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Hijam AC, Tongbram YC, Nongthombam PD, Meitei HN, Koijam AS, Rajashekar Y, Haobam R. Neuroprotective potential of traditionally used medicinal plants of Manipur against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 330:118197. [PMID: 38636579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex DC., Eryngium foetidum L., and Stephania japonica (Thunb.) Miers plants are traditionally used to treat various central nervous system disorders like paralysis, epilepsy, seizure, convulsion, chronic pain, headache, sleep disturbances, sprain, and mental disorders. However, their possible neuroprotective effects have not been evaluated experimentally so far. AIM OF THE STUDY The study aims to examine the neuroprotective potential of the three plants against cytotoxicity induced by rotenone in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and assess its plausible mechanisms of neuroprotection. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antioxidant properties of the plant extracts were determined chemically by DPPH and ABTS assay methods. The cytotoxicity of rotenone and the cytoprotective activities of the extracts were evaluated using MTT assays. Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) expression studies in cells were performed to assess neuronal survival after rotenone and extract treatments. Mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species were evaluated using Rhodamine 123 and DCF-DA dye, respectively. Catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities were also measured. Apoptotic nuclei were examined using DAPI staining. Liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) analysis of the plant extracts was also performed. RESULTS The methanol extracts of A. sessilis, S. japonica, and E. foetidum showed excellent free radical scavenging activities. MAP2 expression studies show that A. sessilis and S. japonica have higher neuroprotective effects against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells than E. foetidum. Pre-treating cells with the plant extracts reverses the rotenone-induced increase in intracellular ROS. The plant extracts could also restore the reduced mitochondrial membrane potential induced by rotenone treatment and reinstate rotenone-induced increases in catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities. All the extracts inhibited rotenone-induced changes in nuclear morphology and DNA condensation, an early event of cellular apoptosis. LC-QTOF-MS analysis of the plant extracts shows the presence of neuroprotective compounds. CONCLUSIONS The plant extracts showed neuroprotective activities against rotenone-treated SH-SY5Y cells through antioxidant and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. These findings support the ethnopharmacological uses of these plants in treating neurological disorders. They probably are a good source of neuroprotective compounds that could be further explored to develop treatment strategies for neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Chanu Hijam
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal, 795003, Manipur, India
| | | | - Pooja Devi Nongthombam
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal, 795003, Manipur, India
| | | | - Arunkumar Singh Koijam
- Insect Bioresources Laboratory, Animal Bioresources Programme, Institute of Bioresources & Sustainable Development, Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India, Takyelpat, Imphal, 795001, Manipur, India
| | - Yallapa Rajashekar
- Insect Bioresources Laboratory, Animal Bioresources Programme, Institute of Bioresources & Sustainable Development, Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India, Takyelpat, Imphal, 795001, Manipur, India
| | - Reena Haobam
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal, 795003, Manipur, India.
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Kocak Y, Oto G, Huyut Z, Alp HH, Turkan F, Onay E. Effects of fluoride on oxidative DNA damage, nitric oxide level, lipid peroxidation and cholinesterase enzyme activity in a rotenone-induced experimental Parkinson's model. Neurol Res 2023; 45:979-987. [PMID: 37699078 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2023.2257452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Environmental toxins are known to be one of the important factors in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). This study was designed to investigate the possible contribution of fluoride (F) exposure to oxidative stress and neurodegeneration in rats with PD induced by rotenone (ROT). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 72 Wistar albino male rats were used in the experiment and 9 groups were formed with 8 animals in each group. ROT (2 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously (sc) for 28 days. Different doses of sodium fluoride (NaF) (25, 50 and 100 ug/mL) were given orally (po) for 4 weeks. Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), oxidative DNA damage (8-OHdG) and cholinesterase (AChE/BChE) enzyme activities were evaluated in serum and brain tissue homogenates. RESULTS Rats treated with ROT and NaF had significant increases in serum and brain MDA, NO content, and decreases in GSH. In addition, the combination of ROT and NaF triggered oxidative DNA damage and resulted in increased AChE/BChE activity. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that NaF and ROT may interact synergistically leading to oxidative damage and neuronal cell loss. As a result, we believe that exposure to pesticides in combination with NaF is one of the environmental factors that should not be ignored in the etiology of neurological diseases such as PD in populations in areas with endemic fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilmaz Kocak
- Department of Physical therapy and rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
- Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Oto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Zubeyir Huyut
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Hamit Hakan Alp
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Fikret Turkan
- Department of Basic Sciences Faculty of Dentistry, Igdir University, Iğdır, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Onay
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
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Adedara AO, Otenaike TA, Farodoye OM, Abolaji AO. Ellagic acid mitigates rotenone‐induced damage via modulating mitochondria function in
Drosophila melanogaster. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adeola Oluwatosin Adedara
- Drosophila Research and Training Centre Ibadan Nigeria
- Drosophila Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Titilayomi A. Otenaike
- Drosophila Research and Training Centre Ibadan Nigeria
- Drosophila Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria
| | - Oluwabukola M. Farodoye
- Drosophila Research and Training Centre Ibadan Nigeria
- Drosophila Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria
| | - Amos Olalekan Abolaji
- Drosophila Research and Training Centre Ibadan Nigeria
- Drosophila Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria
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Xanthotoxin modulates oxidative stress, inflammation, and MAPK signaling in a rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease model. Life Sci 2022; 310:121129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Dutta A, Phukan BC, Roy R, Mazumder MK, Paul R, Choudhury A, Kumar D, Bhattacharya P, Nath J, Kumar S, Borah A. Garcinia morella extract confers dopaminergic neuroprotection by mitigating mitochondrial dysfunctions and inflammation in mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1887-1900. [PMID: 35622265 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic neuroprotection is the main interest in designing novel therapeutics against Parkinson's disease (PD). In the process of dopaminergic degeneration, mitochondrial dysfunctions and inflammation are significant. While the existing drugs provide symptomatic relief against PD, a therapy conferring total neuroprotection by targeting multiple degenerative pathways is still lacking. Garcinia morella is a common constituent of Ayurvedic medication and has been used for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. The present study investigates whether administration of G. morella fruit extract (GME) in MPTP mouse model of PD protects against dopaminergic neurodegeneration, including the underlying pathophysiologies, and reverses the motor behavioural abnormalities. Administration of GME prevented the loss of dopaminergic cell bodies in the substantia nigra and its terminals in the corpus striatum of PD mice. Subsequently, reversal of parkinsonian behavioural abnormalities, viz. akinesia, catalepsy, and rearing, was observed along with the recovery of striatal dopamine and its metabolites in the experimental model. Furthermore, reduced activity of the mitochondrial complex II in the nigrostriatal pathway of brain of the mice was restored after the administration of GME. Also, MPTP-induced enhanced activation of Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the nigrostriatal pathway, which are the markers of inflammatory stress, were found to be ameliorated on GME treatment. Thus, our study presented a novel mode of dopaminergic neuroprotection by G. morella in PD by targeting the mitochondrial dysfunctions and neuroinflammation, which are considered to be intricately associated with the loss of dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankumoni Dutta
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
- Department of Zoology, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Adarsha Mahavidyalaya (PDUAM), Behali, Biswanath, Assam, India
| | - Banashree Chetia Phukan
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | - Rubina Roy
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | | | - Rajib Paul
- Department of Zoology, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Adarsha Mahavidyalaya (PDUAM), Eraligool, Karimganj, Assam, India
| | | | - Diwakar Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Joyobrato Nath
- Department of Zoology, Cachar College, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India.
| | - Anupom Borah
- Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India.
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Ramachandra VH, Sivanesan S, Koppal A, Anandakumar S, Howell MD, Sukumar E, Vijayaraghavan R. Embelin and levodopa combination therapy for improved Parkinson's disease treatment. Transl Neurosci 2022; 13:145-162. [PMID: 35855085 PMCID: PMC9245559 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2022-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, affects dopaminergic neurons. Oxidative stress and gut damage play critical roles in PD pathogenesis. Inhibition of oxidative stress and gut damage can prevent neuronal death and delay PD progression. The objective of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of embelin or the combination with levodopa (LD) in a rotenone-induced PD mouse model. At the end of experimentation, the mice were sacrificed and the midbrain was used to evaluate various biochemical parameters, such as nitric oxide, peroxynitrite, urea, and lipid peroxidation. In the substantia nigra (midbrain), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression was examined by immunohistochemistry, and Nurr1 expression was evaluated by western blotting. Gut histopathology was evaluated on tissue sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. In silico molecular docking studies of embelin and α-synuclein (α-syn) fibrils were also performed. Embelin alone or in combination with LD ameliorated oxidative stress and gut damage. TH and Nurr1 protein levels were also significantly restored. Docking studies confirmed the affinity of embelin toward α-syn. Taken together, embelin could be a promising drug for the treatment of PD, especially when combined with LD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vagdevi Hangarakatte Ramachandra
- Department of Research and Development, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, Tamilnadu, India.,Department of Pharmacology, Subbaiah Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Shivamogga 577222, Karnataka, India
| | - Senthilkumar Sivanesan
- Department of Research and Development, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Anand Koppal
- Department of Research and Development, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, Tamilnadu, India.,Department of Pharmacology, Subbaiah Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Shivamogga 577222, Karnataka, India
| | - Shanmugam Anandakumar
- Department of Phytoinformatics, Yukai Care Solutions LLP, Chennai 600011, Tamilnadu, India.,Department of Research and Development, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Matthew D Howell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, United States of America
| | - Ethirajan Sukumar
- Department of Research and Development, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Rajagopalan Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Research and Development, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 602105, Tamilnadu, India
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Nitric oxide and dopamine metabolism converge via mitochondrial dysfunction in the mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 704:108877. [PMID: 33864752 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the degeneration and neuronal death associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) are not clearly understood. Several pathways and models have been explored in an overwhelming number of studies. Overall, from these studies, mitochondrial dysfunction and nitroxidative stress have emerged as major contributors to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in PD. In addition, an excessive or inappropriate production of nitric oxide (•NO) and an abnormal metabolism of dopamine have been independently implicated in both processes. However, the participation of •NO in reactions with dopamine relevant to neurotoxicity strongly suggests that dopamine or its metabolites may be potential targets for •NO, affecting the physiological chemistry of both, •NO and dopamine. In this short review, we provide a critical and integrative appraisal of the nitric oxide-dopamine pathway we have previously suggested and that might be operative in PD. This pathway emphasizes a connection between abnormal dopamine and •NO metabolism, which may potentially converge in an integrated mechanism with toxic cellular outcomes. In particular, it encompasses the synergistic interaction of •NO with 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), a major dopamine metabolite, leading to dopaminergic cell death via mechanisms that involve mitochondrial dysfunction, gluthathione depletion and nitroxidative stress.
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8
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Gmiro VE, Serdyuk SE. Comparison of the Pharmacological Activity and Safety of 1-Adamantylguanidine and 3,5-Dimethyl-1-Adamantylguanidine to those of Memantine. Pharm Chem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-021-02343-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Margabandhu G, Vanisree AJ. Dopamine, a key factor of mitochondrial damage and neuronal toxicity on rotenone exposure and also parkinsonic motor dysfunction-Impact of asiaticoside with a probable vesicular involvement. J Chem Neuroanat 2020; 106:101788. [PMID: 32278634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Persuasive evidence propose that the toxicity of dopamine in parkinsonism and the loss of dopaminergic neurons are the earliest events during the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). In our earlier study, Asiaticoside (AS), a triterpenoid saponin isolated from Centella asiatica was shown to exert a neuroprotective effect against hemiparkinsonism, purportedly due to phosphoinositides (PI)-assisted cytodynamics and synaptic function. Here, we evaluate AS in the modulation of dopamine (DA), mitochondrial integrity and neurite variations in vitro and motor dysfunctions in vivo. PC12 cells challenged with rotenone-(ROT) (0.1 μM/mL) were exposed to AS and l-DOPA (10 mM and 20 μM/mL respectively). The protein expressions of Bax and Bcl-2 that regulate cell death were assessed following neurite length assays. Rats were distributed into 6 groups (6 rats/group): Sham, Vehicle controls, ROT-infused (6 μg/μl/kg), AS- treated (50 mg/kg/day), Drug control, and ROT + L-DOPA-treated (6 mg/kg/day) groups. At the end of the experimental period, the rats were sacrificed after performing motor behavioral analysis, and the striatum was dissected out. The contents of synaptic vesicular and cytosolic DA were analyzed. Further, the levels of striatal PI were also measured. ROT had caused significant reduction in the neurite outgrowth in the exposed PC12 cells while the tested concentrations of AS and l-DOPA can exert their protective effect on the stunted neurite growth. The levels of Bax, Bcl-2, and cytochrome c which were significantly disturbed by ROT, could also be affected by AS thereby suggesting its effect on neurons. AS treatment caused an improved motor performance, vesicular and cytosolic DA, and striatal PI. These pre-clinical findings force us to speculate that AS could be a potential drug candidate in combating ROT-induced variations that are possibly precipitated by varied vesicular trafficking of DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopi Margabandhu
- Unit of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Arambakkam Janardhanam Vanisree
- Unit of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, Tamilnadu, India.
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10
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Global loss of acetylcholinesterase activity with mitochondrial complexes inhibition and inflammation in brain of hypercholesterolemic mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17922. [PMID: 29263397 PMCID: PMC5738385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17911-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There exists an intricate relationship between hypercholesterolemia (elevated plasma cholesterol) and brain functions. The present study aims to understand the impact of hypercholesterolemia on pathological consequences in mouse brain. A chronic mouse model of hypercholesterolemia was induced by giving high-cholesterol diet for 12 weeks. The hypercholesterolemic mice developed cognitive impairment as evident from object recognition memory test. Cholesterol accumulation was observed in four discrete brain regions, such as cortex, striatum, hippocampus and substantia nigra along with significantly damaged blood-brain barrier by hypercholesterolemia. The crucial finding is the loss of acetylcholinesterase activity with mitochondrial dysfunction globally in the brain of hypercholesterolemic mice, which is related to the levels of cholesterol. Moreover, the levels of hydroxyl radical were elevated in the regions of brain where the activity of mitochondrial complexes was found to be reduced. Intriguingly, elevations of inflammatory stress markers in the cholesterol-rich brain regions were observed. As cognitive impairment, diminished brain acetylcholinesterase activity, mitochondrial dysfunctions, and inflammation are the prima facie pathologies of neurodegenerative diseases, the findings impose hypercholesterolemia as potential risk factor towards brain dysfunction.
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Gopi M, Vanisree AJ. Attenuated levels of phospholipids in the striatum of rats infused with rotenone causing hemiparkinsonism as detected by simple dye-lipid complex. IBRO Rep 2017; 3:1-8. [PMID: 30135937 PMCID: PMC6084873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a progressive neurodegeneration, is characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and loss of motor co-ordination. Impaired metabolism of major lipids such as phospholipids which play regulatory roles in cellular functions and signaling has been implicated in the pathology of PD. We aim to investigate the striatal phospholipids (PLs) in hemiparkinsonism infused by rotenone in rats. As there are no cost-effective modes of PL, we have utilized dye-lipid complex technique for the first time in PD models for screening and also for semi-quantifying (individually) the levels of the deregulated PL in brain samples. Rats were divided into 2 groups: i. control and ii. ROT-infused which received intracranial injection of Rotenone (6 μg/μl; flow rate 0.2 μl/min). At the end of experimental period of 14 days, the striatum was dissected out for the analyses of PLs. Dye-based detection of PL and two-dimensional thin-layer chromatographic analyses of PL were performed. Detection of dye-PL complex was possible for phosphatidyl choline (PC), phosphatidyl inositol (PI), and spingomyelin (SM) (but not for phosphatidyl ethanolamine-PE) using dyes viz victoria blue B, toluidine blue and ammonium ferrothiocyanate, respectively. Two-dimensional analyses of phospholipids confirmed the dye-PL complex and depicted significant reduction (p < 0.05) on semi-quantitative assessment, in the striatum of control and hemiparkinsonic rats. We suggest a low level of PLs esp of PI in striatum of rats using a simple dye-detection that was validated by HR-LCMS. The finding implies that a critical role is being played by these PLs (PC, PI and SM) mainly PI (p < 0.001), in rotenone infused hemiparkinsonism, thus deserving wider but simpler investigations to detect and identify their role in parkinsonism.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- AFTC, Ammonium ferrothiocyanate
- ANSA, 1 Amino-2 naphthol-4 sulfonic acid
- DA, Dopaminergic neuron
- DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide
- Dye-lipid complex
- ESI, Electrospray ionization
- HCl, Hydrochloric acid
- HRLCMS, High resolution liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
- MRM, Multiple reaction monitor
- MS, Mass spectrometry
- NM, Neuromelanin
- Na.EDTA, Sodium Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- NaCl, Sodium chloride
- PC, Phosphatidyl choline
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PE, Phosphatidyl ethanolamine
- PI(3,5)P2, Phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate
- PI, Phosphoinositide
- PLs, Phospholipids
- Parkinson's disease
- Phospholipids
- PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate
- PtdIns(4,5)P2, Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
- PtdIns5P, Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate
- ROT, Rotenone
- Rotenone
- SM, Spingomyelin
- SNpc, Substantia nigra pars compacta
- Striatum
- TB, Toluidine blue dye
- TBAHS, tetrabutyl ammonium hydrogen sulphate
- TEM, Transmission electron microscopy
- TLC, Thin layer chromatography
- VBB, Victoria blue-B dye
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Fernández-Moriano C, González-Burgos E, Iglesias I, Lozano R, Gómez-Serranillos MP. Evaluation of the adaptogenic potential exerted by ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 against oxidative stress-mediated neurotoxicity in an in vitro neuronal model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182933. [PMID: 28813475 PMCID: PMC5558939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ginseng (Panax sp.) is a drug with multiple pharmacological actions that has been largely used in traditional medicines for the treatment of many health problems. In the therapy of neurodegenerative disorders, it has been employed due to its capacity to strengthen mental processes by enhancing cognitive performance and psychological function. Current work aimed at evaluating the adaptogenic potential of Rb1 and Rg1 against oxidative-stress mediated degeneration in a model of nervous cells. Methods Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction were achieved by exposing SH-SY5Y cells to the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor rotenone. The cytoprotective activity of pre-treatments with ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 against rotenone was assessed by determining biochemical markers regarding oxidative stress (ROS scavenging, glutathione and lipid peroxidation levels, SOD activity and Nrf2 activation) and apoptosis-related alterations (mitochondrial membrane potential, calcium levels, aconitase activity and pro/antiapoptotic proteins). Their capacity to cross the blood brain barrier was also estimated. Results At their optimal doses, ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 significantly ameliorated redox status within the cells; they reduced ROS and TBARS levels and improved the glutathione system, as well as they enhanced SOD activity and Nrf2 pathway activation. They protected neuronal cells against MMP loss, calcium homeostasis disruption and aconitase inhibition. Consequently, apoptotic cell death was attenuated by the pre-treatment with ginsenosides, as evidenced by the reduction in caspase-3 and Bax, and the increase in Bcl-2 expressions; also, lower levels of cytochrome C were found in the cytosol. Poor BBB permeation was demonstrated for both ginsenosides. Conclusions In conclusion, ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 exhibit neuroprotective potential which is achieved, at least in part, via mitochondrial protection and the plausible involvement of Nrf2 pathway activation. Our results contribute to validate the traditional use of ginseng for cognitive-enhancing purposes and provide basis to encourage further research on the potential of ginsenosides in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena González-Burgos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Iglesias
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Lozano
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Pilar Gómez-Serranillos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Kandil EA, Abdelkader NF, El-Sayeh BM, Saleh S. Imipramine and amitriptyline ameliorate the rotenone model of Parkinson's disease in rats. Neuroscience 2016; 332:26-37. [PMID: 27365173 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amitriptyline (AMI), a commonly prescribed tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) to parkinsonian patients, specifically showed a significant delay in dopaminergic therapy initiation and improvement in motor disability in parkinsonian patients. Moreover, it was recently shown that AMI has neuroprotective properties; however, the mechanisms underlying this effect in Parkinson's disease (PD) are not fully understood. The current study aimed to investigate the possible neuroprotective mechanisms afforded by AMI in the rotenone model of PD and to assess whether another TCA member, imipramine (IMI), shows a corresponding effect. Rats were allocated into seven groups. Four groups were given either saline, dimethyl sulfoxide, AMI or IMI. Three rotenone groups were either untreated or treated with AMI or IMI. Rats receiving rotenone exhibited motor impairment in open field and rotarod tests. Additionally, immunohistochemical examination revealed dopaminergic neuronal damage in substantia nigra. Besides, striatal monoamines and brain derived neurotrophic factor levels were declined. Furthermore, oxidative stress, microglial activation and inflammation were evident in the striata. Pretreatment of rotenone groups with AMI or IMI prevented rotenone-induced neuronal degeneration and increased striatal dopamine level with motor recovery. These effects were accompanied by restoring striatal monoamines and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels, as well as reducing oxidative damage, microglial activation and expression of proinflammatory cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase. The present results suggest that modulation of noradrenaline and serotonin levels, up-regulation of neurotrophin, inhibition of glial activation, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities could serve as important mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of the used drugs in the rotenone model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa A Kandil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Noha F Abdelkader
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Bahia M El-Sayeh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samira Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Pandareesh MD, Shrivash MK, Naveen Kumar HN, Misra K, Srinivas Bharath MM. Curcumin Monoglucoside Shows Improved Bioavailability and Mitigates Rotenone Induced Neurotoxicity in Cell and Drosophila Models of Parkinson's Disease. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:3113-3128. [PMID: 27535828 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-2034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin (CUR), a dietary polyphenol has diverse pharmacologic effects, but is limited by poor bioavailability. This is probably due to decreased solubility, cellular uptake and stability. In order to enhance its solubility and bioavailability, we synthesized the CUR bioconjugate curcumin monoglucoside (CMG) and tested its bioavailability, neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic propensity against rotenone (ROT) induced toxicity in N27 dopaminergic neuronal cells and Drosophila models. Our results elucidate that CMG showed improved bioavailability than CUR in N27 cells. Pre-treatment with CMG protected against ROT neurotoxicity and exerted antioxidant effects by replenishing cellular glutathione levels and significantly decreasing reactive species. CMG pre-treatment also restored mitochondrial complex I and IV activities inhibited by ROT. ROT-induced nuclear damage was also restored by CMG as confirmed by comet assay. CMG induced anti-apoptotic effects was substantiated by decreased phosporylation of JNK3 and c-jun, which in turn decreased the cleavage of pro-caspase 3. Q-PCR analysis of redox genes showed up-regulation of NOS2 and down-regulation of NQO1 upon ROT exposure and this was attenuated by CMG pre-treatment. Studies in the Drosophila ROT model revealed that, CMG administration showed better survival rate and locomotor activity, improved antioxidant activity and dopamine content than ROT treated group and was comparable with the CUR group. Based on these data, we surmise that CMG has improved bioavailability and offered neuroprotection comparable with CUR, against ROT-induced toxicity both in dopaminergic neuronal cell line and Drosophila models, with therapeutic implications for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Pandareesh
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, No. 2900, Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, Karnataka, India.,Neurotoxicology Laboratory at the Neurobiology Research Center, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, No. 2900, Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - M K Shrivash
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Bio-Medical Research (CBMR), Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - H N Naveen Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Jnana Sahyadri, Kuvempu University, Shankargatta, 577451, Karnataka, India
| | - K Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Bio-Medical Research (CBMR), Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - M M Srinivas Bharath
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, No. 2900, Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, Karnataka, India. .,Neurotoxicology Laboratory at the Neurobiology Research Center, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, No. 2900, Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560029, Karnataka, India.
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15
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Cui Q, Li X, Zhu H. Curcumin ameliorates dopaminergic neuronal oxidative damage via activation of the Akt/Nrf2 pathway. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:1381-8. [PMID: 26648392 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related complex neurodegenerative disease that affects ≤ 80% of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). It has previously been suggested that mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and oxidative damage underlie the pathogenesis of PD. Curcumin, which is a major active polyphenol component extracted from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae), has been reported to exert neuroprotective effects on an experimental model of PD. The present study conducted a series of in vivo experiments, in order to investigate the effects of curcumin on behavioral deficits, oxidative damage and related mechanisms. The results demonstrated that curcumin was able to significantly alleviate motor dysfunction and increase suppressed tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity in the SNpc of rotenone (ROT)-injured rats. Biochemical measurements indicated that rats pretreated with curcumin exhibited increased glutathione (GSH) levels, and reduced reactive oxygen species activity and malondialdehyde content. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that curcumin significantly restored the expression levels of heme oxygenase-1 and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1, thus ameliorating ROT-induced damage in vivo, via the phosphorylation of Akt and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Further studies indicated that the Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathway was associated with the protective role of curcumin in ROT-treated rats. Inhibiting the Akt/Nrf2 pathway using a lentiviral vector containing Nrf2-specific short hairpin RNA, or the phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002, markedly reduced the expression levels of TH and GSH, ultimately attenuating the neuroprotective effects of curcumin against oxidative damage. These results indicated that curcumin was able to significantly ameliorate ROT-induced dopaminergic neuronal oxidative damage in the SNpc of rats via activation of the Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunli Cui
- Department of Neurology, The Second Teaching Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Teaching Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450014, P.R. China
| | - Hongcan Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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Tripathy D, Chakraborty J, Mohanakumar KP. Antagonistic pleiotropic effects of nitric oxide in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:1129-39. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1045505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Inhibition of i-NOS but not n-NOS protects rat primary cell cultures against MPP+-induced neuronal toxicity. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 122:779-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Li L, Dong X, Shu B, Wang Z, Hu Q, Zhong G. Iron-sulfur protein in mitochondrial complexes of Spodoptera litura as potential site for ROS generation. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 71:21-29. [PMID: 25257538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial complex I is the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, but the exact site of superoxide generation or their relative contribution is not clear. This study aims to determine the function of iron-sulfur clusters (ISCU) in the initiation of ROS generation. ISCU2 and ISCU8 were cloned from Spodoptera litura which shared the conserved amino acid sequence with other insects. The expressions of the two genes were ubiquitous throughout the whole development stages and tissues. Knockdown of ISCU2 and ISCU8 resulted in the decline of the ROS, whereas rotenone and azadirachtin treatment up-regulated ROS levels by increasing mRNA expression. Furthermore, antioxidant enzyme activity of SOD and POD were up-regulated by rotenone and azadirachtin treatment and then declined after ISCU was silenced. Our results suggest the possibility that the molecules of ISCU2 and ISCU8 in complex I may serve as potential sites in the initiation of ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangde Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China.
| | - Xiaolin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China.
| | - Benshui Shu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China.
| | - Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China.
| | - Qiongbo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China.
| | - Guohua Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Insect Toxicology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China.
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19
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Moehle MS, West AB. M1 and M2 immune activation in Parkinson's Disease: Foe and ally? Neuroscience 2014; 302:59-73. [PMID: 25463515 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder of unknown etiology. Autopsy findings, genetics, retrospective studies, and molecular imaging all suggest a role for inflammation in the neurodegenerative process. However, relatively little is understood about the causes and implications of neuroinflammation in PD. Understanding how inflammation arises in PD, in particular the activation state of cells of the innate immune system, may provide an exciting opportunity for novel neuroprotective therapeutics. We analyze the evidence of immune system involvement in PD susceptibility, specifically in the context of M1 and M2 activation states. Tracking and modulating these activation states may provide new insights into both PD etiology and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Moehle
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.
| | - A B West
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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20
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Titze-de-Almeida SS, Lustosa CF, Horst CH, Bel ED, Titze-de-Almeida R. Interferon Gamma potentiates the injury caused by MPP(+) on SH-SY5Y cells, which is attenuated by the nitric oxide synthases inhibition. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:2452-64. [PMID: 25297574 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1449-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether the cytokine interferon (IFN) gamma plays a role in the injury of SH-SY5Y cells caused by MPP(+) (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium). First of all, IFN-gamma sensitized cells to the neurotoxin MPP(+), as determined by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-y1)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. MPP(+)-injured cells showed higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, which was reinforced by IFN-gamma. The injury triggered a marked expression of the neuronal NOS (nNOS) enzyme. L-NAME [N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a non-specific NOS inhibitor] reestablished the cell viability after IFN-gamma challenging, and recovered cells from MPP(+) injury (95.0 vs. 84.7 %; P < 0.05). Seven-NI (7-nitroindazole, a nNOS inhibitor) protected cells against the injury by MPP(+) co-administered with IFN-gamma. Both inhibitors restrained the apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells caused by MPP(+)/IFN-gamma. Regarding oxidative stress, L-NAME and 7-NI attenuated the increase in ROS levels caused by MPP(+) (45.3 or 48.4 vs. 87.9 %, P < 0.05). Indeed, L-NAME was more effective than 7-NI for reducing oxidative stress caused by MPP(+) under IFN-gamma exposition. The nNOS gene silencing by small-interfering RNAs recovered cells challenged by IFN-gamma (24 h), or MPP(+) (8 h). In conclusion, IFN-gamma sensitizes cells to MPP(+)-induced injury, also causing an increase in ROS levels. Pretreating cells with L-NAME or 7-NI reverts both the oxidative stress and apoptosis triggered by the neurotoxin MPP(+). Taking together, our data reinforce that IFN-gamma and NOS enzymes play a role in oxidative stress and dopaminergic cell death triggered by MPP(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simoneide S Titze-de-Almeida
- Laboratório de Tecnologias para Terapia Gênica, ASS 128, ICC Sul. Universidade de Brasília - UnB, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, FAV, Brasília, DF, 70910-970, Brazil
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21
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Xu Y, Wang C, Klabnik JJ, O'Donnell JM. Novel therapeutic targets in depression and anxiety: antioxidants as a candidate treatment. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:108-19. [PMID: 24669206 PMCID: PMC3964743 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11666131120231448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that the imbalance between oxidative stress and the antioxidant defense system may be associated with the development neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression and anxiety. Major depression and anxiety are presently correlated with a lowered total antioxidant state and by an activated oxidative stress (OS) pathway. The classical antidepressants may produce therapeutic effects other than regulation of monoamines by increasing the antioxidant levels and normalizing the damage caused by OS processes. This chapter provides an overview of recent work on oxidative stress markers in the animal models of depression and anxiety, as well as patients with the aforementioned mood disorders. It is well documented that antioxidants can remove the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) through scavenging radicals and suppressing the OS pathway, which further protect against neuronal damage caused oxidative or nitrosative stress sources in the brain, hopefully resulting in remission of depression or anxiety symptoms. The functional understanding of the relationship between oxidative stress and depression and anxiety may pave the way for discovery of novel targets for treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Chuang Wang
- Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, PR China
| | - Jonathan J Klabnik
- Department of Behavioral Medicine and Psychiatry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26508, USA
| | - James M O'Donnell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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22
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The effect of cannabis on oxidative stress and neurodegeneration induced by intrastriatal rotenone injection in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-014-1907-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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23
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Omega-3 deficiency and neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra: involvement of increased nitric oxide production and reduced BDNF expression. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:1902-12. [PMID: 24361617 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous study demonstrated that essential fatty acid (EFA) dietary restriction over two generations induced midbrain dopaminergic cell loss and oxidative stress in the substantia nigra (SN) but not in the striatum of young rats. In the present study we hypothesized that omega-3 deficiency until adulthood would reduce striatum's resilience, increase nitric oxide (NO) levels and the number of BDNF-expressing neurons, both potential mechanisms involved in SN neurodegeneration. METHODS Second generation rats were raised from gestation on control or EFA-restricted diets until young or adulthood. Lipoperoxidation, NO content, total superoxide dismutase (t-SOD) and catalase enzymatic activities were assessed in the SN and striatum. The number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- and BDNF-expressing neurons was analyzed in the SN. RESULTS Increased NO levels were observed in the striatum of both young and adult EFA-deficient animals but not in the SN, despite a similar omega-3 depletion (~65%) in these regions. Increased lipoperoxidation and decreased catalase activity were found in both regions, while lower tSOD activity was observed only in the striatum. Fewer TH- (~40%) and BDNF-positive cells (~20%) were detected at the SN compared to the control. CONCLUSION The present findings demonstrate a differential effect of omega-3 deficiency on NO production in the rat's nigrostriatal system. Prolonging omega-3 depletion until adulthood impaired striatum's anti-oxidant resources and BDNF distribution in the SN, worsening dopaminergic cell degeneration. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Omega-3 deficiency can reduce the nigrostriatal system's ability to maintain homeostasis under oxidative conditions, which may enhance the risk of Parkinson's disease.
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Smeyne M, Smeyne RJ. Glutathione metabolism and Parkinson's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 62:13-25. [PMID: 23665395 PMCID: PMC3736736 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has been established that oxidative stress, defined as the condition in which the sum of free radicals in a cell exceeds the antioxidant capacity of the cell, contributes to the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease. Glutathione is a ubiquitous thiol tripeptide that acts alone or in concert with enzymes within cells to reduce superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and peroxynitrites. In this review, we examine the synthesis, metabolism, and functional interactions of glutathione and discuss how these relate to the protection of dopaminergic neurons from oxidative damage and its therapeutic potential in Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Smeyne
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, 901-595-3066
| | - Richard Jay Smeyne
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, 901-595-2830
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Karuppagounder S, Madathil S, Pandey M, Haobam R, Rajamma U, Mohanakumar K. Quercetin up-regulates mitochondrial complex-I activity to protect against programmed cell death in rotenone model of Parkinson’s disease in rats. Neuroscience 2013; 236:136-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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26
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Madathil SK, Karuppagounder SS, Mohanakumar KP. Sodium salicylate protects against rotenone-induced Parkinsonism in rats. Synapse 2013; 67:502-14. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu K. Madathil
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology; Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; Kolkata; 700032; West Bengal; India
| | - Saravanan S. Karuppagounder
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology; Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; Kolkata; 700032; West Bengal; India
| | - Kochupurackal P. Mohanakumar
- Division of Cell Biology and Physiology; Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; Kolkata; 700032; West Bengal; India
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