1
|
Michinaga S, Hishinuma S, Koyama Y. Roles of Astrocytic Endothelin ET B Receptor in Traumatic Brain Injury. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050719. [PMID: 36899860 PMCID: PMC10000579 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an intracranial injury caused by accidents, falls, or sports. The production of endothelins (ETs) is increased in the injured brain. ET receptors are classified into distinct types, including ETA receptor (ETA-R) and ETB receptor (ETB-R). ETB-R is highly expressed in reactive astrocytes and upregulated by TBI. Activation of astrocytic ETB-R promotes conversion to reactive astrocytes and the production of astrocyte-derived bioactive factors, including vascular permeability regulators and cytokines, which cause blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, brain edema, and neuroinflammation in the acute phase of TBI. ETB-R antagonists alleviate BBB disruption and brain edema in animal models of TBI. The activation of astrocytic ETB receptors also enhances the production of various neurotrophic factors. These astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factors promote the repair of the damaged nervous system in the recovery phase of patients with TBI. Thus, astrocytic ETB-R is expected to be a promising drug target for TBI in both the acute and recovery phases. This article reviews recent observations on the role of astrocytic ETB receptors in TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Michinaga
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Shigeru Hishinuma
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Yutaka Koyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-Kita Higashinada, Kobe 668-8558, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-78-441-7572
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Y, Chen L, Li Z, Li D, Wu Y, Guo Y. Endothelin-1, over-expressed in SOD1G93A mice, aggravates injury of NSC34-hSOD1G93A cells through complicated molecular mechanism revealed by quantitative proteomics analysis. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1069617. [DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1069617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a secreted signaling peptide, is suggested to be involved in multiple actions in various tissues including the brain, but its role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) remains unknown. In this study, we detected the expression changes as well as the cellular localization of ET-1, endothelin A (ET-A) and endothelin B (ET-B) receptors in spinal cord of transgenic SOD1-G93A (TgSOD1-G93A) mice, which showed that the two ET receptors (ET-Rs) expressed mainly on neurons and decreased as the disease progressed especially ET-B, while ET-1 expression was up-regulated and primarily localized on astrocytes. We then explored the possible mechanisms underlying the effect of ET-1 on cultured NSC34-hSOD1G93A cell model. ET-1 showed toxic effect on motor neurons (MNs), which can be rescued by the selective ET-A receptor antagonist BQ-123 or ET-B receptor antagonist BQ-788, suggesting that clinically used ET-Rs pan-antagonist could be a potential strategy for ALS. Using proteomic analysis, we revealed that 110 proteins were differentially expressed in NSC34-hSOD1G93A cells after ET-1 treatment, of which 54 were up-regulated and 56 were down-regulated. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were primarily enriched in hippo signaling pathway-multiple species, ABC transporters, ErbB signaling pathway and so on. These results provide further insights on the potential roles of ET-1 in ALS and present a new promising therapeutic target to protect MNs of ALS.
Collapse
|
3
|
Lu Y, Shao Y, Xie Y, Qu H, Qi D, Dong Y, Jin Q, Wang L, Wei J, Quan C. CLDN6 inhibits breast cancer cell malignant behavior by suppressing ERK signaling. Cell Signal 2022; 97:110393. [PMID: 35752352 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Claudin 6 (CLDN6) is an important component of tight junctions. Through the PDZ binding motif, CLDN6 binds to a variety of signaling proteins that contain the PDZ domain to regulate different signaling pathways, and plays an important role in the occurrence and development of tumors. Our previous work showed that CLDN6 was expressed at low levels in breast cancer cells, and overexpression of CLDN6 inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion. However, the mechanism of how CLDN6 works remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the mechanism by which CLDN6 inhibits breast cancer cell malignant behavior. As a result, overexpression of CLDN6 inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cells along with the downregulation of cyclin D1, which plays an important role in regulating cell proliferation. After overexpression of Sp1 in CLDN6-overexpressing cells, the expression of cyclin D1 was upregulated. On the other hand, CLDN6 inhibited breast cancer cell migration and invasion along with the downregulation of IL-8, CXCR2 and FAK. When treated with IL-8, the migration and invasion ability were promoted along with the upregulation of CXCR2 and p-FAK, and the cytoskeleton was rearranged in CLDN6-overexpressing cells. Furthermore, when treated with the ERK signaling activator PMA, the proliferation, migration and invasion abilities were promoted along with the upregulation of Sp1, cyclin D1 and IL-8 in CLDN6-overexpressin cells. In conclusion, CLDN6 suppressed ERK/Sp1/cyclin D1 and ERK/IL-8 signaling to inhibit proliferation, migration and invasion in breast cancer cells. The mechanism may provide experimental evidence for the treatment of breast cancer targeting CLDN6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijia Shao
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinping Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Huinan Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu Jin
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyuan Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengshi Quan
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Avenue, Changchun, Jilin 130021, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xie Y, Li Z, Xu H, Ma J, Li T, Shi C, Jin J. Downregulation of Sp1 Inhibits the Expression of HDAC1/SOX10 to Alleviate Neuropathic Pain-like Behaviors after Spinal Nerve Ligation in Mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1446-1455. [PMID: 35420781 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific protein 1 (Sp1) is a member of the Sp/Kruppel-like factor family, which regulates cellular processes of neurons in the nervous system. This study was performed to examine the regulatory role and the underlying mechanism of transcription factor Sp1 in neuropathic pain (NP)-like behaviors after spinal nerve ligation (SNL). Sp1 and histone deacetylase 1(HDAC1) expressions were determined in the C57BL6 mouse model with NP-like behaviors after SNL, which demonstrated that Sp1 and HDAC1 elevation occurred in neurons in the spinal dorsal horn of SNL mice. The chromatin immunoprecipitation assay verified that Sp1 was bound to the HDAC1 promoter region and HDAC1 to the SRY-box-containing gene 10 (SOX10) promoter region in the spinal dorsal horn. Immunofluorescence was performed to determine Sp1, HDAC1, and SOX10 in the spinal dorsal horn neurons as well as the neuronal marker (NeuN), microglial marker (Iba-1), and astrocyte marker (GFAP). The nociceptive test was performed to characterize the hindlimb paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) and paw withdrawal latency (PWL) of mice 0-10 days after model establishment. Loss- and gain-of-function assays revealed that Sp1 promoted HDAC1 expression, and HDAC1 in turn promoted SOX10 expression. HDAC1 elevation reversed the effects of Sp1 silencing, and the increased PWT and PWL of SNL mice were negated after SOX10 overexpression. Meanwhile, SOX10 also restored the results by Sp1 knockdown. Collectively, downregulating Sp1 alleviates NP-like behaviors after SNL via the HDAC1/SOX10 axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai 264000, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central Hospital of Zibo City, Zibo 255000, P. R. China
| | - Jiahai Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, P. R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, P. R. China
| | - Cunxian Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, P. R. China
| | - Jin Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264000, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shen XY, Gao ZK, Han Y, Yuan M, Guo YS, Bi X. Activation and Role of Astrocytes in Ischemic Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:755955. [PMID: 34867201 PMCID: PMC8635513 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.755955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke refers to the disorder of blood supply of local brain tissue caused by various reasons. It has high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS). They are responsible for the homeostasis, nutrition, and protection of the CNS and play an essential role in many nervous system diseases’ physiological and pathological processes. After stroke injury, astrocytes are activated and play a protective role through the heterogeneous and gradual changes of their gene expression, morphology, proliferation, and function, that is, reactive astrocytes. However, the position of reactive astrocytes has always been a controversial topic. Many studies have shown that reactive astrocytes are a double-edged sword with both beneficial and harmful effects. It is worth noting that their different spatial and temporal expression determines astrocytes’ various functions. Here, we comprehensively review the different roles and mechanisms of astrocytes after ischemic stroke. In addition, the intracellular mechanism of astrocyte activation has also been involved. More importantly, due to the complex cascade reaction and action mechanism after ischemic stroke, the role of astrocytes is still difficult to define. Still, there is no doubt that astrocytes are one of the critical factors mediating the deterioration or improvement of ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ya Shen
- Graduate School of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Kun Gao
- Graduate School of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Yuan
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Sha Guo
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Bi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Michinaga S, Koyama Y. Pathophysiological Responses and Roles of Astrocytes in Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126418. [PMID: 34203960 PMCID: PMC8232783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is immediate damage caused by a blow to the head resulting from traffic accidents, falls, and sporting activity, which causes death or serious disabilities in survivors. TBI induces multiple secondary injuries, including neuroinflammation, disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and brain edema. Despite these emergent conditions, current therapies for TBI are limited or insufficient in some cases. Although several candidate drugs exerted beneficial effects in TBI animal models, most of them failed to show significant effects in clinical trials. Multiple studies have suggested that astrocytes play a key role in the pathogenesis of TBI. Increased reactive astrocytes and astrocyte-derived factors are commonly observed in both TBI patients and experimental animal models. Astrocytes have beneficial and detrimental effects on TBI, including promotion and restriction of neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, acceleration and suppression of neuroinflammation, and disruption and repair of the BBB via multiple bioactive factors. Additionally, astrocytic aquaporin-4 is involved in the formation of cytotoxic edema. Thus, astrocytes are attractive targets for novel therapeutic drugs for TBI, although astrocyte-targeting drugs have not yet been developed. This article reviews recent observations of the roles of astrocytes and expected astrocyte-targeting drugs in TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Michinaga
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan;
| | - Yutaka Koyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyama-Kita Higashinada, Kobe 668-8558, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-78-441-7572
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Michinaga S, Tanabe A, Nakaya R, Fukutome C, Inoue A, Iwane A, Minato Y, Tujiuchi Y, Miyake D, Mizuguchi H, Koyama Y. Angiopoietin-1/Tie-2 signal after focal traumatic brain injury is potentiated by BQ788, an ET B receptor antagonist, in the mouse cerebrum: Involvement in recovery of blood-brain barrier function. J Neurochem 2020; 154:330-348. [PMID: 31957020 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Angiopoietin-1, an angiogenic factor, stabilizes brain microvessels through Tie-2 receptor tyrosine kinase. In traumatic brain injury, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption is an aggravating factor that induces brain edema and neuroinflammation. We previously showed that BQ788, an endothelin ETB receptor antagonist, promoted recovery of BBB function after lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI) in mice. To clarify the mechanisms underlying BBB recovery mediated by BQ788, we examined the involvements of the angiopoietin-1/Tie-2 signal. When angiopoietin-1 production and Tie-2 phosphorylation were assayed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, increased angiopoietin-1 production and Tie-2 phosphorylation were observed in 7-10 days after FPI in the mouse cerebrum, whereas no significant effects were obtained at 5 days. When BQ788 (15 nmol/day, i.c.v.) were administered in 2-5 days after FPI, increased angiopoietin-1 production and Tie-2 phosphorylation were observed. Immunohistochemical observations showed that brain microvessels and astrocytes contained angiopoietin-1 after FPI, and brain microvessels also contained phosphorylated Tie-2. Treatment with endothelin-1 (100 nM) decreased angiopoietin-1 production in cultured astrocytes and the effect was inhibited by BQ788 (1 μM). Five days after FPI, increased extravasation of Evans blue dye accompanied by reduction in claudin-5, occludin, and zonula occludens-1 proteins were observed in mouse cerebrum while these effects of FPI were reduced by BQ788 and exogenous angiopoietin-1 (1 μg/day, i.c.v.). The effects of BQ788 were inhibited by co-administration of a Tie-2 kinase inhibitor (40 nmol/day, i.c.v.). These results suggest that BQ788 administration after traumatic brain injury promotes recovery of BBB function through activation of the angiopoietin-1/Tie-2 signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Michinaga
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayami Tanabe
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryusei Nakaya
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chihiro Fukutome
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Anna Inoue
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aya Iwane
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Minato
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yu Tujiuchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Miyake
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Koyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Endothelin-1 Activates the Notch Signaling Pathway and Promotes Tumorigenesis in Giant Cell Tumor of the Spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2019; 44:E1000-E1009. [PMID: 30921293 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000003044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. OBJECTIVE To examine the role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and the Notch signaling pathway in giant cell tumor (GCT) of the spine. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Previously published studies have shown that the Notch signaling pathway has a role in tumor invasion and that ET-1 is involved in tumor invasion and angiogenesis. However, the roles of both Notch signaling and ET-1 in GCT of the spine remain unknown. METHODS Expression of ET-1 in tissue samples from patients with spinal GCT, and adjacent normal tissue, were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and western blot. GCT stromal cells (GCTSCs) were isolated and ET-1 expression was demonstrated by immunofluorescence. Cell viability and cell migration of GCTSCs and human vascular endothelial cells following ET-1 treatment were assessed using the cell counting kit-8 assay and a transwell assay. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) mRNA expression was determined following ET-1 treatment of GCTSCs using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. In GCTSCs treated with ET-1 and the ET-1 signaling antagonist, BQ-123, levels of cyclin D1, vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9), Jagged1, Hes1, Hey2, and Notch intracellular domain were examined by western blot. RESULTS Compared with normal adjacent tissue, ET-1 was highly expressed in GCT tissue. In GCTSCs studied in vitro, treatment with ET-1 significantly increased GCTSC and human vascular endothelial cells growth and migration and increased the expression of RANKL and OPG, meanwhile the ratio of RANKL/OPG was increased, in GCTSCs, it upregulated the production of cyclin D1, vascular endothelial growth factor, MMP-2, MMP-9, Jagged1, Hes1, Hey2, and Notch intracellular domain expression in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with BQ-123 reversed these effects. CONCLUSION In GCT of the spine, ET-1 showed increased expression. In cultured GCTSCs, ET-1 treatment activated the Notch signaling pathway. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2.
Collapse
|
9
|
Sp1 in Astrocyte Is Important for Neurite Outgrowth and Synaptogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 57:261-277. [PMID: 31317491 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01694-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we found that Sp1 was highly expressed in astrocytes, implying that Sp1 might be important for the function of astrocytes. Sp1/GFAP-Cre-ERT2 conditional knockout mice were constructed to study the role of Sp1 in astrocytes. Knockout of Sp1 in astrocytes altered astrocytic morphology and decreased GFAP expression in the cortex and hippocampus but did not affect cell viability. Loss of Sp1 in astrocytes decreased the number of neurons in the cortex and hippocampus. Conditioned medium from primary astrocytes with Sp1 knockout disrupted neuronal dendritic outgrowth and synapse formation, resulting in abnormal learning, memory, and motor behavior. Sp1 knockout in astrocytes altered gene expression, including decreasing the expression of Toll-like receptor 2 and Cfb and increasing the expression of C1q and C4Bp, thereby affecting neurite outgrowth and synapse formation, resulting in disordered neuron function. Studying these gene regulations might be beneficial to understanding neuronal development and brain injury prevention.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ko AR, Hyun HW, Min SJ, Kim JE, Kang TC. Endothelin-1 induces LIMK2-mediated programmed necrotic neuronal death independent of NOS activity. Mol Brain 2015; 8:58. [PMID: 26438559 PMCID: PMC4595180 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, we have reported that LIM kinase 2 (LIMK2) involves programmed necrotic neuronal deaths induced by aberrant cyclin D1 expression following status epilepticus (SE). Up-regulation of LIMK2 expression induces neuronal necrosis by impairment of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1)-mediated mitochondrial fission. However, we could not elucidate the upstream effecter for LIMK2-mediated neuronal death. Thus, we investigated the role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in LIMK2-mediated neuronal necrosis, since ET-1 involves neuronal death via various pathways. RESULTS Following SE, ET-1 concentration and its mRNA were significantly increased in the hippocampus with up-regulation of ETB receptor expression. BQ788 (an ETB receptor antagonist) effectively attenuated SE-induced neuronal damage as well as reduction in LIMK2 mRNA/protein expression. In addition, BQ788 alleviated up-regulation of Rho kinase 1 (ROCK1) expression and impairment of DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fission in CA1 neurons following SE. BQ788 also attenuated neuronal death and up-regulation of LIMK2 expression induced by exogenous ET-1 injection. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that ET-1 may be one of the upstream effectors for programmed neuronal necrosis through abnormal LIMK2 over-expression by ROCK1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Reum Ko
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon, Kangwon-Do, 200-702, South Korea
| | - Hye-Won Hyun
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon, Kangwon-Do, 200-702, South Korea
| | - Su-Ji Min
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon, Kangwon-Do, 200-702, South Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon, Kangwon-Do, 200-702, South Korea.
| | - Tae-Cheon Kang
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon, Kangwon-Do, 200-702, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Notch1-STAT3-ETBR signaling axis controls reactive astrocyte proliferation after brain injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:8726-31. [PMID: 26124113 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1501029112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Defining the signaling network that controls reactive astrogliosis may provide novel treatment targets for patients with diverse CNS injuries and pathologies. We report that the radial glial cell antigen RC2 identifies the majority of proliferating glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive (GFAP(+)) reactive astrocytes after stroke. These cells highly expressed endothelin receptor type B (ETB(R)) and Jagged1, a Notch1 receptor ligand. To study signaling in adult reactive astrocytes, we developed a model based on reactive astrocyte-derived neural stem cells isolated from GFAP-CreER-Notch1 conditional knockout (cKO) mice. By loss- and gain-of-function studies and promoter activity assays, we found that Jagged1/Notch1 signaling increased ETB(R) expression indirectly by raising the level of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a previously unidentified EDNRB transcriptional activator. Similar to inducible transgenic GFAP-CreER-Notch1-cKO mice, GFAP-CreER-ETB(R)-cKO mice exhibited a defect in reactive astrocyte proliferation after cerebral ischemia. Our results indicate that the Notch1-STAT3-ETB(R) axis connects a signaling network that promotes reactive astrocyte proliferation after brain injury.
Collapse
|
12
|
Jia L, Huang Y, Zheng Y, Lyu M, Zhang C, Meng Z, Gan Y, Yu G. miR-375 inhibits cell growth and correlates with clinical outcomes in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:2061-71. [PMID: 25633534 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
miR-375 has been implicated in various types of cancers. However, its role in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of miR-375 on cell growth and the prognosis of TSCC patients. Using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, we evaluated miR-375 expression in TSCC samples and TSCC cell lines. The results showed that miR-375 expression was significantly reduced in the TSCC tissues and cell lines. A low level expression of miR-375 in TSCC patients was related to poor of prognosis. Moreover, the effects of miR-375 overexpression on cell proliferation, the cell cycle and the expression of Sp1 and cyclin D1 were examined in TSCC cells. We demonstrated that overexpression of miR-375 significantly inhibited the cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in TSCC cell lines. Overexpression of miR-375 inhibited Sp1 expression by targeting the 3' untranslated region of the Sp1 transcript. The knockdown of Sp1 expression resulted in the subsequent downregulation of cyclin D1. Taken together, our study suggests that miR-375 inhibits the cell growth, and its expression is correlated with clinical outcomes in TSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Jia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Yiping Huang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Yunfei Zheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Mingyue Lyu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Chunan Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Meng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Yehua Gan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Guangyan Yu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Signaling molecules regulating phenotypic conversions of astrocytes and glial scar formation in damaged nerve tissues. Neurochem Int 2014; 78:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
14
|
Kuang CY, Yang TH, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Wu Q. Schlafen 1 inhibits the proliferation and tube formation of endothelial progenitor cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109711. [PMID: 25329797 PMCID: PMC4199616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are the major source of cells that restore the endothelium during reendothelialization. This study was designed to investigate whether Schlafen 1 (Slfn1) has an effect on the proliferation and tube formation of EPCs in vivo. Slfn1 was expressed in rat EPCs. The overexpression of Slfn1 suppressed the proliferation and tube formation of EPCs; conversely, the knockdown of Slfn1 by shRNA promoted the proliferation and tube formation of EPCs. Furthermore, when Slfn1 was overexpressed, the EPCs were arrested in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. In contrast, when Slfn1 was knocked down, the EPCs progressed into the S phase of the cell cycle. Additionally, the overexpression of Slfn1 decreased the expression of Cyclin D1, whereas the knockdown of Slfn1 increased the expression of Cyclin D1; these findings suggest that Cyclin D1 is downstream of Slfn1 in Slfn1-mediated EPC proliferation. Taken together, these results indicate a key role for Slfn1 in the regulation of EPC biological behavior, which may provide a new target for the use of EPCs during reendothelialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-yan Kuang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, The People’s Hospital of Guizhou Province, Nanming District, Guiyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian-he Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, The People’s Hospital of Guizhou Province, Nanming District, Guiyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, The People’s Hospital of Guizhou Province, Nanming District, Guiyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Medical examination center, The People’s Hospital of Guizhou Province, Nanming District, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (QW); (LZ)
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, The People’s Hospital of Guizhou Province, Nanming District, Guiyang, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (QW); (LZ)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yang XT, Huang GH, Feng DF, Chen K. Insight into astrocyte activation after optic nerve injury. J Neurosci Res 2014; 93:539-48. [PMID: 25257183 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Tao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, No. 3 People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Guo-Hui Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, No. 3 People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Dong-Fu Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, No. 3 People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
- Institute of Traumatic Medicine; Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Kui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, No. 3 People's Hospital; Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| |
Collapse
|