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Reynisson H, Nivison-Smith L, Lovell NH, Kalloniatis M, Shivdasani MN. Development of a rabbit model of Adenosine triphosphate-induced monocular retinal degeneration for optimization of retinal prostheses. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2023; 2023:1-4. [PMID: 38083330 DOI: 10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Optimization of retinal prostheses requires preclinical animal models that mimic features of human retinal disease, have appropriate eye sizes to accommodate implantable arrays, and provide options for unilateral degeneration so as to enable a contralateral, within-animal control eye. In absence of a suitable non-human primate model and shortcomings of our previous feline model generated through intravitreal injections of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), we aimed in the present study to develop an ATP induced degeneration model in the rabbit. Six normally sighted Dutch rabbits were monocularly blinded with this technique. Subsequent retinal degeneration was assessed with optical coherence tomography, electroretinography, and histological assays. Overall, there was a 42% and 26% reduction in a-wave and oscillatory potential amplitudes in the electroretinograms respectively, along with a global decrease in retinal thickness, with increased variability. Qualitative inspection also revealed that there were variable levels of retinal degeneration and remodeling both within and between treated eyes, mimicking the disease heterogeneity observed in retinitis pigmentosa. These findings confirm that ATP can be utilized to unilaterally induce blinding in rabbits and, potentially present an ideal model for future cortical recording experiments aimed at optimizing vision restoration strategies.Clinical Relevance- A rapid, unilaterally induced model of retinal degeneration in an animal with low binocular overlap and large eyes will allow for clinically valid recordings of downstream cortical activity following retinal stimulation. Such a model would be highly beneficial for the optimization of clinically appropriate vision restoration approaches.
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He Q, Xiao L, Shi Y, Li W, Xin X. Natural products: protective effects against ischemia-induced retinal injury. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1149708. [PMID: 37180697 PMCID: PMC10169696 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1149708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic retinal damage, a common condition associated with retinal vascular occlusion, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and other eye diseases, threatens the vision of millions of people worldwide. It triggers excessive inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and vascular dysfunction, leading to the loss and death of retinal ganglion cells. Unfortunately, minority drugs are available for treating retinal ischemic injury diseases, and their safety are limited. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop more effective treatments for ischemic retinal damage. Natural compounds have been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties that can be used to treat ischemic retinal damage. In addition, many natural compounds have been shown to exhibit biological functions and pharmacological properties relevant to the treatment of cellular and tissue damage. This article reviews the neuroprotective mechanisms of natural compounds involve treating ischemic retinal injury. These natural compounds may serve as treatments for ischemia-induced retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianxiong He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Liuyi Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanjiang Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Clinical Medicine School of Southwest Medical University, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Wanrong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital of Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Golog, Qinghai, China
| | - Xiaorong Xin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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3
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Reynisson H, Kalloniatis M, Fletcher EL, Shivdasani MN, Nivison-Smith L. Loss of Müller cell glutamine synthetase immunoreactivity is associated with neuronal changes in late-stage retinal degeneration. Front Neuroanat 2023; 17:997722. [PMID: 36960036 PMCID: PMC10029270 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.997722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A hallmark of photoreceptor degenerations is progressive, aberrant remodeling of the surviving retinal neurons and glia following photoreceptor loss. The exact relationship between neurons and glia remodeling in this late stage of retinal degeneration, however, is unclear. This study assessed this by examining Müller cell dysfunction via glutamine synthetase immunoreactivity and its spatial association with retinal neuron subpopulations through various cell markers. Methods Aged Rd1 mice retinae (P150 - P536, n = minimum 5 per age) and control heterozygous rd1 mice retinae (P536, n = 5) were isolated, fixed and cryosectioned. Fluorescent immunolabeling of glutamine synthetase was performed and retinal areas quantified as having low glutamine synthetase immunoreactivity if proportion of labeled pixels in an area was less than two standard deviations of the mean of the total retina. Other Müller cell markers such as Sox9 and Glial fibrillary acidic protein along with neuronal cell markers Calbindin, Calretinin, recoverin, Protein kinase C-α, Glutamic acid decarboxylase 67, and Islet-1 were then quantified within areas of low and normal synthetase immunoreactivity. Results Glutamine synthetase immunoreactivity was lost as a function of age in the rd1 mouse retina (P150 - P536). Immunoreactivity of other Müller cell markers, however, were unaffected suggesting Müller cells were still present in these low glutamine synthetase immunoreactive regions. Glutamine synthetase immunoreactivity loss affected specific neuronal populations: Type 2, Type 8 cone, and rod bipolar cells, as well as AII amacrine cells based on reduced recoverin, protein kinase Ca and parvalbumin immunoreactivity, respectively. The number of cell nuclei within regions of low glutamine synthetase immunoreactivity was also reduced suggesting possible neuronal loss rather than reduced cell marker immunoreactivity. Conclusion These findings further support a strong interplay between glia-neuronal alterations in late-stage degeneration and highlight a need for future studies and consideration in intervention development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hallur Reynisson
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Kalloniatis
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine (Optometry), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Erica L. Fletcher
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mohit N. Shivdasani
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Bionics and Bio-robotics, Tyree Foundation Institute of Health Engineering, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa Nivison-Smith
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Lisa Nivison-Smith,
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Kalloniatis M, Wang H, Katalinic P, Ly A, Apel W, Nivison-Smith L, Kalloniatis KF. Ocular ischaemia: signs, symptoms, and clinical considerations for primary eye care practitioners. Clin Exp Optom 2022; 105:117-134. [PMID: 34982952 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2021.1999771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke is a major disease burden as well as a leading cause of death. Early signs of ischaemic stroke can manifest in the eye, placing primary eyecare practitioners in an important position to identify patients at risk of ischaemic stroke and initiate suitable referral pathways. The vascular supply to the brain is reviewed with reference to vision including the various retinal signs and ocular symptoms associated with transient ischaemic attacks and ischaemic stroke. Using a range of clinical cases, the diverse clinical presentations of retinal embolic events, as well as other forms of vascular occlusion, are highlighted and the underlying pathophysiology is discussed. A succinct scheme for the assessment and management of ischaemic events for primary eye care practitioners is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kalloniatis
- Centre for Eye Health, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Henrietta Wang
- Centre for Eye Health, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paula Katalinic
- Centre for Eye Health, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Angelica Ly
- Centre for Eye Health, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Warren Apel
- Centre for Eye Health, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,The Eye Health Centre, Aspley, Australia
| | - Lisa Nivison-Smith
- Centre for Eye Health, the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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5
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Han D, Wang J, Wen L, Sun M, Liu H, Gao Y. Vinpocetine Attenuates Ischemic Stroke Through Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Expression in Mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2020; 77:208-216. [PMID: 33351536 PMCID: PMC7853762 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of globe death and permanent disability, but its therapeutic strategies are limited. Over the past decades, multiprotein complexes called inflammasomes have been shown as promising targets in ischemic stroke. Here, we examined vinpocetine (Vinp), a synthetic drug, playing a neuroprotective role against ischemic stroke in mice through regulating NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation. Middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) was applied to mimic ischemic stroke in vivo. Vinp was administrated by intraperitoneal injection with different dose (5 or 10 mg/kg) 1 hour after reperfusion. Then, neurological assessment and infarct size were performed, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 levels were evaluated using ELISA. The levels of NLRP3 inflammasome components and its upstream nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were determined using real-time PCR or Western blot. The experimental results indicated that posttreatment with Vinp decreased cerebral infarct size, improved behavior recover, reduced NLRP3 inflammasome expression, and suppressed the transfer of NF-κB to nucleus and proinflammatory cytokine release in middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion mice. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that Vinp alleviates ischemic stroke by regulating levels of NLRP3 inflammasome, NF-κB, and proinflammatory cytokines in vivo, offering an alternative medication for ischemic stroke associated with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Han
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Peopleʹs Republic of China.
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Peopleʹs Republic of China.
| | - Lulu Wen
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Peopleʹs Republic of China.
| | - Miao Sun
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Peopleʹs Republic of China.
| | - Hang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Peopleʹs Republic of China.
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Peopleʹs Republic of China.
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6
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Cheng WS, Lin IH, Feng KM, Chang ZY, Huang YC, Lu DW. Neuroprotective effects of exogenous erythropoietin in Wistar rats by downregulating apoptotic factors to attenuate N-methyl-D-aspartate-mediated retinal ganglion cells death. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0223208. [PMID: 32302311 PMCID: PMC7164594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether exogenous erythropoietin (EPO) administration attenuates N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-mediated excitotoxic retinal damage in Wistar rats. The survival rate of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were investigated by flat mount analysis and flow cytometry. A total of 125 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups: negative control, NMDA80 (i.e., 80 nmoles NMDA intravitreally injected), NMDA80 + 10ng EPO, NMDA80 + 50ng EPO, and NMDA80 + 250ng EPO. The NMDA80 + 50ng EPO treatment group was used to evaluate various administrated points (pre-/co-/post- administration of NMDA80). Meanwhile, the transferase dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) assay of RGCs, the inner plexiform layer (IPL) thickness and the apoptotic signal transduction pathways of μ-calpain, Bax, and caspase 9 were assessed simultaneously using an immunohistochemical method (IHC). When EPO was co-administered with NMDA80, attenuated cell death occurred through the downregulation of the apoptotic indicators: μ-calpain was activated first (peak at ~18hrs), followed by Bax and caspase 9 (peak at ~40hrs). Furthermore, the images of retinal cross sections have clearly demonstrated that thickness of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) was significantly recovered at 40 hours after receiving intravitreal injection with NMDA80 and 50ng EPO. Exogenous EPO may protect RGCs and bipolar cell axon terminals in IPL by downregulating apoptotic factors to attenuate NMDA-mediated excitotoxic retinal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Sheng Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Research and Development, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Hung Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kathy Ming Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yu Chuan Huang
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Research and Development, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Da-Wen Lu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Vinpocetine protects inner retinal neurons with functional NMDA glutamate receptors against retinal ischemia. Exp Eye Res 2018; 167:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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An update on vinpocetine: New discoveries and clinical implications. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 819:30-34. [PMID: 29183836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Vinpocetine, a derivative of the alkaloid vincamine, has been clinically used in many countries for treatment of cerebrovascular disorders such as stroke and dementia for more than 30 years. Currently, vinpocetine is also available in the market as a dietary supplement to enhance cognition and memory. Due to its excellent safety profile, increasing efforts have been put into exploring the novel therapeutic effects and mechanism of actions of vinpocetine in various cell types and disease models. Recent studies have revealed a number of novel functions of vinpocetine, including anti-inflammation, antagonizing injury-induced vascular remodeling and high-fat-diet-induced atherosclerosis, as well as attenuating pathological cardiac remodeling. These novel findings may facilitate the repositioning of vinpocetine for preventing or treating relevant disorders in humans.
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9
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Nivison-Smith L, Khoo P, Acosta ML, Kalloniatis M. Pre-treatment with vinpocetine protects against retinal ischemia. Exp Eye Res 2016; 154:126-138. [PMID: 27899287 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Vinpocetine has been shown to have beneficial effects for tissues of the central nervous system subjected to ischemia and other related metabolic insults. We recently showed vinpocetine promotes glucose availability, prevents unregulated cation channel permeability and regulates glial reactivity when present during retinal ischemia. Less is known however about the ability of vinpocetine to protect against future ischemic insults. This study explores the effect of vinpocetine when used as a pre-treatment in an ex vivo model for retinal ischemia using cation channel permeability of agmatine (AGB) combined with immunohistochemistry as a measure for cell functionality. We found that vinpocetine pre-treatment reduced cation channel permeability and apoptotic marker immunoreactivity in the GCL and increased parvalbumin immunoreactivity of inner retinal neurons in the inner nuclear layer following ischemic insult. Vinpocetine pre-treatment also reduced Müller cell reactivity following ischemic insults of up to 120 min compared to untreated controls. Many of vinpocetine's effects however were transient in nature suggesting the drug can protect retinal neurons against future ischemic damage but may have limited long-term applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Nivison-Smith
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
| | - Pauline Khoo
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Monica L Acosta
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand; New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael Kalloniatis
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand; New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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10
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de Souza CF, Nivison-Smith L, Christie DL, Polkinghorne P, McGhee C, Kalloniatis M, Acosta ML. Macromolecular markers in normal human retina and applications to human retinal disease. Exp Eye Res 2016; 150:135-48. [PMID: 26769220 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Macromolecular cell markers are essential for the classification and characterization of the highly complex and cellularly diverse vertebrate retina. Although a plethora of markers are described in the current literature, the immunoreactivity of these markers in normal human tissue has not been fully determined. This is problematic as they are quintessential to the characterization of morphological changes associated with human retinal disease. This review provides an overview of the macromolecular markers currently available to assess human retinal cell types. We draw on immunohistochemical studies conducted in our laboratories to describe marker immunoreactivity in human retina alongside comparative descriptions in non-human tissues. Considering the growing number of eye banks services offering healthy and diseased human retinal tissue, this review provides a point of reference for future human retina studies and highlights key species specific disease applications of some macromolecular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clairton F de Souza
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Lisa Nivison-Smith
- Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - David L Christie
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Phillip Polkinghorne
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand; New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Charles McGhee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand; New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand
| | - Michael Kalloniatis
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand; Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Monica L Acosta
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand; New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
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11
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Lee SCS, Weltzien F, Madigan MC, Martin PR, Grünert U. Identification of AⅡ amacrine, displaced amacrine, and bistratified ganglion cell types in human retina with antibodies against calretinin. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:39-53. [PMID: 26053777 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies against calretinin are markers for one type of rod pathway interneuron (AⅡ amacrine cell) in the retina of some but not all mammalian species. The AⅡ cells play a crucial role in night-time (scotopic) vision and have been proposed as a target for optogenetic restoration of vision in retinal disease. In the present study we aimed to characterize the AⅡ cells in human retina. Postmortem human donor eyes were obtained with ethical approval and processed for calretinin immunofluorescence. Calretinin-positive somas in the inner nuclear and the ganglion cell layer were filled with the lipophilic dye DiI. The large majority (over 80%) of calretinin-immunoreactive cells is located in the inner nuclear layer, is immunopositive for glycine transporter 1, and shows the typical morphology of AⅡ amacrine cells. In addition, a small proportion of calretinin-positive cells in the inner nuclear layer and in the ganglion cell layer is glutamic acid decarboxylase-positive and shows the morphology of widefield amacrine cells (stellate, semilunar, and thorny amacrine cells). About half of the calretinin cells in the ganglion cell layer are bistratified ganglion cells resembling the small bistratified (presumed blue-ON/yellow-OFF) and the G17 ganglion cell previously described in primates. We conclude that in human retina, antibodies against calretinin can be used to identify AⅡ amacrine cells in the inner nuclear layer as well as widefield amacrine and small bistratified ganglion cells in the ganglion cell layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammy C S Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Felix Weltzien
- Department of Ophthalmology and Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michele C Madigan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul R Martin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Ulrike Grünert
- Department of Ophthalmology and Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia
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12
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Nivison-Smith L, O'Brien BJ, Truong M, Guo CX, Kalloniatis M, Acosta ML. Vinpocetine modulates metabolic activity and function during retinal ischemia. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 308:C737-49. [PMID: 25696811 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00291.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vinpocetine protects against a range of degenerative conditions and insults of the central nervous system via multiple modes of action. Little is known, however, of its effects on metabolism. This may be highly relevant, as vinpocetine is highly protective against ischemia, a process that inhibits normal metabolic function. This study uses the ischemic retina as a model to characterize vinpocetine's effects on metabolism. Vinpocetine reduced the metabolic demand of the retina following ex vivo hypoxia and ischemia to normal levels based on lactate dehydrogenase activity. Vinpocetine delivered similar effects in an in vivo model of retinal ischemia-reperfusion, possibly through increasing glucose availability. Vinpocetine's effects on glucose also appeared to improve glutamate homeostasis in ischemic Müller cells. Other actions of vinpocetine following ischemia-reperfusion, such as reduced cell death and improved retinal function, were possibly a combination of the drug's actions on metabolism and other retinal pathways. Vinpocetine's metabolic effects appeared independent of its other known actions in ischemia, as it recovered retinal function in a separate metabolic model where the glutamate-to-glutamine metabolic pathway was inhibited in Müller cells. The results of this study indicate that vinpocetine mediates ischemic damage partly through altered metabolism and has potential beneficial effects as a treatment for ischemia of neuronal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Nivison-Smith
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Brendan J O'Brien
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mai Truong
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cindy X Guo
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael Kalloniatis
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Eye Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; and
| | - Monica L Acosta
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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13
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Liu RT, Wang A, To E, Gao J, Cao S, Cui JZ, Matsubara JA. Vinpocetine inhibits amyloid-beta induced activation of NF-κB, NLRP3 inflammasome and cytokine production in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2014; 127:49-58. [PMID: 25041941 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a key pathogenic process in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Amyloid-beta (Aβ) is a constituent of AMD drusen and promotes the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome which facilitates the production of cytokines. We investigated the role of transcription factor NF-κB in the activation of inflammasome in the RPE and the effect of vinpocetine, a dietary supplement with inhibitory effect on NF-κΒ. ARPE19/NF-κB-luciferase reporter cells treated with Aβ demonstrated enhanced NF-κB activation that was significantly suppressed by vinpocetine. Intraperitoneal injection of vinpocetine (15 mg/kg) inhibited NF-κB nuclear translocation and reduced the expression and activation of NLRP3, caspase-1, IL-1β, IL-18, and TNF-α in the RPE of adult rats that received intraocular Αβ, as measured by retinal immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Cytokine level in the vitreous was assayed using multiplex suspension arrays and revealed significantly lower concentration of MIP-3α, IL-6, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-18, and TNF-α in vinpocetine treated animals. These results suggest that the NF-κB pathway is activated by Aβ in the RPE and signals the priming of NLRP3 inflammasome and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including the inflammasome substrates IL-1β and IL-18. NF-κB inhibition may be an effective approach to stem the chronic inflammatory milieu that underlies the development of AMD. Vinpocetine is a potentially useful anti-inflammatory agent that is well-tolerated in long term use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruozhou Tom Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Aikun Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eleanor To
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jiangyuan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sijia Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jing Z Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joanne A Matsubara
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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