including spectrophotometric Pi-liberating assays, high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) and thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) analyses of purine substrates and metabolites, capillary electrophoresis, bioluminescent, fluorometric and electrochemical enzyme-coupled assays, histochemical staining, and further emphasizes their advantages, drawbacks and suitability for assaying a particular catalytic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady G Yegutkin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku , Turku , Finland
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Cividini F, Cros-Perrial E, Pesi R, Machon C, Allegrini S, Camici M, Dumontet C, Jordheim LP, Tozzi MG. Cell proliferation and drug sensitivity of human glioblastoma cells are altered by the stable modulation of cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 65:222-9. [PMID: 26079827 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II (cN-II) has been reported to be involved in cell survival, nucleotide metabolism and in the cellular response to anticancer drugs. With the aim to further evaluate the role of this enzyme in cell biology, we stably modulated its expression the human glioblastoma cell ADF in which the transient inhibition of cN-II has been shown to induce cell death. Stable cell lines were obtained both with inhibition, obtained with plasmids coding cN-II-targeting short hairpin RNA, and stimulation, obtained with plasmids coding Green Fluorescence Protein (GFP)-fused wild type cN-II or a GFP-fused hyperactive mutant (GFP-cN-II-R367Q), of cN-II expression. Silenced cells displayed a decreased proliferation rate while the over expressing cell lines displayed an increased proliferation rate as evidenced by impedance measurement using the xCELLigence device. The expression of nucleotide metabolism relevant genes was only slightly different between cell lines, suggesting a compensatory mechanism in transfected cells. Cells with decreased cN-II expression were resistant to the nucleoside analog fludarabine confirming the involvement of cN-II in the metabolism of this drug. Finally, we observed sensitivity to cisplatin in cN-II silenced cells and resistance to this same drug in cN-II over-expressing cells indicating an involvement of cN-II in the mechanism of action of platinum derivatives, and most probably in DNA repair. In summary, our findings confirm some previous data on the role of cN-II in the sensitivity of cancer cells to cancer drugs, and suggest its involvement in other cellular phenomenon such as cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cividini
- University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, Pisa, Italy.
| | - E Cros-Perrial
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon 1, F-69622 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon 1, F-69000 Lyon, France; INSERM U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France; CNRS UMR 5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - R Pesi
- University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Machon
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Toxicologie, Lyon, France
| | - S Allegrini
- University of Sassari, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacology, Sassari, Italy
| | - M Camici
- University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, Pisa, Italy
| | - C Dumontet
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon 1, F-69622 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon 1, F-69000 Lyon, France; INSERM U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France; CNRS UMR 5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - L P Jordheim
- Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon 1, F-69622 Lyon, France; Université de Lyon 1, F-69000 Lyon, France; INSERM U1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France; CNRS UMR 5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - M G Tozzi
- University of Pisa, Department of Biology, Biochemistry Unit, Pisa, Italy
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Fasullo M, Endres L. Nucleotide salvage deficiencies, DNA damage and neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:9431-49. [PMID: 25923076 PMCID: PMC4463597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16059431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide balance is critically important not only in replicating cells but also in quiescent cells. This is especially true in the nervous system, where there is a high demand for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) produced from mitochondria. Mitochondria are particularly prone to oxidative stress-associated DNA damage because nucleotide imbalance can lead to mitochondrial depletion due to low replication fidelity. Failure to maintain nucleotide balance due to genetic defects can result in infantile death; however there is great variability in clinical presentation for particular diseases. This review compares genetic diseases that result from defects in specific nucleotide salvage enzymes and a signaling kinase that activates nucleotide salvage after DNA damage exposure. These diseases include Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, mitochondrial depletion syndromes, and ataxia telangiectasia. Although treatment options are available to palliate symptoms of these diseases, there is no cure. The conclusions drawn from this review include the critical role of guanine nucleotides in preventing neurodegeneration, the limitations of animals as disease models, and the need to further understand nucleotide imbalances in treatment regimens. Such knowledge will hopefully guide future studies into clinical therapies for genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fasullo
- Colleges of Nanoscale Sciences and Engineering, State University of New York Polytechnic University, Albany, NY 12203, USA.
| | - Lauren Endres
- Colleges of Nanoscale Sciences and Engineering, State University of New York Polytechnic University, Albany, NY 12203, USA.
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Dammer EB, Göttle M, Duong DM, Hanfelt J, Seyfried NT, Jinnah HA. Consequences of impaired purine recycling on the proteome in a cellular model of Lesch-Nyhan disease. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 114:570-579. [PMID: 25769394 PMCID: PMC4390545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The importance of specific pathways of purine metabolism for normal brain function is highlighted by several inherited disorders, such as Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND). In this disorder, deficiency of the purine recycling enzyme, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGprt), causes severe neurological and behavioral abnormalities. Despite many years of research, the mechanisms linking the defect in purine recycling to the neurobehavioral abnormalities remain unclear. In the current studies, an unbiased approach to the identification of potential mechanisms was undertaken by examining changes in protein expression in a model of HGprt deficiency based on the dopaminergic rat PC6-3 line, before and after differentiation with nerve growth factor (NGF). Protein expression profiles of 5 mutant sublines carrying different mutations affecting HGprt enzyme activity were compared to the HGprt-competent parent line using the method of stable isotopic labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) followed by denaturing gel electrophoresis with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of tryptic digests, and subsequent identification of affected biochemical pathways using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) functional annotation chart analysis. The results demonstrate that HGprt deficiency causes broad changes in protein expression that depend on whether the cells are differentiated or not. Several of the pathways identified reflect predictable consequences of defective purine recycling. Other pathways were not anticipated, disclosing previously unknown connections with purine metabolism and novel insights into the pathogenesis of LND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B. Dammer
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Martin Göttle
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Duc M. Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - John Hanfelt
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - H. A. Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Human Genetics & Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Celmeli F, Turkkahraman D, Uygun V, la Marca G, Hershfield M, Yesilipek A. A successful unrelated peripheral blood stem cell transplantation with reduced intensity-conditioning regimen in a patient with late-onset purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency. Pediatr Transplant 2015; 19:E47-50. [PMID: 25514831 DOI: 10.1111/petr.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PNP deficiency is a rare combined immunodeficiency with autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. The immunodeficiency is progressive with normal immune functions at birth, but then, T-cell deficiency with variable B-cell functions usually presents by the age of two yr. The only curative treatment for PNP deficiency is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Here, we present a 13-yr-old girl with late-onset PNP deficiency. Despite many complications of infections, she was successfully transplanted with a reduced intensity-conditioning regimen from an HLA-identical unrelated donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Celmeli
- Department of Pediatric Allergy-Immunology, Antalya Education and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
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Garcia-Gil M, Tozzi MG, Varani S, Della Verde L, Petrotto E, Balestri F, Colombaioni L, Camici M. The combination of adenosine deaminase inhibition and deoxyadenosine induces apoptosis in a human astrocytoma cell line. Neurochem Int 2014; 80:14-22. [PMID: 25447764 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the functions of astrocytes contribute to the appearance of a variety of neurological pathologies. Gliomas, especially those of astrocytic origin, are particularly resistant to chemotherapy and are often characterized by a poor prognosis. Neuroblastoma is the tumour with the higher incidence in infants. Anticancer drugs can induce apoptosis and their cytotoxic effect is often mediated by this process. We have previously demonstrated that the combination of deoxycoformycin, a strong adenosine deaminase inhibitor, and deoxyadenosine is toxic for a human astrocytoma cell line. In fact, after 15 h of treatment, this combination increases both mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial mass, induces apoptosis as indicated by cytochrome c release from mitochondria and activation of caspase-3. These events are preceded by reduction in lactate release in the medium. In this work we demonstrate that after 8 h of incubation with deoxyadenosine and deoxycoformycin, caspase-8 is activated, mitochondrial mass increases and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species decrease. The addition of baicalein to the incubation medium reduces cell death and caspase-3 activity induced by deoxycoformycin and deoxyadenosine in combination. This protective effect is correlated to an increase of lactate released in the medium, a decrease in the intracellular levels of dATP, and an increase in ATP levels, as compared with the cells subjected to the treatment with deoxycoformycin and deoxyadenosine without any further addition. The effect of baicalein appears to be related to an inhibition of deoxyadenosine phosphorylation, rather than or in addition to the well known antioxidant activity of the compound. This work indicates that an astrocytoma cell line, reported to be resistant to mitochondria-dependent pathways of apoptosis, is indeed very sensitive to a manipulation affecting the balance of cellular purine metabolite concentrations. The same treatment is also cytotoxic on a neuroblastoma cell line, thus suggesting long term implications for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Garcia-Gil
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Unità Fisiologia Generale, Via S. Zeno 31, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Varani
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Unità Fisiologia Generale, Via S. Zeno 31, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenza Della Verde
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Unità Fisiologia Generale, Via S. Zeno 31, Pisa, Italy
| | - Edoardo Petrotto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Unità Fisiologia Generale, Via S. Zeno 31, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Marcella Camici
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Unità Biochimica, Via S. Zeno 51, Pisa, Italy.
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Balasubramaniam S, Duley JA, Christodoulou J. Inborn errors of purine metabolism: clinical update and therapies. J Inherit Metab Dis 2014; 37:669-86. [PMID: 24972650 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9731-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inborn errors of purine metabolism exhibit broad neurological, immunological, haematological and renal manifestations. Limited awareness of the phenotypic spectrum, the recent descriptions of newer disorders and considerable genetic heterogeneity, have contributed to long diagnostic odysseys for affected individuals. These enzymes are widely but not ubiquitously distributed in human tissues and are crucial for synthesis of essential nucleotides, such as ATP, which form the basis of DNA and RNA, oxidative phosphorylation, signal transduction and a range of molecular synthetic processes. Depletion of nucleotides or accumulation of toxic intermediates contributes to the pathogenesis of these disorders. Maintenance of cellular nucleotides depends on the three aspects of metabolism of purines (and related pyrimidines): de novo synthesis, catabolism and recycling of these metabolites. At present, treatments for the clinically significant defects of the purine pathway are restricted: purine 5'-nucleotidase deficiency with uridine; familial juvenile hyperuricaemic nephropathy (FJHN), adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRT) deficiency, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) deficiency and phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate synthetase superactivity (PRPS) with allopurinol; adenosine deaminase (ADA) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiencies have been treated by bone marrow transplantation (BMT), and ADA deficiency with enzyme replacement with polyethylene glycol (PEG)-ADA, or erythrocyte-encapsulated ADA; myeloadenylate deaminase (MADA) and adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) deficiencies have had trials of oral ribose; PRPS, HPRT and adenosine kinase (ADK) deficiencies with S-adenosylmethionine; and molybdenum cofactor deficiency of complementation group A (MOCODA) with cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate (cPMP). In this review we describe the known inborn errors of purine metabolism, their phenotypic presentations, established diagnostic methodology and recognised treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti Balasubramaniam
- Metabolic Unit, Princess Margaret Hospital, Roberts Road, Subiaco, Perth, WA, 6008, Australia
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Wang J, Wang J, Zhang Y, Yang G, Shang AJ, Zou LP. Proteomic analysis on infantile spasm and prenatal stress. Epilepsy Res 2014; 108:1174-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Parvaneh N, Quartier P, Rostami P, Casanova JL, de Lonlay P. Inborn errors of metabolism underlying primary immunodeficiencies. J Clin Immunol 2014; 34:753-71. [PMID: 25081841 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-014-0076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A number of inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) have been shown to result in predominantly immunologic phenotypes, manifesting in part as inborn errors of immunity. These phenotypes are mostly caused by defects that affect the (i) quality or quantity of essential structural building blocks (e.g., nucleic acids, and amino acids), (ii) cellular energy economy (e.g., glucose metabolism), (iii) post-translational protein modification (e.g., glycosylation) or (iv) mitochondrial function. Presenting as multisystemic defects, they also affect innate or adaptive immunity, or both, and display various types of immune dysregulation. Specific and potentially curative therapies are available for some of these diseases, whereas targeted treatments capable of inducing clinical remission are available for others. We will herein review the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) due to underlying metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Parvaneh
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
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Prenatal growth restriction, retinal dystrophy, diabetes insipidus and white matter disease: expanding the spectrum of PRPS1-related disorders. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 23:310-6. [PMID: 24961627 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PRPS1 codes for the enzyme phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase-1 (PRS-1). The spectrum of PRPS1-related disorders associated with reduced activity includes Arts syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease-5 (CMTX5) and X-linked non-syndromic sensorineural deafness (DFN2). We describe a novel phenotype associated with decreased PRS-1 function in two affected male siblings. Using whole exome and Sanger sequencing techniques, we identified a novel missense mutation in PRPS1. The clinical phenotype in our patients is characterized by high prenatal maternal α-fetoprotein, intrauterine growth restriction, dysmorphic facial features, severe intellectual disability and spastic quadraparesis. Additional phenotypic features include macular coloboma-like lesions with retinal dystrophy, severe short stature and diabetes insipidus. Exome sequencing of the two affected male siblings identified a shared putative pathogenic mutation c.586C>T p.(Arg196Trp) in the PRPS1 gene that was maternally inherited. Follow-up testing showed normal levels of hypoxanthine in urine samples and uric acid levels in blood serum. The PRS activity was significantly reduced in erythrocytes of the two patients. Nucleotide analysis in erythrocytes revealed abnormally low guanosine triphosphate and guanosine diphosphate. This presentation is the most severe form of PRPS1-deficiency syndrome described to date and expands the spectrum of PRPS1-related disorders.
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Recent advances in understanding and managing adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiencies. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 13:630-8. [PMID: 24113229 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW To review the recent advances in the understanding and management of the immune and nonimmune effects of inherited adenosine deaminase (ADA) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiencies. RECENT FINDINGS Abnormal thymocyte development and peripheral T-cell activation in ADA-deficient and PNP-deficient patients cause increased susceptibility to infections and immune dysregulation. The impaired purine homeostasis also damages many other cell types and tissues. Animal studies suggest that defects in surfactant metabolism by alveolar macrophages cause the pulmonary alveolar proteinosis commonly seen in ADA-deficient infants, while toxicity of purine metabolites to cerebellar Purkinje cells may lead to the ataxia frequently observed in PNP deficiency. Patients' outcome with current treatments including enzyme replacement and stem cell transplantations are inferior to those achieved in most severe immunodeficiency conditions. New strategies, including intracellular enzyme replacement, gene therapy and innovative protocols for stem cell transplantations hold great promise for improved outcomes in ADA and PNP deficiency. Moreover, newborn screening and early diagnosis will allow prompt application of these novel treatment strategies, further improving survival and reducing morbidity. SUMMARY Better understanding of the complex immune and nonimmune effects of ADA and PNP deficiency holds great promise for improved patients' outcome.
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Nguyen M, Roth A, Kyzar EJ, Poudel MK, Wong K, Stewart AM, Kalueff AV. Decoding the contribution of dopaminergic genes and pathways to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Neurochem Int 2014; 66:15-26. [PMID: 24412511 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a debilitating brain illness causing social deficits, delayed development and repetitive behaviors. ASD is a heritable neurodevelopmental disorder with poorly understood and complex etiology. The central dopaminergic system is strongly implicated in ASD pathogenesis. Genes encoding various elements of this system (including dopamine receptors, the dopamine transporter or enzymes of synthesis and catabolism) have been linked to ASD. Here, we comprehensively evaluate known molecular interactors of dopaminergic genes, and identify their potential molecular partners within up/down-steam signaling pathways associated with dopamine. These in silico analyses allowed us to construct a map of molecular pathways, regulated by dopamine and involved in ASD. Clustering these pathways reveals groups of genes associated with dopamine metabolism, encoding proteins that control dopamine neurotransmission, cytoskeletal processes, synaptic release, Ca(2+) signaling, as well as the adenosine, glutamatergic and gamma-aminobutyric systems. Overall, our analyses emphasize the important role of the dopaminergic system in ASD, and implicate several cellular signaling processes in its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, 415 Lane Road, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; ZENEREI Institute, 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA
| | - Andrew Roth
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Evan J Kyzar
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood Street, Room 165 CME, M/C 783, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Manoj K Poudel
- ZENEREI Institute, 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA
| | - Keith Wong
- University of California San Diego (UCSD) School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Adam Michael Stewart
- ZENEREI Institute, 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, A210 Langley Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- ZENEREI Institute, 309 Palmer Court, Slidell, LA 70458, USA.
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Akizu N, Cantagrel V, Schroth J, Cai N, Vaux K, McCloskey D, Naviaux RK, Van Vleet J, Fenstermaker AG, Silhavy JL, Scheliga JS, Toyama K, Morisaki H, Sonmez FM, Celep F, Oraby A, Zaki MS, Al-Baradie R, Faqeih EA, Saleh MAM, Spencer E, Rosti RO, Scott E, Nickerson E, Gabriel S, Morisaki T, Holmes EW, Gleeson JG. AMPD2 regulates GTP synthesis and is mutated in a potentially treatable neurodegenerative brainstem disorder. Cell 2013; 154:505-17. [PMID: 23911318 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Purine biosynthesis and metabolism, conserved in all living organisms, is essential for cellular energy homeostasis and nucleic acid synthesis. The de novo synthesis of purine precursors is under tight negative feedback regulation mediated by adenosine and guanine nucleotides. We describe a distinct early-onset neurodegenerative condition resulting from mutations in the adenosine monophosphate deaminase 2 gene (AMPD2). Patients have characteristic brain imaging features of pontocerebellar hypoplasia (PCH) due to loss of brainstem and cerebellar parenchyma. We found that AMPD2 plays an evolutionary conserved role in the maintenance of cellular guanine nucleotide pools by regulating the feedback inhibition of adenosine derivatives on de novo purine synthesis. AMPD2 deficiency results in defective GTP-dependent initiation of protein translation, which can be rescued by administration of purine precursors. These data suggest AMPD2-related PCH as a potentially treatable early-onset neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Akizu
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Muzzi M, Coppi E, Pugliese AM, Chiarugi A. Anticonvulsant effect of AMP by direct activation of adenosine A1 receptor. Exp Neurol 2013; 250:189-93. [PMID: 24056265 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic neurotransmission mediated by adenosine (Ado) type 1 receptors (A1Rs) plays pivotal roles in negative modulation of epileptic seizures, and Ado is thought to be a key endogenous anticonvulsant. Recent evidence, however, indicates that AMP, the metabolic precursor of Ado, also activate A1Rs. Here, we evaluated the antiepileptic effects of AMP adopting in vitro and in vivo models of epilepsy. We report that AMP reversed the increase in population spike (PS) amplitude and the decrease in PS latency induced by a Mg(2+)-free extracellular solution in CA1 neurons of mouse hippocampal slices. The AMP effects were inhibited by the A1R antagonist DPCPX, but not prevented by inhibiting conversion of AMP into Ado, indicating that AMP inhibited per se sustained hippocampal excitatory neurotransmission by directly activating A1Rs. AMP also reduced seizure severity and mortality in a model of audiogenic convulsion. Of note, the anticonvulsant effects of AMP were potentiated by preventing its conversion into Ado and inhibited by DPCPX. When tested in a model of kainate-induced seizure, AMP prolonged latency of convulsions but had no effects on seizure severity and mortality. Data provide the first evidence that AMP is an endogenous anticonvulsant acting at A1Rs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Muzzi
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Italy.
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Göttle M, Burhenne H, Sutcliffe D, Jinnah HA. Purine metabolism during neuronal differentiation: the relevance of purine synthesis and recycling. J Neurochem 2013; 127:805-18. [PMID: 23859490 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purines are a class of small organic molecules that are essential for all cells. They play critical roles in neuronal differentiation and function. Their importance is highlighted by several inherited disorders of purine metabolism, such as Lesch-Nyhan disease, which is caused by a deficiency of the purine salvage enzyme, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGprt). Despite the known importance of purines in the nervous system, knowledge regarding their metabolism in neurons is limited. In the current studies, purine pools and their metabolism were examined in rat PC6-3 cells, a PC12 pheochromocytoma subclone that undergoes robust differentiation with nerve growth factor. The results were compared with five new independent PC6-3 subclones with defective purine recycling because of different mutations affecting HGprt enzyme activity. The results demonstrate an increase in most purines and in energy state following neuronal differentiation, as well as specific abnormalities when purine recycling is lost. The loss of HGprt-mediated purine recycling also is associated with significant loss of dopamine and related metabolites in the mutant PC6-3 lines, suggesting an important connection between purine and dopamine pathways. These results provide insights into how purine pools and metabolism change with neuronal differentiation, and how specific enzyme defects may cause neuronal dysfunction. Differentiation of dopaminergic PC6-3 cells is accompanied by increased purine pools and energy state. The lack of a functional purine recycling pathway causes purine limitation in both undifferentiated and differentiated cells, as well as profound loss of dopamine content. The results imply an unknown mechanism by which intracellular purine levels regulate dopamine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Göttle
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Neurological basis of AMP-dependent thermoregulation and its relevance to central and peripheral hyperthermia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:183-90. [PMID: 23093068 PMCID: PMC3564191 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2012.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic hypothermia is of relevance to treatment of increased body temperature and brain injury, but drugs inducing selective, rapid, and safe cooling in humans are not available. Here, we show that injections of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP), an endogenous nucleotide, promptly triggers hypothermia in mice by directly activating adenosine A1 receptors (A1R) within the preoptic area (POA) of the hypothalamus. Inhibition of constitutive degradation of brain extracellular AMP by targeting ecto 5'-nucleotidase, also suffices to prompt hypothermia in rodents. Accordingly, sensitivity of mice and rats to the hypothermic effect of AMP is inversely related to their hypothalamic 5'-nucleotidase activity. Single-cell electrophysiological recording indicates that AMP reduces spontaneous firing activity of temperature-insensitive neurons of the mouse POA, thereby retuning the hypothalamic thermoregulatory set point towards lower temperatures. Adenosine 5'-monophosphate also suppresses prostaglandin E2-induced fever in mice, having no effects on peripheral hyperthermia triggered by dioxymetamphetamine (ecstasy) overdose. Together, data disclose the role of AMP, 5'-nucleotidase, and A1R in hypothalamic thermoregulation, as well and their therapeutic relevance to treatment of febrile illness.
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Chu S, Xiong W, Zhang D, Soylu H, Sun C, Albensi BC, Parkinson FE. Regulation of adenosine levels during cerebral ischemia. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:60-6. [PMID: 23064722 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a neuromodulator with its level increasing up to 100-fold during ischemic events, and attenuates the excitotoxic neuronal injury. Adenosine is produced both intracellularly and extracellularly, and nucleoside transport proteins transfer adenosine across plasma membranes. Adenosine levels and receptor-mediated effects of adenosine are regulated by intracellular ATP consumption, cellular release of ATP, metabolism of extracellular ATP (and other adenine nucleotides), adenosine influx, adenosine efflux and adenosine metabolism. Recent studies have used genetically modified mice to investigate the relative contributions of intra- and extracellular pathways for adenosine formation. The importance of cortical or hippocampal neurons as a source or a sink of adenosine under basal and hypoxic/ischemic conditions was addressed through the use of transgenic mice expressing human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) under the control of a promoter for neuron-specific enolase. From these studies, we conclude that ATP consumption within neurons is the primary source of adenosine in neuronal cultures, but not in hippocampal slices or in vivo mice exposed to ischemic conditions.
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