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Hassel B, Sørnes K, Elsais A, Cordero PR, Frøland AS, Rise F. Glyceraldehyde metabolism in mouse brain and the entry of blood-borne glyceraldehyde into the brain. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38922704 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
D-Glyceraldehyde, a reactive aldehyde metabolite of fructose and glucose, is neurotoxic in vitro by forming advanced glycation end products (AGEs) with neuronal proteins. In Alzheimer's disease brains, glyceraldehyde-containing AGEs have been detected intracellularly and in extracellular plaques. However, little information exists on how the brain handles D-glyceraldehyde metabolically or if glyceraldehyde crosses the blood-brain barrier from the circulation into the brain. We injected [U-13C]-D-glyceraldehyde intravenously into awake mice and analyzed extracts of serum and brain by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. 13C-Labeling of brain lactate and glutamate indicated passage of D-glyceraldehyde from blood to brain and glycolytic and oxidative D-glyceraldehyde metabolism in brain cells. 13C-Labeling of serum glucose and lactate through hepatic metabolism of [U-13C]-D-glyceraldehyde could not explain the formation of 13C-labeled lactate and glutamate in the brain. Cerebral glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase and reductase activities, leading to the formation of D-glycerate and glycerol, respectively, were 0.27-0.28 nmol/mg/min; triokinase, which phosphorylates D-glyceraldehyde to D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, has been demonstrated previously at low levels. Thus, D-glyceraldehyde metabolism toward glycolysis could proceed both through D-glycerate, glycerol, and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. The aldehyde group of D-glyceraldehyde was overwhelmingly hydrated into a diol in aqueous solution, but the diol dehydration rate greatly exceeded glyceraldehyde metabolism and did not restrict it. We conclude that (1) D-glyceraldehyde crosses the blood-brain barrier, and so blood-borne glyceraldehyde could contribute to AGE formation in the brain, (2) glyceraldehyde is taken up and metabolized by brain cells. Metabolism thus constitutes a detoxification mechanism for this reactive aldehyde, a mechanism that may be compromised in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørnar Hassel
- Department of Neurohabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Kjeller, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ahmed Elsais
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Anne Sofie Frøland
- Department of Neurohabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Frode Rise
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Norway
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Rogne AG, Sigurdardottir S, Raudeberg R, Hassel B, Dahlberg D. Cognitive and everyday functioning after bacterial brain abscess: a prospective study of functional recovery from 8 weeks to 1 year post-treatment. Brain Inj 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38676705 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2024.2347565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A bacterial brain abscess may damage surrounding brain tissue by mass effect, inflammatory processes, and bacterial toxins. The aim of this study was to examine cognitive and functional outcomes at 8 weeks and 1 year following acute treatment. METHODS Prospective study of 20 patients with bacterial brain abscess (aged 17-73 years; 45% females) with neuropsychological assessment at 8 weeks and 1 year post-treatment. Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A) and Patient Competence Rating Scale (PCRS) were used to assess everyday functioning and administered to patients and informants. RESULTS Cognitive impairment was found in 30% of patients at 8 weeks and 22% at 1 year. Significant improvements were seen on tests of perceptual reasoning, attention, verbal fluency, and motor abilities (p < 0.05). At 1 year, 45% had returned to full-time employment. Nevertheless, patients and their informants obtained scores within the normal range on measures of everyday functioning (PCRS and BRIEF-A) at 8 weeks and 1 year. No significant improvements on these measures emerged over time. CONCLUSION Residual long-term cognitive impairment and diminished work ability affected 22% and 45% of patients one year after BA. Persistent cognitive impairment emphasizes the importance of prompt acute treatment and cognitive rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Gretesdatter Rogne
- Department, of Neurohabilitation and Complex Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital, Nesodden, Norway
| | | | - Rune Raudeberg
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjørnar Hassel
- Department, of Neurohabilitation and Complex Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniel Dahlberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Kyyriäinen J, Andrade P, Ekolle Ndode-Ekane X, Manninen E, Hämäläinen E, Rauramaa T, Heiskanen M, Puhakka N, Immonen R, Pitkänen A. Brain abscess - A rare confounding factor for diagnosis of post-traumatic epilepsy after lateral fluid-percussion injury. Epilepsy Res 2024; 200:107301. [PMID: 38244466 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2024.107301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of brain abscesses as a confounding factor for the diagnosis of post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) in a rat model of lateral fluid-percussion-induced (FPI) traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS This retrospective study included 583 rats from 3 study cohorts collected over 2009-2022 in a single laboratory. The rats had undergone sham-operation or TBI using lateral FPI. Rats were implanted with epidural and/or intracerebral electrodes for electroencephalogram recordings. Brains were processed for histology to screen for abscess(es). In abscess cases, (a) unfolded cortical maps were constructed to assess the cortical location and area of the abscess, (b) the abscess tissue was Gram stained to determine the presence of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and (c) immunostaining was performed to detect infiltrating neutrophils, T-lymphocytes, and glial cells as tissue biomarkers of inflammation. In vivo and/or ex vivo magnetic resonance images available from a subcohort of animals were reviewed to evaluate the presence of abscesses. Plasma samples available from a subcohort of rats were used for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to determine the levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a circulating biomarker for gram-negative bacteria. RESULTS Brain abscesses were detected in 2.6% (15/583) of the rats (6 sham, 9 TBI). In histology, brain abscesses were characterized as vascularized encapsulated lesions filled with neutrophils and surrounded by microglia/macrophages and astrocytes. The abscesses were mainly located under the screw electrodes, support screws, or craniectomy. Epilepsy was diagnosed in 60% (9/15) of rats with an abscess (4 sham, 5 TBI). Of these, 67% (6/9) had seizure clusters. The average seizure frequency in abscess cases was 0.436 ± 0.281 seizures/d. Plasma LPS levels were comparable between rats with and without abscesses (p > 0.05). SIGNIFICANCE Although rare, a brain abscess is a potential confounding factor for epilepsy diagnosis in animal models of structural epilepsies following brain surgery and electrode implantation, particularly if seizures occur in sham-operated experimental controls and/or in clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Kyyriäinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pedro Andrade
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Xavier Ekolle Ndode-Ekane
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eppu Manninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elina Hämäläinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland; Unit of Pathology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mette Heiskanen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Noora Puhakka
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Riikka Immonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Dahlberg D, Holm S, Sagen EML, Michelsen AE, Stensland M, de Souza GA, Müller EG, Connelly JP, Revheim ME, Halvorsen B, Hassel B. Bacterial Brain Abscesses Expand Despite Effective Antibiotic Treatment: A Process Powered by Osmosis Due to Neutrophil Cell Death. Neurosurgery 2023; 94:00006123-990000000-00996. [PMID: 38084989 PMCID: PMC10990409 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000002792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A bacterial brain abscess is an emergency and should be drained of pus within 24 hours of diagnosis, as recently recommended. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated whether delaying pus drainage entails brain abscess expansion and what the underlying mechanism might be. METHODS Repeated brain MRI of 47 patients who did not undergo immediate pus drainage, pus osmolarity measurements, immunocytochemistry, proteomics, and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. RESULTS Time from first to last MRI before neurosurgery was 1 to 14 days. Abscesses expanded in all but 2 patients: The median average increase was 23% per day (range 0%-176%). Abscesses expanded during antibiotic therapy and even if the pus did not contain viable bacteria. In a separate patient cohort, we found that brain abscess pus tended to be hyperosmolar (median value 360 mOsm; range 266-497; n = 14; normal cerebrospinal fluid osmolarity is ∼290 mOsm). Hyperosmolarity would draw water into the abscess cavity, causing abscess expansion in a ballooning manner through increased pressure in the abscess cavity. A mechanism likely underlying pus hyperosmolarity was the recruitment of neutrophils to the abscess cavity with ensuing neutrophil cell death and decomposition of neutrophil proteins and other macromolecules to osmolytes: Pus analysis showed the presence of neutrophil proteins (protein-arginine deiminases, citrullinated histone, myeloperoxidase, elastase, cathelicidin). Previous studies have shown very high levels of osmolytes (ammonia, amino acids) in brain abscess pus. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography showed focal neocortical hypometabolism 1 to 8 years after brain abscess, indicating long-lasting damage to brain tissue. CONCLUSION Brain abscesses expand despite effective antibiotic treatment. Furthermore, brain abscesses cause lasting damage to surrounding brain tissue. These findings support drainage of brain abscesses within 24 hours of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Dahlberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sverre Holm
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen Margaret Lund Sagen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annika Elisabet Michelsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Stensland
- Institute of Immunology and Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gustavo Antonio de Souza
- Institute of Immunology and Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Ebba Gløersen Müller
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - James Patrick Connelly
- Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mona-Elisabeth Revheim
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- The Intervention Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørnar Hassel
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurohabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Kjeller, Norway
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Hassel B, Niehusmann P, Halvorsen B, Dahlberg D. Pro-inflammatory cytokines in cystic glioblastoma: A quantitative study with a comparison with bacterial brain abscesses. With an MRI investigation of displacement and destruction of the brain tissue surrounding a glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:846674. [PMID: 35965529 PMCID: PMC9372434 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.846674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic glioblastomas are aggressive primary brain tumors that may both destroy and displace the surrounding brain tissue as they grow. The mechanisms underlying these tumors’ destructive effect could include exposure of brain tissue to tumor-derived cytokines, but quantitative cytokine data are lacking. Here, we provide quantitative data on leukocyte markers and cytokines in the cyst fluid from 21 cystic glioblastomas, which we compare to values in 13 brain abscess pus samples. The concentration of macrophage/microglia markers sCD163 and MCP-1 was higher in glioblastoma cyst fluid than in brain abscess pus; lymphocyte marker sCD25 was similar in cyst fluid and pus, whereas neutrophil marker myeloperoxidase was higher in pus. Median cytokine levels in glioblastoma cyst fluid were high (pg/mL): TNF-α: 32, IL-6: 1064, IL-8: 23585, tissue factor: 28, the chemokine CXCL1: 639. These values were not significantly different from values in pus, pointing to a highly pro-inflammatory glioblastoma environment. In contrast, levels of IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-13 were higher in pus than in glioblastoma cyst fluid. Based on the quantitative data, we show for the first time that the concentrations of cytokines in glioblastoma cyst fluid correlate with blood leukocyte levels, suggesting an important interaction between glioblastomas and the circulation. Preoperative MRI of the cystic glioblastomas confirmed both destruction and displacement of brain tissue, but none of the cytokine levels correlated with degree of brain tissue displacement or peri-tumoral edema, as could be assessed by MRI. We conclude that cystic glioblastomas are highly pro-inflammatory environments that interact with the circulation and that they both displace and destroy brain tissue. These observations point to the need for neuroprotective strategies in glioblastoma therapy, which could include an anti-inflammatory approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørnar Hassel
- Department of Neurohabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Kjeller, Norway
- *Correspondence: Bjørnar Hassel,
| | - Pitt Niehusmann
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniel Dahlberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Rogne AG, Müller EG, Udnaes E, Sigurdardottir S, Raudeberg R, Connelly JP, Revheim ME, Hassel B, Dahlberg D. β-Amyloid may accumulate in the human brain after focal bacterial infection: An 18 F-flutemetamol positron emission tomography study. Eur J Neurol 2020; 28:877-883. [PMID: 33131195 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE β-Amyloid formation has been suggested to form part of the brain's response to bacterial infection. This hypothesis has been based on experimental animal studies and autopsy studies in humans. We asked if β-amyloid accumulates locally around a bacterial brain abscess in living human patients. Furthermore, because brain abscess patients may suffer from chronic cognitive symptoms after abscess treatment, we also asked if a brain abscess precipitates accumulation of β-amyloid in the neocortex in a manner that could explain abscess-related cognitive complaints. METHODS In a prospective study, we investigated 17 brain abscess patients (age 24-72 years) with 18 F-flutemetamol positron emission tomography on one occasion 1 to 10 months after brain abscess treatment to visualize β-amyloid accumulation. RESULTS 18 F-flutemetamol uptake was reduced in the edematous brain tissue that surrounded the abscess remains. On this background of reduced 18 F-flutemetamol signal, three out of 17 patients showed a distinctly increased 18 F-flutemetamol uptake in the tissue immediately surrounding the abscess remains, suggesting accumulation of β-amyloid. These three patients underwent 18 F-flutemetamol positron emission tomography significantly earlier after neurosurgical treatment (p = 0.042), and they had larger abscesses (p = 0.027) than the rest of the patients. All 17 patients suffered from mental fatigue or some subjective cognitive symptom, such as attention difficulties or memory problems, but in none of the patients was there an increase in neocortical 18 F-flutemetamol signal. CONCLUSIONS β-Amyloid may accumulate locally around the abscess remains in some patients with a brain abscess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Gretesdatter Rogne
- Department of Neurohabilitation and Complex Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ebba Gløersen Müller
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eirin Udnaes
- Department of Neurohabilitation and Complex Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Rune Raudeberg
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - James Patrick Connelly
- Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mona-Elisabeth Revheim
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørnar Hassel
- Department of Neurohabilitation and Complex Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniel Dahlberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Vohra R, Dalgaard LM, Vibæk J, Langbøl MA, Bergersen LH, Olsen NV, Hassel B, Chaudhry FA, Kolko M. Potential metabolic markers in glaucoma and their regulation in response to hypoxia. Acta Ophthalmol 2019; 97:567-576. [PMID: 30690927 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess novel differences in serum levels of glucose, lactate and amino acids in patients with normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) compared to age-matched controls, at baseline and in response to universal hypoxia. METHODS Twelve patients diagnosed with NTG and eleven control subjects underwent normobaric hypoxia for 2 hr. Peripheral venous blood samples were taken at baseline, during hypoxia and in the recovery phase. Serum glucose and lactate levels were measured by a blood gas analyser. Amino acids were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Baseline levels of lactate and total amino acids were significantly lower in patients with NTG compared to healthy controls. No differences were seen in blood glucose levels between the two groups. Lactate levels remained unchanged during hypoxia in the control group, but increased in patients with NTG. In the recovery phase, total amino acid levels were reduced in the control group, whereas no changes were found in patients with NTG. CONCLUSION Reduced serum levels of lactate and total amino acids were identified as potential markers for NTG. Moreover, significant differential regulatory patterns of certain amino acids were found in patients with NTG compared to control subjects. Overall, our results suggest a link between systemic energy metabolites and NTG and support a novel understanding of glaucoma as an inner retinal manifestation of a systemic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Vohra
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Line Marie Dalgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jeppe Vibæk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Linda Hildegaard Bergersen
- Center of Healthy Ageing University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Brain and Muscle Energy Group Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral Biology University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Niels Vidiendal Olsen
- Department of Neuroanaesthesia The Neuroscience Centre Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Science University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Bjørnar Hassel
- Department of Complex Neurology and Neurohabilitation Oslo University Hospital University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) Kjeller Norway
| | - Farrukh Abbas Chaudhry
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo Oslo Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet‐Glostrup Glostrup Denmark
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Predictors of unprovoked seizures in surgically treated pyogenic brain abscess: Does perioperative adjunctive use of steroids has any protective effect? Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2018; 173:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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9
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Hassel B, De Souza GA, Stensland ME, Ivanovic J, Voie Ø, Dahlberg D. The proteome of pus from human brain abscesses: host-derived neurotoxic proteins and the cell-type diversity of CNS pus. J Neurosurg 2018; 129:829-837. [DOI: 10.3171/2017.4.jns17284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVEWhat determines the extent of tissue destruction during brain abscess formation is not known. Pyogenic brain infections cause destruction of brain tissue that greatly exceeds the area occupied by microbes, as seen in experimental studies, pointing to cytotoxic factors other than microbes in pus. This study examined whether brain abscess pus contains cytotoxic proteins that might explain the extent of tissue destruction.METHODSPus proteins from 20 human brain abscesses and, for comparison, 7 subdural empyemas were analyzed by proteomics mass spectrometry. Tissue destruction was determined from brain abscess volumes as measured by MRI.RESULTSBrain abscess volume correlated with extracellular pus levels of antibacterial proteins from neutrophils and macrophages: myeloperoxidase (r = 0.64), azurocidin (r = 0.61), lactotransferrin (r = 0.57), and cathelicidin (r = 0.52) (p values 0.002–0.018), suggesting an association between leukocytic activity and tissue damage. In contrast, perfringolysin O, a cytotoxic protein from Streptococcus intermedius that was detected in 16 patients, did not correlate with abscess volume (r = 0.12, p = 0.66). The median number of proteins identified in each pus sample was 870 (range 643–1094). Antibiotic or steroid treatment prior to pus evacuation did not reduce the number or levels of pus proteins. Some of the identified proteins have well-known neurotoxic effects, e.g., eosinophil cationic protein and nonsecretory ribonuclease (also known as eosinophil-derived neurotoxin). The cellular response to brain infection was highly complex, as reflected by the presence of proteins that were specific for neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, platelets, fibroblasts, or mast cells in addition to plasma and erythrocytic proteins. Other proteins (neurofilaments, myelin basic protein, and glial fibrillary acidic protein) were specific for brain cells and reflected damage to neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes, respectively. Pus from subdural empyemas had significantly higher levels of plasma proteins and lower levels of leukocytic proteins than pus from intracerebral abscesses, suggesting greater turnover of the extracellular fluid of empyemas and washout of pus constituents.CONCLUSIONSBrain abscess pus contains leukocytic proteins that are neurotoxic and likely participate actively in the excessive tissue destruction inherent in brain abscess formation. These findings underscore the importance of rapid evacuation of brain abscess pus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørnar Hassel
- 1Department of Complex Neurology and Neurohabilitation,
- 2Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Kjeller, Norway; and
| | - Gustavo Antonio De Souza
- 3Institute of Immunology and Centre for Immune Regulation, and
- 4The Brain Institute, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | - Jugoslav Ivanovic
- 5Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo
| | - Øyvind Voie
- 2Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Kjeller, Norway; and
| | - Daniel Dahlberg
- 5Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo
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10
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Zhou Y, Dhaher R, Parent M, Hu QX, Hassel B, Yee SP, Hyder F, Gruenbaum SE, Eid T, Danbolt NC. Selective deletion of glutamine synthetase in the mouse cerebral cortex induces glial dysfunction and vascular impairment that precede epilepsy and neurodegeneration. Neurochem Int 2018; 123:22-33. [PMID: 30053506 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate-ammonia ligase (glutamine synthetase; Glul) is enriched in astrocytes and serves as the primary enzyme for ammonia detoxification and glutamate inactivation in the brain. Loss of astroglial Glul is reported in hippocampi of epileptic patients, but the mechanism by which Glul deficiency might cause disease remains elusive. Here we created a novel mouse model by selectively deleting Glul in the hippocampus and neocortex. The Glul deficient mice were born without any apparent malformations and behaved unremarkably until postnatal week three. There were reductions in tissue levels of aspartate, glutamate, glutamine and GABA and in mRNA encoding glutamate receptor subunits GRIA1 and GRIN2A as well as in the glutamate transporter proteins EAAT1 and EAAT2. Adult Glul-deficient mice developed progressive neurodegeneration and spontaneous seizures which increased in frequency with age. Importantly, progressive astrogliosis occurred before neurodegeneration and was first noted in astrocytes along cerebral blood vessels. The responses to CO2-provocation were attenuated at four weeks of age and dilated microvessels were observed histologically in sclerotic areas of cKO. Thus, the abnormal glutamate metabolism observed in this model appeared to cause epilepsy by first inducing gliopathy and disrupting the neurovascular coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhou
- Neurotransporter Group, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, N-0317, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Roni Dhaher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Maxime Parent
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Qiu-Xiang Hu
- Neurotransporter Group, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, N-0317, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørnar Hassel
- Department of Complex Neurology and Neurohabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, N-0450, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siu-Pok Yee
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Shaun E Gruenbaum
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Tore Eid
- Neurotransporter Group, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, N-0317, Oslo, Norway; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Niels Christian Danbolt
- Neurotransporter Group, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, N-0317, Oslo, Norway.
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Cao B, Wang D, Brietzke E, McIntyre RS, Pan Z, Cha D, Rosenblat JD, Zuckerman H, Liu Y, Xie Q, Wang J. Characterizing amino-acid biosignatures amongst individuals with schizophrenia: a case-control study. Amino Acids 2018; 50:1013-1023. [PMID: 29796929 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2579-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids and derivatives participate in the biosynthesis and downstream effects of numerous neurotransmitters. Variations in specific amino acids have been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Herein, we sought to compare levels of amino acids and derivatives between subjects with schizophrenia and healthy controls (HC). Two hundred and eight subjects with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria (DSM-IV)-defined schizophrenia and 175 age- and sex-matched HC were enrolled. The levels of twenty-five amino acids and seven related derivatives were measured in plasma samples using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS). After controlling for age, sex and body mass index (BMI), four amino acids and derivatives (i.e., cysteine, GABA, glutamine and sarcosine) were observed to be higher in the schizophrenia group when compared with HC; seven amino acids and derivatives were lower in the schizophrenia group (i.e., arginine, L-ornithine, threonine, taurine, tryptophan, methylcysteine, and kynurenine). Statistically significant differences in plasma amino-acid profiles between subjects with first-episode vs. recurrent schizophrenia for aspartate and glutamine were also demonstrated using generalized linear models controlling for age, sex, and BMI. The differences in amino acids and derivatives among individuals with schizophrenia when compared to HC may represent underlying pathophysiology, including but not limited to dysfunctional proteinogenic processes, alterations in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission, changes in ammonia metabolism and the urea cycle. Taken together, amino-acid profiling may provide a novel stratification approach among individuals with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Cao
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongfang Wang
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zihang Pan
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Danielle Cha
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joshua D Rosenblat
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hannah Zuckerman
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yaqiong Liu
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.,Peking University Medical and Health Analysis Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.,Peking University Medical and Health Analysis Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, 38 Xue-Yuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China. .,Peking University Medical and Health Analysis Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Propionate enters GABAergic neurons, inhibits GABA transaminase, causes GABA accumulation and lethargy in a model of propionic acidemia. Biochem J 2018; 475:749-758. [PMID: 29339464 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Propionic acidemia is the accumulation of propionate in blood due to dysfunction of propionyl-CoA carboxylase. The condition causes lethargy and striatal degeneration with motor impairment in humans. How propionate exerts its toxic effect is unclear. Here, we show that intravenous administration of propionate causes dose-dependent propionate accumulation in the brain and transient lethargy in mice. Propionate, an inhibitor of histone deacetylase, entered GABAergic neurons, as could be seen from increased neuronal histone H4 acetylation in the striatum and neocortex. Propionate caused an increase in GABA (γ-amino butyric acid) levels in the brain, suggesting inhibition of GABA breakdown. In vitro propionate inhibited GABA transaminase with a Ki of ∼1 mmol/l. In isolated nerve endings, propionate caused increased release of GABA to the extracellular fluid. In vivo, propionate reduced cerebral glucose metabolism in both striatum and neocortex. We conclude that propionate-induced inhibition of GABA transaminase causes accumulation of GABA in the brain, leading to increased extracellular GABA concentration, which inhibits neuronal activity and causes lethargy. Propionate-mediated inhibition of neuronal GABA transaminase, an enzyme of the inner mitochondrial membrane, indicates entry of propionate into neuronal mitochondria. However, previous work has shown that neurons are unable to metabolize propionate oxidatively, leading us to conclude that propionyl-CoA synthetase is probably absent from neuronal mitochondria. Propionate-induced inhibition of energy metabolism in GABAergic neurons may render the striatum, in which >90% of the neurons are GABAergic, particularly vulnerable to degeneration in propionic acidemia.
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13
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Dahlberg D, Struys EA, Jansen EE, Mørkrid L, Midttun Ø, Hassel B. Cyst Fluid From Cystic, Malignant Brain Tumors: A Reservoir of Nutrients, Including Growth Factor-Like Nutrients, for Tumor Cells. Neurosurgery 2018; 80:917-924. [PMID: 28327992 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyw101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain tumors may have cysts, whose content of nutrients could influence tumor cell microenvironment and growth. OBJECTIVE To measure nutrients in cyst fluid from glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and metastatic brain tumors. METHODS Quantification of nutrients in cyst fluid from 12 to 18 GBMs and 4 to 10 metastatic brain tumors. RESULTS GBM cysts contained glucose at 2.2 mmol/L (median value; range <0.8-3.5) and glutamine at 1.04 mmol/L (0.17-4.2). Lactate was 7.1 mmol/L (2.4-12.5) and correlated inversely with glucose level (r = -0.77; P < .001). Amino acids, including glutamate, varied greatly, but median values were similar to previously published serum values. Ammonia was 75 μmol/L (11-241). B vitamins were present at previously published serum values, and riboflavin, nicotinamide, pyridoxal 5΄-phosphate, and cobalamin were higher in cyst fluid than in cerebrospinal fluid. Inorganic phosphate was 1.25 mmol/L (0.34-3.44), which was >3 times higher than in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid: 0.35 mmol/L (0.22-0.66; P < .001). Tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates were in the low micromolar range, except for citrate, which was 240 μmol/L (140-590). In cystic metastatic malignant melanomas and lung tumors values were similar to those in GBMs. CONCLUSION Tumor cysts may be a nutrient reservoir for brain tumors, securing tumor energy metabolism and synthesis of cell constituents. Serum is one likely source of cyst fluid nutrients. Nutrient levels in tumor cyst fluid are highly variable, which could differentially stimulate tumor growth. Cyst fluid glutamate, lactate, and phosphate may act as tumor growth factors; these compounds have previously been shown to stimulate tumor growth at concentrations found in tumor cyst fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Dahlberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eduard A Struys
- Metabolic Unit, Clinical Chemistry, VUmc Medical Center, HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin E Jansen
- Metabolic Unit, Clinical Chemistry, VUmc Medical Center, HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Mørkrid
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Bjørnar Hassel
- Department of Complex Neurology and Neurohabilitation, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Division for Protection, Kjeller, Norway
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14
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Watne LO, Idland AV, Fekkes D, Raeder J, Frihagen F, Ranhoff AH, Chaudhry FA, Engedal K, Wyller TB, Hassel B. Increased CSF levels of aromatic amino acids in hip fracture patients with delirium suggests higher monoaminergic activity. BMC Geriatr 2016; 16:149. [PMID: 27484129 PMCID: PMC4970288 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-016-0324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine whether delirium in hip fracture patients was associated with changes in the levels of amino acids and/or monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, 77 patients admitted with an acute hip fracture to Oslo University Hospital, Norway, were studied. The concentrations of amino acids in CSF and serum were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The patients were assessed daily for delirium by the Confusion Assessment Method (pre-operatively and post-operative day 1-5 (all) or until discharge (delirious patients)). Pre-fracture dementia status was decided by an expert panel. Serum was collected pre-operatively and CSF immediately before spinal anesthesia. RESULTS Fifty-three (71 %) hip fracture patients developed delirium. In hip fracture patients without dementia (n = 39), those with delirium had significantly higher CSF levels of tryptophan (40 % higher), tyrosine (60 % higher), phenylalanine (59 % higher) and the monoamine metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetate (23 % higher) compared to those without delirium. The same amino acids were also higher in CSF in delirious patients with dementia (n = 38). The correlations between serum and CSF amino acid levels were poor. CONCLUSION Higher CSF levels of monoamine precursors in hip fracture patients with delirium suggest a higher monoaminergic activity in the central nervous system during delirium in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiv Otto Watne
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,Oslo Delirium Research Group, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PO BOX 4950, Nydalen, N-0424, Oslo, Norway. .,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,Edinburgh Delirium Research Group, Geriatric Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | - Ane-Victoria Idland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Oslo Delirium Research Group, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PO BOX 4950, Nydalen, N-0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Durk Fekkes
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johan Raeder
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Anesthesiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Frede Frihagen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anette Hylen Ranhoff
- Department of Medicine, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Knut Engedal
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Ageing and Health, Vestfold Health Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Torgeir Bruun Wyller
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Oslo Delirium Research Group, Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PO BOX 4950, Nydalen, N-0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørnar Hassel
- Department of Complex Neurology and Neurohabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, N-0027, Oslo, Norway. .,Norwegian Defense Research Establishment (FFI), Kjeller, Norway.
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15
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Detection of four different amino acid neurotransmitters in cultured rat neurons and the culture medium by precolumn derivatization high-performance liquid chromatography. Neuroreport 2016; 27:495-500. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Abstract
OBJECT
Brain abscesses could lead to cerebral symptoms through tissue destruction, edema, changes in brain architecture, and increased intracranial pressure. However, the possibility that the pus itself could contribute to symptoms has received little attention. Brain abscesses are areas of tissue destruction, proteolysis, and formation of free amino acids, which are energy substrates for bacteria and possible sources of ammonia. Ammonia is neurotoxic, may cause brain edema, and could contribute to the symptoms of brain abscesses.
METHODS
The authors analyzed the extracellular phase of pus from 14 patients with brain abscesses with respect to ammonia and amino acids. For comparison, CSF from 10 patients undergoing external ventricular drainage was included. The ammonia-forming ability of Streptococcus intermedius and Staphylococcus aureus, two common microbial isolates in brain abscesses, was studied in vitro.
RESULTS
In brain abscesses ammonia was 15.5 mmol/L (median value; range 1.7–69.2 mmol/L). In CSF ammonia was 29 μmol/L (range 17–55 μmol/L; difference from value in pus: p < 0.001). The total concentration of amino acids in brain abscesses was 1.12–16 times higher than the ammonia concentration (p = 0.011). The median glucose value in pus was 0 mmol/L (range 0–2.1 mmol/L), lactate was 21 mmol/L (range 3.3–26.5 mmol/L), and pH was 6.8 (range 6.2–7.3). In vitro, S. intermedius and S. aureus formed ammonia at 6–7 mmol/L in 24 hours when incubated with 20 proteinogenic amino acids plus g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), taurine, and glutathione at 1 mmol/L.
CONCLUSIONS
Intracerebral abscesses contain toxic levels of ammonia. At the concentrations found in pus, ammonia could contribute to the brain edema and the symptoms of brain abscesses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bjørnar Hassel
- 2Complex Neurology and Neurohabilitation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo; and
- 3Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), Kjeller, Norway
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17
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Liu Z, Zhang L, He Q, Liu X, Chukwunweike Ikechukwu O, Tong L, Guo L, Yang H, Zhang Q, Zhao H, Gu X. Effect of Baicalin-loaded PEGylated cationic solid lipid nanoparticles modified by OX26 antibody on regulating the levels of baicalin and amino acids during cerebral ischemia–reperfusion in rats. Int J Pharm 2015; 489:131-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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18
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Staphylococcal α-hemolysin is neurotoxic and causes lysis of brain cells in vivo and in vitro. Neurotoxicology 2015; 48:61-7. [PMID: 25757835 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Formation of a bacterial brain abscess entails loss of brain cells and formation of pus. The mechanisms behind the cell loss are not fully understood. Staphylococcus aureus, a common cause of brain abscesses, produces various exotoxins, including α-hemolysin, which is an important factor in brain abscess formation. α-Hemolysin may cause cytolysis by forming pores in the plasma membrane of various eukaryotic cells. However, whether α-hemolysin causes lysis of brain cells is not known. Nor is it known whether α-hemolysin in the brain causes cell death through pore formation or by acting as a chemoattractant, recruiting leukocytes and causing inflammation. Here we show that α-hemolysin injected into rat brain causes cell damage and edema formation within 30 min. Cell damage was accompanied by an increase in extracellular concentrations of zinc, GABA, glutamate, and other amino acids, indicating plasma membrane damage, but leukocytic infiltration was not seen 0.5-12h after α-hemolysin injection. This was in contrast to injection of S. aureus, which triggered extensive infiltration with neutrophils within 8h. In vitro, α-hemolysin caused concentration-dependent lysis of isolated nerve endings and cultured astrocytes. We conclude that α-hemolysin contributes to the cell death inherent in staphylococcal brain abscess formation as a pore-forming neurotoxin.
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19
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Dahlberg D, Ivanovic J, Mariussen E, Hassel B. High extracellular levels of potassium and trace metals in human brain abscess. Neurochem Int 2015; 82:28-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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20
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Subramanian P, Jayakumar M, Singaravel M, Kumar D, Basu P, Jayapalan JJ, Hashim OH. Fisetin, a dietary flavonoid, attenuates hyperammonemia and improves circadian locomotor deficits, redox balance, and astrocytic markers in rats. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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21
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Hassel B, Dahlberg D, Mariussen E, Goverud IL, Antal EA, Tønjum T, Maehlen J. Brain infection with Staphylococcus aureus leads to high extracellular levels of glutamate, aspartate, γ-aminobutyric acid, and zinc. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1792-800. [PMID: 25043715 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal brain infections may cause mental deterioration and epileptic seizures, suggesting interference with normal neurotransmission in the brain. We injected Staphylococcus aureus into rat striatum and found an initial 76% reduction in the extracellular level of glutamate as detected by microdialysis at 2 hr after staphylococcal infection. At 8 hr after staphylococcal infection, however, the extracellular level of glutamate had increased 12-fold, and at 20 hr it had increased >30-fold. The extracellular level of aspartate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) also increased greatly. Extracellular Zn(2+) , which was estimated at ∼2.6 µmol/liter in the control situation, was increased by 330% 1-2.5 hr after staphylococcal infection and by 100% at 8 and 20 hr. The increase in extracellular glutamate, aspartate, and GABA appeared to reflect the degree of tissue damage. The area of tissue damage greatly exceeded the area of staphylococcal infiltration, pointing to soluble factors being responsible for cell death. However, the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801 ameliorated neither tissue damage nor the increase in extracellular neuroactive amino acids, suggesting the presence of neurotoxic factors other than glutamate and aspartate. In vitro staphylococci incubated with glutamine and glucose formed glutamate, so bacteria could be an additional source of infection-related glutamate. We conclude that the dramatic increase in the extracellular concentration of neuroactive amino acids and zinc could interfere with neurotransmission in the surrounding brain tissue, contributing to mental deterioration and a predisposition to epileptic seizures, which are often seen in brain abscess patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørnar Hassel
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian Defense Research Establishment, Kjeller, Norway
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